海南黎药接骨草质量标准研究

为制定海南黎药接骨草质量标准,以《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版质量检定的基本原则为指导,采用性状观察法、显微观察法、薄层色谱法、烘干法、总灰分测定法、醇溶性热浸法分别研究接骨草的性状和显微结构特征、薄层色谱鉴别、水分、总灰分以及醇溶性浸出物。本研究明确了接骨草药材性状和显微结构特征;建立了薄层鉴别方法;接骨草药材质量标准规定水分不得超过10.0%、总灰分不得超过10.0%以及醇溶性浸出物不得少于8.0%。因此,研究制定的接骨草药材质量标准,可为该药材的质量控制提供依据。     

海南黎药蛇王藤质量标准研究

为制定海南黎药蛇王藤的质量标准，依据《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版质量检定的基本原则为指导，采用性状观察法、显微观察法、薄层色谱法、烘干法、总灰分测定法、醇溶性热浸法分别研究蛇王藤的性状和显微结构特征、薄层色谱鉴别、水分、总灰分以及醇溶性浸出物。本研究明确了蛇王藤药材的性状和显微结构特征，建立了薄层鉴别方法；规定蛇王藤药材水分不得超过12.0%、总灰分不得超过7.0%、水溶性浸出物不得少于8.0%。本研究制定的蛇王藤药材质量标准可为该药材的质量控制提供依据。     

血叶兰药材质量标准研究

为制定血叶兰药材质量标准以控制血叶兰药材质量,依据《中国药典》2020年版附录相关方法,对血叶兰的药材性状、显微特征进行观察,并对其水分、总灰分、醇溶性浸出物及多糖含量进行测定.明确了血叶兰药材性状和显微结构特征,并建立了其专属性薄层色谱鉴别方法,拟规定血叶兰药材水分含量不得超过13.0％、总灰分含量不得超过17.5％、醇溶性浸出物含量不得少于19.0％、多糖含量不得少于10.0％.本研究制定出血叶兰药材质量标准,可为血叶兰药材的原料生产、市场流通及其产品开发提供检验检测依据.     

华山矾药材质量标准研究

制定华山矾药材质量标准,为华山矾的开发利用提供技术支持。分别对华山矾药材的药材性状、显微特征进行观察;按照《中国药典》方法对10个不同产地药材中浸出物、灰分和水分进行测定;采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对其进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷的含量。研究结果对华山矾药材的性状、显微特征进行了描述。暂定华山矾药材中总灰分不得过8%,不溶性灰分不得过3%,醇浸出物不得少于4%,水分不得过14%。TLC中斑点清晰、分离度好。槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷的精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于2%。该研究所建标准可用于华山矾药材的质量控制。     

鞘柄菝葜药材质量标准研究

对鞘柄菝葜药材根及根茎进行性状和显微鉴别,以及对薯蓣皂苷元和白藜芦醇进行定性、定量分析,按2015年版《中国药典(四部)》相关通则对水分、总灰分、浸出物进行检查,初步建立鞘柄菝葜药材的质量标准。结果表明:鞘柄菝葜药材性状与显微特征性强; 薄层色谱(TLC)分离度好,薯蓣皂苷元和白藜芦醇在对应的斑点清晰; 药材水分、总灰分、醇溶性浸出物的含量范围分别为3.72%～7.91%、1.54%～4.74%、5.08%～7.31%; 薯蓣皂苷元在0.10～0.70 mg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为93.32%(RSD 2.69%); 白藜芦醇在6.375～255 μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为96.45%(RSD 2.94%)。该研究建立的方法专属性强、重复性好,为其物种鉴别、质量控制及临床合理用药提供依据。     

水团花药材鉴定方法的研究

目的:建立中药水团花的药材鉴定方法.方法:通过对主产地六批药材的研究,从薄层定性检查、水份测定、浸出物检查和灰分测定4个方面,建立了水团花的药材鉴定方法.结果:运用TLC法,定性鉴别了水团花中的2种化学成分;药材的含水量不得过9.6%;药材的水溶性浸出物不得少于31%;药材的醇溶性浸出物不得少于35%;药材的总灰分不得过5.0%.结论:该方法可用于控制水团花的质量.     

破壁灵芝孢子粉的质量探讨

研究和探讨破壁灵芝孢子粉的质量标准,利用性状鉴别、显微鉴别、理化鉴别和主要成分含量测定的方法,初步掌握破壁孢子粉质量特性。薄层色谱鉴别可见清晰荧光斑点,其醇溶液加入硫酸后可见棕色环。总灰分测定显示:采自岫岩灵芝孢子粉和山东一等孢子粉灰分较低,山东三等孢子粉灰分含量较高。不同来源的样品总三萜类含量各不相同,高者达2.24%,低者1.26%。综合各项检测结果,初步确定了破壁灵芝孢子粉质量评价指标,方法稳定,可操作性强。     

化学模式识别结合HPLC指纹图谱的僵蚕质量评价研究

建立HPLC指纹图谱结合化学模式识别技术对僵蚕药材进行质量评价。采用Insertsil ODS-3(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,检测波长365 nm,流速0.8 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温30℃。采用相似度评价、聚类分析、主成分分析等化学模式识别方法,对不同来源的20批僵蚕药材进行质量分析和评价。建立的指纹图谱标定了9个共有峰,指认了5个峰,1号峰为芦丁,2号峰为金丝桃苷,4号峰为紫云英苷,6号峰为槲皮素,7号峰为山奈酚,并将9个共有峰峰面积与其性状、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物及白僵菌素含量进行相关性分析。结果表明本研究建立的僵蚕HPLC指纹图谱结合化学模式识别的方法可靠、易行,方法重复性好、专属性强,与药材性状、总灰分、浸出物及白僵菌素含量等质控指标均有一定的相关性,为后续僵蚕药材的质量控制提供依据和参考。     

陕西产杜仲子药材质量标准研究

为陕西产杜仲子药材制订质量标准。采用生药学研究方法,包括:种子比率测定法、水分测定法、灰分测定法、酸败度测定法、油脂含量测定法、薄层色谱法及HPLC法,对不同产地样品的性状、显微特征进行了描述。在对5批样品的种子比率、水分、灰分、酸败度、油脂测定以及指标成分桃叶珊瑚苷TLC定性鉴别和HPLC定量分析的基础上,制订了陕西杜仲子药材质量评价方法,初步规定了各项指标的限度,确定了质量标准。本文建立的方法专属性好,操作简便,是一种能全面、有效地控制陕西产杜仲子药材质量的较理想方法。为陕西省杜仲子的科学利用和杜仲资源的综合开发提供了依据。     

鬼针草属六种植物水分灰分和浸出物含量测定

目的:建立鬼针草属六种植物的质量标准。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版Ⅰ部附录ⅨH中水分测定法、ⅨK中灰分测定法和附录XA中浸出物测定法测定。结果:鬼针草属6种植物水分、灰分、浸出物含量差异显著。结论:方法简单、快速,为鬼针草资源开发、质量控制提供参考。     

HPLC法测定灵芝孢子粉中三萜含量

为准确测定灵芝孢子粉中三萜的含量,运用高效液相建立适合孢子粉的分析测定方法。通过对前处理条件的优化,确定40%乙醇为孢子粉中等极性三萜酸类的最佳提取溶剂,浓缩倍数是子实体提取条件的50倍。通过色谱柱和洗脱条件的优化,建立了包括灵芝酸I、灵芝烯酸C、灵芝酸C2等13种标准品测定方法,方法学考察显示该分析方法精密度、重复性、稳定性的RSD值均小于5%,可以用于灵芝孢子粉中三萜类成分的定量检测。通过5组样品的分析发现,灵芝酸C6、灵芝酸G、灵芝酸A、灵芝酸D、灵芝酸F是灵芝孢子粉中的主要三萜类成分,其中灵芝酸A含量最高,平均占样品三萜总量的比例达19.71%;三萜类成分的溶出量与是否破壁没有相关性。三萜类成分在灵芝孢子粉和灵芝孢子油产品中的含量非常低,孢子粉的三萜含量为14.24-99.70μg/g,仅为子实体的1/100,灵芝孢子油中三萜含量也均低于50μg/g,因此三萜类成分不适合作为灵芝孢子粉及其相关产品的定量检测指标。     

菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

利用气相色谱法,对菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油中脂肪酸组成、不饱和脂肪酸含量等进行了比较研究。结果发现两者脂肪酸GC指纹图谱极为相似(脂肪酸组成基本相同),说明了菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油一样有同样的开发价值,但是脂肪酸含量不同,菌草灵芝孢子油中亚油酸和油酸占55.61%,不饱和脂肪酸占61.15%;段木灵芝孢子油中亚油酸和油酸占49.87%,不饱和脂肪酸占54.88%。而且两者的外观、气味略不同。     

Aerobic composting of chips from clear-cut trees with various co-materials

Swollen chips made from trees felled during clear-cutting were composted with various organic and inorganic materials in an aerobic composting reactor for 5 months and then piled for 5 months. The organic materials included chicken feces, urea, nitrogenous lime (calcium cyanamide, manure), and material rapidly composted from food garbage in 24-h bacterial fermentation, while the inorganic materials were coal ash and volcanic ash. In this paper, we first attempt to estimate the quality and degree of maturity of each compost from its chemical properties. Furthermore, we try to calculate the maturity of the fermented wood chip composts from their mixture ratio of the initial materials by multiple linear regression analysis. We measured changes in the C/N ratio, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) content, percentage of humic acid in the alkali soluble fraction (PQ), cation exchange capacity, pH, and EC during the composting period. The degrees of maturity of the composts were estimated via a plant growth test using Chinese cabbage. We found that the CN ratio, NO3-N concentration, and PQ were suitable for estimating the degree of maturity of wood chip composts. For maturity, the CN ratio should be less than 14, the PQ more than 66.2, and the NO3-N concentration more than 853 mgkg-1. We devised an equation to estimate the degree of maturity after 10 months by a multiple linear regression analysis from the mixing ratio of wood chips and the co-composted materials. From the multiple linear regression analysis, the above three indices of compost maturity could be estimated from the mixing ratio of the initial materials. This equation should enable us to determine the degree of compost maturity after 10 months based on the initial mixing ratio.     

贵州喀斯特山区不同海拔花椒人工林土壤质量评价

阐明贵州喀斯特山区花椒人工林的土壤养分含量及其质量综合指数至关重要。以不同海拔样地的土壤为研究对象,采用土壤农业化学、环境矿物学技术对矿质元素等进行分析。结果表明:不同样地土壤的pH值呈显著差异,随海拔增加表现为升高—降低的变化趋势;最低海拔(594m,HJ1)与最高海拔(884m,HJ5)样地的土壤有机碳、总氮、速效氮总体显著高于中间3个海拔样地(660m、705m、778m,HJ2—HJ4),总磷与速效磷的变化则相反;除大量元素外,矿质元素在不同海拔花椒林地之间变化规律不明显,其中总硫、铅、镉、硒等元素表现为最高海拔样地急剧升高的趋势;氮、磷与其他矿质元素之间表现出一定的显著性相关,表明其关系密切;土壤质量综合指数为HJ5(2.16)HJ3(0.43)HJ4(0.19)HJ1(-0.21)HJ2(-2.60),表明高海拔花椒林地表层土壤质量总体优于低海拔,揭示了土壤养分随海拔变化表现出分异规律。土壤管理上应同时施用有机肥和矿质元素肥料,提高土壤养分供给能力和利用效率。以上结论可为贵州喀斯特山区花椒林养分管理和可持续经营工作提供借鉴和参考。     

Analysis of the monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides in Ganoderma atrum by capillary gas chromatography

Introduction – Ganoderma, one of the best‐known traditional Chinese medicines, has attracted considerable attention owing to the fact that dozens of polysaccharides isolated from it have shown diverse and potentially significant pharmacological activities. However, no work has been reported on the analysis of monosaccharide composition of polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of Ganoderma atrum yet. Objective – To develop a simple and sensitive GC‐based method for the analysis of monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides in Ganoderma atrum. Methodology – The polysaccharide was first hydrolysed to give the constituent monosaccharides, which were subsequently derived into acetylated aldononitriles and analysed by gas chromatography using a capillary column packed with a (5%phenyl) methylpolysiloxane stationary phase with the addition of acetyl inositol as the inner standard. High‐performance liquid chromatography was also used for comparison. Results – The stable derivatives of the most common monosaccharides could be separated and reproducibly determined with high sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.013 and 0.043 mg/mL, respectively. The intermediary precision values (expressed as the RSD) were less than 10%. The mean recovery of the method was 100 ± 3%, with RSD values of less than 5%. The results obtained from GC and HPLC methods were found to be close to each other within acceptable error ranges. Conclusion – This study demonstrated that the developed method could be applied as an accurate method for the compositional analysis of monosaccharides in the field of biological and biochemical study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

紫外分光光度法测定破壁灵芝孢子粉提取物总三萜含量

确定一种破壁灵芝孢子粉提取物总三萜紫外分光光度测定方法。采用紫外分光光度法,以熊果酸为对照品测定样品。溶液在波长548 nm处具有最大吸光度,熊果酸含量在14~54μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r为0.999 4,平均回收率为92.94%。提示使用上述方法绘制标准曲线可计算出样品中三萜类化合物的含量。测定方法操作简便、检验快速、稳定性高、重复性好,可以用于灵芝孢子粉产品的质量控制。     

土地利用对石漠化地区土壤团聚体有机碳分布及保护的影响

对贵州省关岭县石漠化地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤团聚体的稳定性、有机碳分布以及大团聚体有机碳矿化进行了研究,探讨了大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用,以期为选择合理的石漠化治理措施提供科学依据。选取了当地主要的4种土地利用方式,分别为水田(水旱轮作)、旱地、花椒林和火龙果林;其中花椒林和火龙果林位于石漠化治理区内。采用湿筛法分离出各级土壤团聚体并结合室内恒温培养法测定原状和破碎大团聚体中有机碳的矿化动态变化,其中大团聚体保护性碳含量为破碎与原状大团聚体有机碳在42 d内累积矿化量的差值。结果表明:土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性具有显著影响。水田土壤团聚体稳定性要明显优于旱地、花椒林和火龙果林,且后3种土地利用方式间也存在显著差异。土壤有机碳也受到土地利用方式的影响,水田和旱地土壤有机碳含量要明显高于火龙果林和花椒林。各粒级团聚体有机碳含量在土地利用方式间具有较大差异,2 5 mm、0.25 2 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量按水田、火龙果林、旱地和花椒林依次下降,5 8 mm团聚体中有机碳含量则以花椒林最高,其次是水田和火龙果林,旱地最低。但是就各粒径团聚体的有机碳库而言,<0.25 mm团聚体是土壤有机碳的主要载体。花椒林、旱地、火龙果和水田的大团聚体保护性碳含量分别为83.37、78.86、73.81\,61.04 mg/kg,其差异表明花椒林土壤大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用最强,其次是旱地和火龙果林,水田最弱。因此,在该地区种植花椒林和火龙果林可以改善其土壤质量,其可能机理是通过增加土壤中大团聚体含量,同时增强大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用。     

An assessment of the genetic diversity within Ganoderma strains with AFLP and ITS PCR-RFLP

Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal materials and plant pathogens. Because of its specific interhybridization, the genetic background, however, is relatively unclear. It made identification of Ganoderma strains, especially closely related strains difficulty. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) using 14 primer combinations and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) PCR-RFLP were used in a comparative study which was designed to investigate the closely related Ganoderma strains genetic relations at molecular level. The analysis of 37 Ganoderma strains showed there were 177 polymorphic AFLP markers and 12 ITS PCR-RFLP markers, and all accessions could be uniquely identified. Among the Ganoderma accessions, similarity coefficients ranged from 0.07692 to 0.99194 in AFLP. The Ganoderma strains formed a tight cluster in nine groups in AFLP whereas seven groups in ITS PCR-RFLP. The cluster analysis revealed that the taxonomical system of subgenus Ganoderma is composed of Sect. Ganoderma and Sect. Phaeonema, and the strain 22 should be a variant form of strain 21. All methods delineated the Ganoderma strains from the different regions seeming to show a greater level of genetic diversity. It indicated that the genotype study at molecular level is a useful complement method to the current classification system of Ganoderma strains based on morphological traits. The congruency of the experiments was analyzed using the biostatistical software DPS V3.01.