羌活与宽叶羌活的群体遗传结构和种间分化研究

为了合理利用羌活和宽叶羌活的药用植物资源,同时保护其物种多样性,该研究利用SSR分子标记技术对羌活与宽叶羌活邻域及异域分布的23个自然种群,共计227个个体进行多样性和种间分化研究。结果显示:(1)两个物种具有中等水平的遗传多样性;羌活的平均等位基因数(N_a)、有效等位基因数(N_e)和期望杂合度(H_e)分别为2.603、1.777和0.313,均高于宽叶羌活(分别为2.200、1.641和0.308)。(2)分子方差分析表明,两个物种的遗传变异主要存在于群体内,羌活和宽叶羌活群体间分化系数分别为0.181和0.191。(3)Structure聚类分析和主坐标分析(PCoA)将所有取样个体分为两大遗传组分,分别对应于羌活和宽叶羌活两个物种,二者间存在着有限的基因交流。研究表明,羌活与宽叶羌活物种间存在较高程度的遗传分化,并且遗传变异主要源自群体内,应各自划分为不同的地理单元进行多样性保护。     

蒙新区子午沙鼠种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构

为了探讨蒙新干旱区景观和环境因素对子午沙鼠种群遗传结构的影响,我们利用8 个多态性的微卫星位点,对子午沙鼠14 个局域种群的160 个个体进行了种群遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。微卫星结果显示种群具有高的遗传多样性,微卫星位点的等位基因数(A)为22. 50 ±3.02 (19 ～ 28),多态信息含量(PIC)为0.912 ±0. 02 (0.872 ～ 0. 929);种群观测杂合度(HO )为0.68 ± 0. 19 (0. 52 ～0.85),期望杂合度(HE )为0.79 ± 0. 08(0. 71 ～ 0.85)。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果显示,所得到的3 个组之间已发生显著的遗传分化(P < 0. 001)。
Mantel 检测结果表明,子午沙鼠种群遗传结构与地理距离无显著的相关性(P = 0.270 0),而在多元线性模型中,蒙新干旱区的海拔高度是影响种群遗传结构的关键因素。     

濒危特有种掌叶木的微卫星遗传多样性研究

掌叶木居群具有较丰富的遗传多样性,该研究利用9对微卫星(SSR)分子标记揭示了掌叶木(Handeliodendron bodinieri)的遗传多样性。结果表明:观测等位基因数(Na)平均为3.903,有效等位基因数(Ne)平均为2.545,期望杂合度(He)平均为0.521,Shannon’s多态性信息指数(I)为0.962,PIC平均值为0.465。掌叶木的自然分布居群有相对较高的遗传多样性,但由于人为破坏等因素导致该群体濒危,而濒危并不是因为遗传多样性降低而造成的。居群间的遗传分化为掌叶木8个居群间的遗传一致度为(GI=0.849~0.970),遗传距离为(GD=0.032~0.164)。基于Nei’s遗传距离用UPGMA法对掌叶木居群进行聚类,Nei’s的基因分化系数为(G_(st))为0.027,平均Nei标准遗传分化系数(G'_(st)N)为0.031,平均Herick’s标准遗传分化系数(G'_(st)H)为0.064,基因流(N_m)为3.368。AMOVA分析结果表明:掌叶木居群间变异占3%,居群内变异占97%,居群内的遗传分化大于居群间的分化。利用Mantel检测发现,居群间的遗传距离与地理距离显著正相关(r=0.299,P0.05)。该研究结果为掌叶木生物多样性和资源保护与利用提供了更充分的科学依据。     

舟山群岛黄毛鼠种群的遗传多样性及多重父权研究

岛屿常被生态学家和进化生物学家视为研究生物进化的天然实验室。本研究利用微卫星分子标记技术,分析了舟山群岛优势鼠种——黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)刺山岛种群、六横岛种群、桃花岛种群3个种群的遗传多样性,并探讨该物种是否存在多重父权现象。研究结果表明,(1)黄毛鼠种群的平均观测等位基因数(NA)和平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为8.792和5.494,平均期望杂合度(He)和平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.821和0.956,多态信息含量(PIC)均大于0.5,说明3个种群均具有较高的遗传多样性;(2)3个种群的平均遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.040,其中桃花岛种群与刺山岛种群的分化最大,分化系数为0.052,呈中度分化水平,不同种群间所贡献的变异百分数为3.98%,说明遗传变异主要发生在种群内,而种群间仅存在很小的遗传变异;(3)14只孕鼠中,有6只孕鼠的胚胎存在多重父权现象,占43%,最小父本值为2,其余8个孕鼠的胚胎均只有唯一父本。本研究提出黄毛鼠存在多重父权现象,为该物种繁殖策略及鼠害控制的研究提供依据。     

广东省猴耳环遗传多样性研究

为了解猴耳环(Archidendron clypearia)种质资源的遗传多样性,以广东省12个野生猴耳环群体的146份种质资源为材料,采用SSR分子标记技术对其遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,21对SSR引物共检测到249个等位基因,平均每对SSR引物检测的等位基因数(Na)为11.857,有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.500,期望杂合度(He)为0.718,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.676;12个群体中博罗群体的Shannon多样性指数(I=0.528)和有效等位基因数(Ne=0.716)均最大,是遗传多样性最丰富的群体;群体间的遗传分化系数为0.071,AMOVA分析表明,猴耳环的遗传变异主要在群体内(97%),群体内的遗传分化大于群体间。聚类分析表明,遗传系数在0.16时,可将12个群体分为6大类,与主坐标分析的结果大致相同。这为发掘、利用与保护猴耳环群体种质资源,开展猴耳环优良品种的遗传育种提供重要的理论依据。     

野生毛樱桃SSR遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

利用11对SSR多态性引物对秦岭山脉5个居群11个亚居群104份野生毛樱桃材料进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析,以明确中国樱桃的种质资源,为樱桃育种以及生产中改良樱桃砧木提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)11对引物共检测出110个等位位点,各引物扩增的多态性条带在5~13个之间;观察到的平均等位基因数(A)为10,有效等位基因数(Ae)为7.586 3。(2)秦岭山脉天水居群的多态性比率(PPB)为69.55%、长安居群为76.53%、太白居群为81.36%、华阴居群为85.00%、眉县居群为92.17%,5个居群总的多态性比率为81.62%,各位点平均期望杂合度(He)为0.864 0。(3)秦岭山脉野生毛樱桃各居群的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.081 2,居群内的遗传分化占91.88%,居群间的遗传分化占8.12%;基于Gst测得基因流(Nm)为2.827 3,秦岭山脉Nei遗传距离为0.489 7,香农信息指数为2.101 9。研究认为,秦岭山脉野生毛樱桃的遗传多样性水平较高,遗传分化主要存在于居群内,且基因交流没有受到阻碍,居群内现存的遗传多样性水平对遗传漂变不敏感,但居群间存在适中的基因交流可能会降低整个种群的再分化。     

千岛湖社鼠种群遗传现状及与生境面积的关系

以千岛湖地区13个岛屿上的社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)种群为研究对象,利用13个微卫星位点分析了13个社鼠种群的遗传现状,并探讨了种群遗传现状与岛屿面积大小之间的关系。研究结果显示,13个社鼠种群的平均观测等位基因数(Na)与平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为7.385,5.952,平均期望杂合度(He)与平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.819,0.930,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.760,说明13个社鼠种群均具有较高的遗传多样性。13个种群间的分化系数(Fst)为0.053,表明种群间的遗传分化较小。3个面积较大且相近岛屿上社鼠种群,即高仙阁种群 (Gaoxiange Island,G);乌石T岛种群 (Wushi T Island,WT);东门岛种群 (Dongmen Island,DM)间的Fst值均小于0.05,表明种群间无分化,而小岛种群与大岛种群间的分化却比较明显。此外,一元回归结果显示,多态信息含量(PIC)和Shannon多样性指数(I)与岛屿面积大小之间均存在显著地正相关关系。以上结果说明,在社鼠种群进化过程中,生境面积的缩小可能使种群的遗传结构发生改变,并有可能导致种群的快速进化。     

从松属相关物种筛选红松微卫星标记及其种群遗传多样性分析

近缘物种筛选法是获取微卫星引物的主要方法之一。利用松属植物EST-SSRs的种间通用性,从马尾松微卫星引物中筛选出红松EST-SSR标记,并与已有的红松基因组SSR标记进行对比分析。采集长白山露水河红松母树林4个种群的248个样本,分析种群遗传多样性。结果表明:马尾松与红松的种间通用率为27.27%,松属内不同亚属物种间的种间通用性偏低;与红松基因组SSRs相比,EST-SSRs的单位点等位基因数(N a)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)等遗传多样性参数均较低;用2组引物分析4个种群的遗传多样性,发现有效等位基因均能反映出不同种群遗传变异的趋势,基因多样性均能反映出遗传同一性的差异,说明两组引物都能准确地反映红松种群的遗传多态性水平,新筛选的EST-SSRs可以用于红松种群遗传多样性研究。     

利用SSR分子标记分析秦岭冷杉自然居群的遗传多样性

利用10对SSR引物对濒危植物秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)6个自然居群的120个个体进行了遗传多样性研究,旨在分析秦岭冷杉6个自然居群的遗传多样性、遗传结构及基因流变化.研究结果表明,120个个体在10个位点上共检测到149个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数(A)为14.9,每个位点的有效等位基因数(e)为7.7,每个位点的平均预期杂合度(He)和平均观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.841和0.243,Shannon多样性指数(Ⅰ)为2.13,自然居群杂合性基因多样度的比率(FsT)为6.7％,居群间的基因流(Nm)为3.45.利用Mantel检测到自然居群的遗传距离与地理距离间无显著相关性(r=0.490 6,P＞0.05).秦岭冷杉自然居群的遗传多样性水平较低,遗传变异主要存在于居群内部.结合研究数据、实地调查及相关资料,推测秦岭冷杉自然居群间基因流较原来增大可能是因为居群间发生了远交衰退.     

五个罗氏沼虾群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用16对微卫星标记对来自泰国(CP)、缅甸(MN)、孟加拉(BD)和中国(MP和DP)的共5个罗氏沼虾群体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。结果显示, 16个微卫星位点均具有较高的多态性, 平均等位基因数(N_a)、期望杂合度(H_e)、Shannon信息指数(I)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为17.563、0.8316、2.1662和0.7328。5个群体的期望杂合度(H_e)介于0.7025—0.8594, 多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.6538—0.8048, 表明所有群体均具有高度遗传多样性, 遗传多样性水平CP>MP>BD>MN>DP。遗传分化指数(F_st)值介于0.03430—0.17333, 表明所有群体间均有不同程度的遗传分化。16个微卫星位点的F_st值均大于0.05, 均值为0.0977, 与群体间有遗传分化相符。AMOVA分析显示群体间变异占总变异的6.22%, 群体内个体间的变异占总变异的40.72%, 个体内部的遗传变异占总变异的53.07%。基于Nei氏遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示, MN群体首先与MP群体聚为一类, 再与DP群体聚为一类, 之后再与BD群体聚为一类, 最后与CP群体聚为一类, 表明中国群体与泰国群体亲缘关系较远。遗传结构分析显示, 参试样本被划分为5个理论群体, 除MP群体中个体遗传结构混杂外, 其余群体中个体遗传结构相对独立。研究为罗氏沼虾种质资源的开发利用和优良品种的选育提供了参考数据。     

Inferring species relationships among Camellia chrysanthoides and its closely related species for developing conservation strategies

Accurate species classification is important for developing conservation strategies for endangered species. Camellia chrysanthoides and its closely related species are currently threatened. However, the taxonomy of these species is complex and contentious. A total of 87 individuals from nine populations of C. chrysanthoides and its close relatives were collected and analyzed using two nuclear genes (PAL and waxy) and a chloroplast DNA fragment. Molecular and morphological evidence demonstrates that C. chrysanthoides and C. micrantha share floral traits and nuclear and chloroplast haplotypes, suggesting that they should be treated as a single species. Our nuclear results indicated that C. parvipetala is genetically close to C. chrysanthoides and C. micrantha. A barrier to gene flow between C. chrysanthoides and C. micrantha populations and the high number of private nuclear haplotypes in C. parvipetala suggest that C. chrysanthoides, C. micrantha and C. parvipetala should be recognized as three independent conservation units.     

基于SSR标记的大明松天然群体遗传多样性分析

大明松是广西和贵州特有的高山松类,具有很高的经济价值和生态价值,其自然种群长期没有得到充分的保护和利用,不利于该树种长期稳定发展。为了合理保护和开发利用大明松天然遗传资源,该文利用12个SSR分子标记对大明松3个天然群体进行遗传多样性研究,分析其群体间的遗传分化和基因流,为该物种的保护策略提供参考。研究结果表明:(1)12对引物共检测到37 个等位基因,多态位点百分率为100%。每个位点平均观察等位基因数(Na)为3.08,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.68, 不同位点间有效等位基因数差异较大; 每个位点平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.35,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.40,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.31。(2)3 个群体的Shannon''s多样性指数变化范围为0.48～0.65,Nei''s基因多样度的变化范围为0.27～0.39,与其他近缘种松类相比遗传多样性偏低。群体平均观察杂合度为0.40,平均期望杂合度为0.33,平均有效等位基因数为1.58。群体间基因分化系数(Gst)为0.10,群体间的遗传分化水平较低,大部分变异均存在群体内。群体间的基因流(Nm)为2.74,说明大明松群体间的基因交流比较充分。该研究可为大明松生物多样性保护提供重要参考依据,为科学利用大明松资源打下基础。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA primers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinadoxa corydalifolia</Emphasis> (Adoxaceae)

Sinadoxa corydalifolia is the only species of Sinadoxa (Adoxaceae) with the aberrant morphology. This species has become extremely endangered in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. To provide a population-level genetic profile for investigation and conservation of genetic diversity of this species, we developed 10 new microsatellite loci for this species by the combining biotin capture method. About 31 microsatellites were screened from the library, 10 of the screened microsatellites are polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus in 18 individuals ranged from 3 to 11, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.3071 to 0.6243 and from 0.1675 to 0.4357, respectively. We further performed cross-priming tests of these primers in another species of the Adoxaceae: Adoxa moschatellina and found 9 of 10 successfully amplified the targeted sequences. These newly developed loci provide a useful tool to investigate the genetic diversity and design the conversation measures of S. corydalifolia and study the genetic divergence and the initial speciation pattern between it and the related species in the Adoxaceae.     

Allozyme diversity in Chinese,Seguin and American chestnut (Castanea spp.)

Allozyme genetic variability in three chestnut (Castanea) species was investigated using 19 loci from ten enzyme systems. G-tests of heterogeneity of isozymic allele distribution showed significant differences between the three species at 15 of the 19 loci, and between the 13 C. mollissima populations at 13 of the 19 loci examined. C. mollissima was found to possess a significantly-higher value of mean gene heterozygosity (H=0.3050±0.0419), the percentage of polymorphic loci (P=84.21%) and the average number of alleles per locus (A=2.05), than any other species in the Castanea section Eucastanon. When the genetic variability of populations of C. mollissima from four regions in China was investigated, the population from the Changjiang river region showed a markedly higher mean gene heterozygosity (H=0.3480±0.0436) than populations from the other regions. Genetic relationships among the four regions were assessed by Nei's genetic identity I and standard genetic distance D. An approximately-identical distance between the population from the Changjiang river region and populations from the three other regions was observed, while populations from the latter regions showed almost the same genetic distance from each other. These data, when considered with information existing prior to this study, contribute to an understanding of the possible origin and progenitor of the chestnut species.     

Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the critically endangered Arenaria nevadensis (Caryophyllaceae)

We report on the isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite markers from enriched libraries for Arenaria nevadensis, one of the most critically endangered plant species in the Iberian Peninsula. These are the first microsatellite loci reported for Arenaria species. The number of alleles ranged from two to eight, and the expected heterozygosity from 0.067 to 0.873. These markers will be useful for characterizing the genetic diversity in A. nevadensis and understanding its population structure, and will provide important genetic data for the conservation and recovery of this species.     

Polymorphic microsatellite loci for population studies of the razor clam, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinonovacula constricta</Emphasis>

The razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) is an important aquacultured bivalve in China. The natural populations of this species are decreasing quickly. To facilitate studies on genetic diversity and population structure of wild populations, microsatellites were isolated from a CA enriched genomic library. Eight microsatellite loci were polymorphic in 30 individuals from Chongming in Shanghai, China. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus varied from 6 to 13 and the values of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.350 to 1.000 and from 0.602 to 0.902, respectively. These microsatellites are being used in studying population differentiation and genetic diversity for effective conservation and management genetic resources of S. constricta.     

华北落叶松种子园控制授粉子代遗传多样性分析

以华北落叶松控制授粉群体的全部子代为材料,母本相同的个体视为同一家系,利用18对SSR分子标记对7个家系257个个体进行扩增,分析其遗传多样性及其遗传分化水平。结果表明:(1)18个SSR位点共检测到72个等位基因,平均等位基因数4个,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.247~3.411。(2)7个家系的平均有效等位基因数为2.135个,观测杂合度(Ho)为0.518,期望杂合度(He)为0.502,Shannon信息指数0.846,其中55号家系遗传多样性水平最高,56号的遗传多样性水平最低。(3)遗传分化系数(GST)为0.113,各家系群体处于中等遗传分化水平,AMOVA分析结果显示82%的遗传变异存在于家系内,18%的遗传变异存在于家系间。(4)聚类分析结果表明,55号与59号家系的遗传距离最近,具有较近的亲缘关系,49号家系与其他家系的遗传距离最远。(5)结合遗传多样性及遗传分化水平结果,估算获得选择核心家系数及核心个体数,选择5个家系均可获得96%以上的遗传多样性,对于个体数较少的家系,选择15~20个个体;对于个体数较多的家系,选择35个个体,即可获得96%以上的遗传多样性。该研究结果对华北落叶松种子园育种群体的选择及其遗传多样性的保护具有重要意义。     

四川西部濒危植物桃儿七遗传多样性的RAPD分析

桃儿七是一种具有重要药用价值的珍稀濒危植物。采用RAPD分子标记技术,对在四川西部地区的桃儿七7个自然种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了分析。用12个RAPD引物对7个种群共140个样品进行了扩增,共得到111条清晰带,其中32条具有多态性,在物种水平上多态位点百分率(PPB)为28.83%,在种群内的多态位点百分率变动幅度为4.50%至16.22%。同其它一些濒危植物相比,桃儿七种群具有较低的遗传多样性(He=0.0622,Ho=0.0987)。7个自然种群间出现了很强的遗传分化,分化指数接近70%。种群间的基因流低(Nm=0.2240)。造成上述结果的可能原因是与桃儿七的繁育方式和有限的基因流等因素有关。应将遗传多样性相对较高的松潘县牟尼沟种群作为原位保护的核心种群进行保护,尽量保护所有现有种群。     

Genetic Structure of Wild Rice Oryza Glumaepatula Populations in Three Brazilian Biomes Using Microsatellite Markers

The existence of Oryza glumaepatula is threatened by devastation and, thus, the implementation of conservation strategies is extremely relevant. This study aimed to characterize the genetic variability and estimate population parameters of 30 O. glumaepatula populations from three Brazilian biomes using 10 microsatellite markers. The levels of allelic variability for the SSR loci presented a mean of 10.3 alleles per locus and a value of 0.10 for the average allelic frequency value. The expected total heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.63 to 0.86. For the 30 populations tested, the mean observed (H_o) and expected heterozygosities (H_e) were 0.03 and 0.11within population, respectively, indicating an excess of homozygotes resulting from the preferentially self-pollinating reproduction habit. The estimated fixation index ( _IS ) was 0.79 that differed significantly from zero, indicating high inbreeding within each O. glumaepatula population. The total inbreeding of the species (_IT ) was 0.98 and the genetic diversity indexes among populations, _ST and _ST, were 0.85 and 0.90, respectively, indicating high genetic variability among them. Thus, especially for populations located in regions threatened with devastation, it is urgent that in situ preservation conditions should be created or that collections be made for ex situ preservation to prevent loss of the species genetic variability.     

细叶云南松天然种源林遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用12对SSR引物对三个不同种源的细叶云南松群体遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明:共检测到13个位点37个等位基因,每个位点平均观察等位基因数(A)为2.85,多态率为100%;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)1.45。各群体内的有效等位基因数平均为1.447,观察杂合度平均为0.341,期望杂合度平均为0.281。三个群体的Nei’s基因多样度指标的变化范围为0.256~0.297,Shannon多样性指数变化范围为0.448~0.484,各群体间的多态性水平差异不大。细叶云南松群体间的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.089,群体间的遗传分化水平较低,大部分变异均存在群体内。细叶云南松群体间的基因流(Nm)在不同位点的变化范围从4.693~122.189,平均为11.17。说明细叶云南松群体间存在比较充分的基因交流。