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1.
浮游植物的化感作用   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
生物化感作用研究是近年来兴起的交叉学科,是化学生态学研究的重要领域。研究水域浮游植物化感作用对了解浮游植物之间、浮游植物与其他生物之间的相互作用及作用机理具有重要意义,对了解赤潮和水华的发生机制及其生态控制等具有非常重要的作用。综述了海洋和湖泊浮游植物化感作用和化感物质的内涵,讨论了水体浮游植物化感作用的特点、研究化感作用的基本方法、化感物质的种类以及影响化感物质作用的生物和非生物因素,详细介绍了浮游植物化感物质的作用机理以及逃避和拈抗化感作用的方式,同时对目前研究的热点问题及未来研究的方向做了简要概述。  相似文献   

2.
分子水平和土壤系统化感作用研究现状与展望   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
化感作用是生态学研究中的十分活跃的领域之一。除概述化感作用对于植物细胞、组织以及环境胁迫对于化感效应的影响外 ,本文主要讨论了在分子和土壤生态系统水平上的化感作用的研究。在分子水平化感作用研究中 ,主要从化感基因的定位、蛋白质和核酸合成、基因表达和调控以及生化机制等几个方面进行了论述。在化感作用对于土壤生态系统的影响方面 ,主要对其在土壤性质、土壤微生物和土壤动物方面的效应进行了评述。最后 ,并就化感作用研究中存在的问题和未来发展提出一些看法与展望。  相似文献   

3.
小麦化感作用研究进展   总被引:31,自引:2,他引:29  
小麦是世界第一大粮食作物,在农业生产中占有重要地位.然而,由于人们为保证小麦产量往往施用大量的除草剂和杀菌剂,对环境造成了极大的危害.小麦化感作用是利用小麦活体或残体向环境中释放次生代谢物质对自身或其他生物产生作用,它克服了除草剂和杀菌剂等引起的环境污染问题,具有抑制杂草控制病害的潜力.本文对已有的小麦化感作用的研究进展情况进行了综合评述.其中小麦对杂草、虫害及病害产生防御功能的主要化感物质为异羟肟酸和酚酸类物质.小麦化感物质活性的发挥除了取决于化感物质的种类外,还由小麦自身的遗传因素、环境因素和生物因素的共同作用所决定.小麦化感物质在根际土壤中的滞留、迁移和转化过程、小麦化感作用与土壤生物的关系以及相关的作用机理是小麦化感作用研究的薄弱环节。其研究方法还需进一步探索改进.小麦化感作用在植物保护、环境保护以及作物育种等方面具有广泛的应用前景,促进了小麦抗逆性的增强以及产量和品质的提高.  相似文献   

4.
植物化感物质及化感潜力与土壤养分的相互影响   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
植物化感作用与许多生态因子有关.土壤养分缺乏,影响着许多植物化感物质的产生,从而影响植物的化感潜力;反过来,植物化感物质也通过络合、吸附、酸溶解、竞争、抑制等方式影响土壤的养分形态和水平.本文总结了植物化感物质及化感潜力与土壤养分的相互影响,并提出了今后该领域值得进一步研究的问题.包括以下几方面:加强植物化感研究与土壤 植物营养学研究的结合,以更深入地阐明植物化感物质、化感作用与土壤养分变化的关系;加强植物化感研究与生态系统养分循环研究的结合,以类似自然(nature-like)的方式模拟自然界植物所受的养分干,使养分干扰的化感研究结果更加逼真、可靠;加强对养分过量及受污染时植物化感作用的研究,为揭示农业和林业生产中植物的相互作用机制和生物量变化机制提供新的思路,为生态保护提供科学依据.  相似文献   

5.
水稻化感物质抑草作用机理的分子生物学研究   总被引:29,自引:9,他引:20  
水稻化感作用是通过水稻植株体向环境中释放化感物质来实现的.水稻化感物质的主要抑草作用机理有:抑制杂草种子的发芽,影响激素平衡,破坏细胞膜系统的完整性,影响光合作用和呼吸作用,干扰对营养和水分的吸收,影响蛋白质合成和基因表达等.水稻化感作用是由多基因控制的,表现为数量性状.利用分子生物学技术和化感生物检测技术等研究手段检测到了多个水稻化感作用的主效应(QTLs)位点,但不同水稻化感种质其主效应QTLs位点明显不同.通过分子辅助选择和建立近等基因系的方法对检测到的QTLs作进一步的精细定位,最终实现水稻化感抑草有利基因的克隆是今后研究的重要方向。  相似文献   

6.
小麦是世界第一大粮食作物,在农业生产中占有重要地位.然而,由于人们为保证小麦产量往往施用大量的除草剂和杀菌剂,对环境造成了极大的危害.小麦化感作用是利用小麦活体或残体向环境中释放次生代谢物质对自身或其他生物产生作用,它克服了除草剂和杀菌剂等引起的环境污染问题,具有抑制杂草控制病害的潜力.本文对已有的小麦化感作用的研究进展情况进行了综合评述.其中小麦对杂草、虫害及病害产生防御功能的主要化感物质为异羟肟酸和酚酸类物质.小麦化感物质活性的发挥除了取决于化感物质的种类外,还由小麦自身的遗传因素、环境因素和生物因素的共同作用所决定.小麦化感物质在根际土壤中的滞留、迁移和转化过程、小麦化感作用与土壤生物的关系以及相关的作用机理是小麦化感作用研究的薄弱环节,其研究方法还需进一步探索改进.小麦化感作用在植物保护、环境保护以及作物育种等方面具有广泛的应用前景,促进了小麦抗逆性的增强以及产量和品质的提高.  相似文献   

7.
关于脂溶性化感物质研究方法的商榷   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
在有关化感物质的研究中,由于一些观念和实验方法的限制,对于脂溶性物质在自然生态环境中是否有化感作用存在争议.在化感物质的生物检测中,脂溶性成分的实验方法比较混乱,并存在很多问题,直接影响到实验的准确性和有效性,不能客观科学地进行定性及定量测定.植物的化感作用是在一个复杂的生态体系中发生的,不应主观排除脂溶性物质在自然界中的化感作用,尤其是现在化感作用机理研究越来越成为研究的热点和重点,要阐明化感作用的分子化学、酶调控和基因调节机制,迫切需要建立一个目标植物全成分化感活性筛选的基础平台,并建立定量化感活性生物检测方法.  相似文献   

8.
淡水水生植物化感作用研究进展   总被引:30,自引:1,他引:29  
水生植物的化感作用对淡水生态系统中水草的可持续管理和湖泊富营养化的生态控制具有非常重要的意义。本文综述了淡水水生植物化感作用的发展历史和研究现状,讨论了水生植物化感作用研究过程中所涉及的实验方法、生物测试方法、化感物质分离方法以及影响水生植物化感研究的环境因素。抑藻圈试验、藻类生长试验和浮萍生长试验是常用的生物测试方法;采用共生培养或单独培养的方法,从种植水中分离、鉴定化感物质,对证实复杂水环境中水生植物化感作用的存在,研究它们化感物质的释放途径和作用机理都具有十分重要的作用。  相似文献   

9.
菊科植物化感作用研究进展   总被引:60,自引:3,他引:57  
周凯  郭维明  徐迎春 《生态学报》2004,24(8):1776-1784
对菊科植物化感作用的研究进展进行了综述。菊科植物中至少有 39个属存在化感作用 ,特别是一枝黄花属、向日葵属、胜红蓟属、银胶菊属、蒿属植物等有较多的研究报道。鉴定出的化感物质多为萜类、聚乙炔类、酚类、有机酸类等 ,这些化感物质对多种受体植物表现出程度不同的抑制或促进的效应。其化感作用机理表现在破坏受体膜系统的稳定性及水分平衡关系、抑制氧化磷酸化、促进或阻滞叶绿素的合成、影响矿质元素的吸收利用等。并对菊科植物化感物质在植物生长调节剂、天然除草剂和生物杀虫剂 ,或人工合成除草剂和杀虫剂上应用的前景进行了探讨。本文显示菊科植物的化感作用将在控制外来恶性杂草及维护生态平衡上扮演重要的角色。在当前菊科植物化感作用研究的基础上 ,提出了进一步研究的 6个方向 :(1)化感物质的生物合成途径与关键酶的特性研究 ;(2 )具化感潜势物种资源的调查评价及利用研究 ;(3)化感作用在自然生态系统中的演变规律 ;(4 )菊科重要作物自毒的生化机制及克服途径 ;(5 )具应用前景的菊科植物化感关键酶的基因克隆和转基因 ,并对受体植物基因的表达与调控进行研究 ;(6 )化感作用在可持续发展农业应用上的研究与开发 ,特别是作为天然除草剂及杀虫剂  相似文献   

10.
植物内生真菌能产生酚类、萜类和生物碱类等多种类型的化感物质,它们在植物的生长发育、抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用。对植物内生真菌的化感作用及其所产生的化感物质进行了综述,并展望了其化感作用的应用前景。  相似文献   

11.
化感水稻种质资源鉴定及基因定位研究进展与展望   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
稻种资源化感作用的鉴定评价与深入研究是化感水稻品种选育的基础.本文概要介绍了化感水稻种质资源鉴定评价方法、化感作用生理生化机理以及化感特性遗传与基因定位方面的主要研究进展,并进一步讨论了水稻化感作用研究与利用的发展方向.  相似文献   

12.
Rice allelopathy and the possibility for weed management   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In attempts to control weeds in rice, much effort has been focused on rice allelopathy research for more than 30 years. Among screening methods that have been developed, some estimate the allelopathic potential of various rice cultivars in a limited time and space, which is less costly and can be conducted year round. Rice allelopathy activity is variety dependent and origin dependent, where Japonica rice shows greater allelopathic activity than Indica and Japonica–Indica hybrids. Allelopathic characteristics in rice are quantitatively inherited and several allelopathy‐involved traits have been identified. Numerous phytotoxins such as cytokinins, diterpenoids, fatty acids, flavones, glucopyranosides, indoles, momilactones (A and B), oryzalexins, phenols, phenolic acids, resorcinols and stigmastanols have been identified and determined as growth inhibitors in rice. However, the fate and actual modes of action of these compounds as well as other potent rice phytotoxins in nature are not well understood. The question of which compounds play a major role in rice allelopathy has remained obscure; however, rice allelopathy might be attributable to the interaction of all present allelochemicals. Despite locating genes determining or involving allelopathy in rice having attracted much effort, the introduction of these genes into target rice cultivars has not yet been achieved. Success in breeding new rice cultivars having good weed‐suppressing ability would benefit farmers in rice‐cultivating countries and play an important role in sustainable agricultural production.  相似文献   

13.
水稻化感作用及其分子生态学研究进展   总被引:32,自引:2,他引:30       下载免费PDF全文
综述了近年来国际上研究水稻化感作用的新进展,比较分析了当前常用于室内评价水稻化感作用潜力的几种生物测试法的优缺点,指出了琼脂迟播共培法是较为理想的室内生物测试法并已广泛应用于化感作用研究中。在此基础上,分析了水稻化感作用的数量遗传特性及其QTL定位的研究现状;阐明了水稻化感作用的遗传多样性及其分子生态特性;并就当前普遍关注的焦点问题:逆境条件(如低氮或高伴生杂草密度胁迫)常引起水稻化感作用潜力增大的生理过程与分子机制作了阐述。结合近年来应用差异蛋白组学和生物信息学的研究实例,阐明了逆境引起水稻化感作用增强与其酚类合成代谢相关酶蛋白表达丰度增加,萜类合成代谢相关酶蛋白表达丰度下降有关。就究竟什么是水稻的化感物质及其作用方式等问题作了分析与讨论.指出水稻的化感抑草效应是其众多化感物质综合作用的结果,应重视区分化感物质对靶标杂草的原生作用和进入土壤生态系统中经生物转化后的次生作用。根据当前植物化感作用研究的发展趋势,阐明了进一步研究水稻化感作用的焦点问题,提出了水稻化感作用的根际生物学特性与分子生态学机制,是未来国际上竞相角逐的重点研究领域,并认为以现代系统生物学理论为指导,运用基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等技术方法,是揭示这一分子生态学过程与机制的重要技术选择和优先研究领域。  相似文献   

14.
15.
水稻品种化感潜力的双重评价与筛选   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以初筛获得的7份水稻品种为材料,用特征次生物质标记法在HPLC上测定化感指数AI值并结合田间小区试验进行双重评价与筛选,得到3份既具高化感指数又具较高田间抗草活性的水稻化感品种(系),它们是:我国台湾品种I-Kung-Pao、Parahainakoru和大陆品种HB-1。它们对无芒稗根长抑制率分别达57%、64%、55%,均超过50%;其化感指数分别是0.61、0.56、0.59,均与美国化感潜力品种PI312777的化感指数0.59相近;结果表明,水稻品种I-Kung-Pao、Parahainakoru和HB-1是我国宝贵的化感品种资源。  相似文献   

16.

Aims

The possible involvement of the chemical-mediated interaction in allelopathy between rice and barnyard grass was investigated.

Methods

Effcts of rice seedlings and rice root exudate on the alleloapthic activity of barnyard grass were determined and a key compound invovled in the allelopathic interaction between rice and barnyard grass was isolated.

Results

Allelopathic activity of barnyard grass was increased by the presence of rice seedlings. Rice root exudates also elevated the allelopahtic activity of barnyard grass. A key compound, which increased the allelopathic activity of barnyard grass, in the rice root exudates was isolated and determined as momilactone B. Momilactone B increased the allelopathic activity of barnyard grass at concentrations greater than 3 μM, and increasing the momilactone B concentration increased the activity.

Conclusions

Momilactone B is known to act as a potent rice allelochemical and to possess strong growth inhibitory activity against barnyard grass. The present research suggests that barnyard grass may response to the presence of neighboring rice by sensing momilactone B in rice root exudates and increase allelopathic activity. Thus, momilactone B may not only act as a rice allelochemical but also play an important role in rice-induced allelopathy of barnyard grass. The induced-allelopathy may provide a competitive advantage for barnyard grass through the growth inhibition of competing plant species including rice. Barnyard grass allelopathy may be one of the inducible defense mechanisms by chemical-mediated plant interaction between rice and barnyard grass. Rice allelopathy was also reported to be increased by the presence of barnyard grass through increasing production and secretion of momilactone B into surrounding environments. During the evolutional process, rice and barnyard grass may have developed the chemical cross talk to activate the defense mechanisms against some biotic stress conditions by detection of certain key compounds.  相似文献   

17.
He HB  Wang HB  Fang CX  Lin ZH  Yu ZM  Lin WX 《PloS one》2012,7(5):e37201
Plant-plant interference is the combined effect of allelopathy, resource competition, and many other factors. Separating allelopathy from resource competition is almost impossible in natural systems but it is important to evaluate the relative contribution of each of the two mechanisms on plant interference. Research on allelopathy in natural and cultivated plant communities has been hindered in the absence of a reliable method that can separate allelopathic effect from resource competition. In this paper, the interactions between allelopathic rice accession PI312777, non-allelopathic rice accession Lemont and barnyardgrass were explored respectively by using a target (rice)-neighbor (barnyardgrass) mixed-culture in hydroponic system. The relative competitive intensity (RCI), the relative neighbor effect (RNE) and the competitive ratio (CR) were used to quantify the intensity of competition between each of the two different potentially allelopathic rice accessions and barnyardgrass. Use of hydroponic culture system enabled us to exclude any uncontrolled factors that might operate in the soil and we were able to separate allelopathy from resource competition between each rice accession and barnyardgrass. The RCI and RNE values showed that the plant-plant interaction was positive (facilitation) for PI312777 but that was negative (competition) for Lemont and barnyardgrass in rice/barnyardgrass mixed-cultures. The CR values showed that one PI312777 plant was more competitive than 2 barnyardgrass plants. The allelopathic effects of PI312777 were much more intense than the resource competition in rice/barnyardgrass mixed cultures. The reverse was true for Lemont. These results demonstrate that the allelopathic effect of PI312777 was predominant in rice/barnyardgrass mixed-cultures. The most significant result of our study is the discovery of an experimental design, target-neighbor mixed-culture in combination with competition indices, can successfully separate allelopathic effects from competition.  相似文献   

18.
Much research on rice allelopathy has been directed toward the selection of allelopathic rice strains and the identification of allelochemicals in rice. This paper briefly summarizes recent progress in the rice allelopathy and focuses on rediscovery of momilactone B as an allelochemical. A large number of rice varieties were found to inhibit the growth of several plant species when grown together under field and/or laboratory conditions. These findings suggest that rice probably produces and releases allelochemical(s) into the environment. The putative compound causing the inhibitory effect of rice was recently isolated from rice root exudates, and the chemical structure of the inhibitor was determined by spectral data as momilactone B. In addition, it has been found that momilactone B is released from rice roots into the neighboring environment, and the release level of momilactone B from rice may be sufficient to cause growth inhibition of neighboring plants. These findings suggest that momilactone B may play an important role in rice allelopathy.  相似文献   

19.
Rice allelopathy is a hot topic in the field of allelopathy, and behaviour of donor allelopathic rice has been well documented. However, few study addresses response of receiver barnyardgrass (BYG). We found that expression of miRNAs relevant to plant hormone signal transduction, nucleotide excision repair and the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and p53 signalling pathways was enhanced in BYG co‐cultured with the allelopathic rice cultivar PI312777, the expression levels of these miRNAs in BYG plants were positively correlated with allelopathic potential of the co‐cultured rice varieties. Treatment of BYG plants with rice‐produced phenolic acids also increased miRNA expression in BYG, while treatment with rice‐produced terpenoids had no obvious effect on miRNA expression. In the hydroponic system, the largest number of Myxococcus sp. was found in the growth medium containing rice with the highest allelopathic potential. The addition of phenolic acids in the hydroponic medium also increased the number of Myxococcus sp. More interestingly, inoculation with Myxococcus xanthus significantly increased miRNA expression in the treated BYG. Jointed treatments of ferulic acid and M. xanthus led to strongest growth inhibition of BYG. The results suggest that there exist involvement of Myxococcus sp. and mediation of miRNA expression in rice allelopathy against BYG.  相似文献   

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