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植物病毒病给全球农业生产造成巨大的损失.有效地防治植物病毒病,减少经济损失,满足日益增长的世界人口的食品需求,是科学家的重要目标之一.随着病毒分子生物学、植物基因工程研究的迅速发展,近年来,利用分子生物学及基因工程技术培育抗病毒工程植物已成为防治植物病毒病害的有效策略,许多具有重要经济价值的转基因作物已经开始陆续进入实际应用阶段. 相似文献
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病毒作为一种依赖于宿主细胞代谢的病原体对全球农业造成了重大经济损失。虽然目前已利用多种防治策略来控制病毒病,例如培育抗病毒品种、使用化学杀菌剂、切断病毒的感染途径、组织脱毒、传统农业防治等,但都无法从根本上控制病毒病的危害。近年来的研究表明,基因工程手段能够有效对抗植物病毒病害。本文综述了基因工程手段改造植物抗病毒能力的技术和方法。 相似文献
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植物病毒病的诊断技术 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
植物病毒病是一种全球性的病害,每年全世界由植物病毒病造成的农作物损失估计高达150亿美元。植物病毒病的准确诊断有利于病毒病的综合防治。近年来,由于植物病毒分类体系的逐步完善,以及病毒鉴定技术的不断进步,植物病毒病的诊断方法有很大发展。本文介绍植物病毒诊断技术的发展现状。1生物学鉴定 利用生物学鉴定进行植物病毒病的诊断,主要依据寄主植物和病毒的传播方式。寄主植物诊断的方法主要包括利用寄主病症、寄主范围和交叉保护现象。在早期的植物病毒研究中,病毒检测和鉴定是以病症为主要根据,现证实这不太可靠[1],… 相似文献
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抗病毒植物基因工程的研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
病毒病害一直是农业生产的一大问题,分子生物学的发展,特别是基因工程的发展为防治病毒病带来了希望。就目前的情况看,有效的抗基因主要来源于病毒本身,如外壳蛋白基因、卫星RNA基因、正义RNA序列,反义RNA序列等。除此之外,一些其它的策略也被采用,如核酶(Ribozyme)策略等。人们也正在试图从植物本身分离抗病毒基因和探索新的抗病毒策略,这一切都有助于推动抗病毒植物基因工程的发展。本 相似文献
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枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ产生的新型抗微生物物质体外抗NDV和IBDV的活性分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
测定了枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ株产生的新型抗微生物物质的体外抗新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)lasota株、传染性法式囊病病毒(Infectious Bursal Disease Virus,IBDV)哈尔滨(H)株作用。结果表明该新型抗微生物物质对鸡胚成纤维(Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts,CEF)细胞的TD50和TD0分别为128.95mg/L、25.79mg/L;对NDVlasota株、IBDV H株所致细胞病变效应有明显的抑制作用,可使细胞存活率显著升高;该抗微生物物质具有抗NDVlasota株、IBDV H株作用;并具有预防其感染及抑制其复制的作用。其抗病毒作用效果和病毒唑相当,由于其对CEF细胞的毒性较弱,可作为一种抗病毒药物进行开发研究。 相似文献
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G. Schuster L Heinisch W. Schulze H. Ulbright H Willitzer 《Journal of Phytopathology》1984,111(2):97-113
Antiphytoviral compounds with noncyclic azine structutre The antiphytoviral activities of variously substituted compounds with noncylic azine structures have been studied f a total of 90 tested compunds 42 had the effect of more or less strong inhibiting the concentration of potato virus X (PVX) in inoculated and / or secondarily infected leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun (Table.1) An effect on the virion of PVX in vitro couldn't be observed (Table.2) Thus the substances may interact with the virus replication. Some of them also reduced the number of local lesions caused by tabacco mosaic virus on leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa L. (Table-3) Several Compounds proved exellent synergists of 2,4- dioxohexahydro- 1,3,5- triazine (DHT = 5 azadihydrouracil; Table 4) Pyridine- 3- aldehyde S ethyl isothiosemicarbazone and the Cu complex of 1- ethyl-isatine S- ethyl isothisosemicarbazone when used in combination with 2,4 dioxohexahydro- 1,3,5, triazine, greatly increased the mass of potato tubers produced from plantlets grown up from patato eye cutting as compared with the indentical control Simultaneously the mentioned substances reduced the number of symptom bearing eye cutting plants Quinoline 2- aldehyde- N- oxide S- allyl-isothiosemicarbazone had the effect of very greatly reducing the number of symptom-bearing plants without substantially influencing the mass of tubers (Table 5). Thus some compounds with noncyclic azine structure especially when used in combinitation with DHT, may be of high interest for practical application Comparing the structures of compounds with noncyclic azine structure active against plant or human viruses it should be noted that antiphytoviral compounds active in these two different virus host systems often are closely related structurally. 相似文献
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E. Montesinos A. Bonaterra E. Badosa J. Francés J. Alemany I. Llorente C. Moragrega 《International microbiology》2002,5(4):169-175
Plants constitute an excellent ecosystem for microorganisms. The environmental conditions offered differ considerably between
the highly variable aerial plant part and the more stable root system. Microbes interact with plant tissues and cells with
different degrees of dependence. The most interesting from the microbial ecology point of view, however, are specific interactions
developed by plant-beneficial (either non-symbiotic or symbiotic) and pathogenic microorganisms. Plants, like humans and other
animals, also become sick, but they have evolved a sophisticated defense response against microbes, based on a combination
of constitutive and inducible responses which can be localized or spread throughout plant organs and tissues. The response
is mediated by several messenger molecules that activate pathogen-responsive genes coding for enzymes or antimicrobial compounds,
and produces less sophisticated and specific compounds than immunoglobulins in animals. However, the response specifically
detects intracellularly a type of protein of the pathogen based on a gene-for-gene interaction recognition system, triggering
a biochemical attack and programmed cell death. Several implications for the management of plant diseases are derived from
knowledge of the basis of the specificity of plant-bacteria interactions. New biotechnological products are currently being
developed based on stimulation of the plant defense response, and on the use of plant-beneficial bacteria for biological control
of plant diseases (biopesticides) and for plant growth promotion (biofertilizers).
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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植物根际微生物群落构建的研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
植物根际是指植物根系与土壤的交界面,是根系自身生命活动和代谢对土壤影响最直接、最强烈的区域,其物理、化学和生物性质不同于土体土壤。在这个区域里,与植物发生相互作用的大量微生物,被称为根际微生物。根际微生物在植物的生长发育和植物病虫害的生物防治等方面都具有十分重要的意义。本文总结了根际微生物群落构建的研究现状,介绍了根际微生物的经典和最新的研究方法,包括根箱法、同位素技术以及高通量测序、菌群定量分析、高通量分离培养等方法在根际微生物研究中的应用,讨论了植物根系分泌物(碳水化物、氨基酸、黄酮类、酚类、激素及其信号物质)和土壤物理化学性质对根际微生物群落的影响,概述了根际微生物-植物的互作机制,以及根际微生物群落对植物的促生作用、提高植物抗逆性和抑制作用,并对根际微生物群落研究中存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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V. Oberemok K. Laikova I. Golovkin L. Kryukov R. Kamenetsky-Goldstein 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2022,24(1):3-8
A plant’s associated biota plays an integral role in its metabolism, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, pathogen resistance and other physiological processes. Although a virome is an integral part of the phytobiome, a major contradiction exists between the holobiont approach and the practical need to eradicate pathogens from agricultural crops. In this review, we discuss grapevine virus control, but the issue is also relevant for numerous other crops, including potato, cassava, citrus, cacao and other species. Grapevine diseases, especially viral infections, cause main crop losses. Methods have been developed to eliminate viruses and other microorganisms from plant material, but elimination of viruses from plant material does not guarantee protection from future reinfection. Elimination of viral particles in plant material could create genetic drift, leading in turn to an increase in the occurrence of pathogenic strains of viruses. A possible solution may be a combination of virus elimination and plant propagation in tissue culture with in vitro vaccination. In this context, possible strategies to control viral infections include application of plant resistance inducers, cross protection and vaccination using siRNA, dsRNA and viral replicons during plant ‘cleaning’ and in vitro propagation. The experience and knowledge accumulated in human immunization can help plant scientists to develop and employ new methods of protection, leading to more sustainable and healthier crop production. 相似文献
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病毒作为地球上最简单的生命形式,通过感染人、动物和植物等寄主产生传染性疾病。与其他微生物相比,病毒具有基因组小、复制量大、遗传操作简单等特点,具有很强的生物资源属性。过去几十年,对植物病毒的研究主要集中于解析其致病机制、植物的抗性机制及如何防控植物病害。但是随着研究的深入及概念的革新,人们发现植物病毒还具有很强的生物资源属性。随着分子生物学以及基因组、转录组、蛋白组学等技术的发展,越来越多的植物病毒被发现、改造和利用。本综述着重围绕植物病毒的资源属性与病毒载体的改造利用及其在生物工程方面的应用等最新研究进展,讨论其广泛的应用前景,挖掘其资源化的潜力。 相似文献
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l-(α-carboxyalkyl)-4,5-dimethyl imidazol-3-oxides were tested as D forms, L forms and racements to their antiviral activity to red clover mottle virus (RCMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) in systemically infected host plants. A high enantioselective activity of antiphytoviral compounds was detected. While the D forms reduce the virus content by more than 90 %, the L forms do no show any antiviral activity. With a virus-inhibiting activity of 40 to 50 %, the racemates are in between these two forms and similar to Virazole. The optimal effective dose is 10–2 mol × 1–1 for the D forms. Reduced virus concentrations were observed in the systemically infected hosts more than six weeks after application of the compounds. The growth reduction of pea plants caused by the virus infection could be partially abolished by the viral inhibiting activity of the compounds. 相似文献
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Safety of Microorganisms Intended for Pest and Plant Disease Control: A Framework for Scientific Evaluation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
R. James Cook William L. Bruckart Jack R. Coulson Mark S. Goettel Richard A. Humber Robert D. Lumsden Joseph V. Maddox Michael L. McManus Larry Moore Susan F. Meyer Paul C. Quimby Jr. James P. Stack James L. Vaughn 《Biological Control》1996,7(3):333-351
Microorganisms are enormous but largely untapped natural resources for biological control of pests and diseases. There are two primary reasons for their underployment for pest or disease control: (1) the technical difficulties of using microorganisms for biological control, owing to a lack of fundamental information on them and their ecology, and (2) the costs of product development and regulatory approvals required for each strain, formulation, and use. Agriculture and forestry benefit greatly from the resident communities of microorganisms responsible for naturally occurring biological control of pest species, but additional benefits are achieved by introducing/applying them when or where needed. This can be done as (1) an inoculative release, (2) an augmentative application, or (3) an inundative application. Because of their specificity, different microbial biocontrol agents typically are needed to control different pests or the same pest in different environments. Four potential adverse effects are identified as safety issues (hazards) associated with the use of microorganisms for the biological control of plant pests and diseases. These are: (1) displacement of nontarget microorganisms, (2) allergenicity to humans and other animals, (3) toxigenicity to nontarget organisms, and (4) pathogenicity to nontarget organisms. Except for allergenicity, these are the same attributes that contribute to the efficacy of microbial biocontrol agents toward the target pest species. The probability of occurrence of a particular adverse nontarget effect of a microbial biocontrol agent may be a function of geographic origin or a specific trait genetically added or modified, but the safety issues are the still the same, including whether the microorganism intended for pest or disease control is indigenous, nonindigenous (imported and released), or genetically modified by traditional or recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology. Likewise, the probability of occurrence of a particular adverse nontarget effect may vary with method of application, e.g., whether as an aerosol, soil treatment, baits, or seed treatment, and may increase with increased scale of use, but the safety issues are still the same, including whether the microorganism is used for an inoculative release or augmentative or inundative application. Existing practices for managing microorganisms in the environment (e.g., plant pathogens,Rhizobium,plant inoculants) provide experience and options for managing the risks of microorganisms applied for pest and disease control. Moreover, experience to date indicates that any adverse nontarget effects, should they occur, are likely to be short-term or transitory effects that can, if significant, be eliminated by terminating use of the microbial biocontrol agent. In contrast, production agriculture as currently practiced, such as the use of tillage and crop rotations, has significant and long-term effects on nontarget organisms, including the intentional and unintentional displacement of microorganisms. Even the decision to leave plant pests and diseases unmanaged could have significant long-term environmental effects on nontarget organisms. Potential safety issues associated with the use of microbial biocontrol must therefore be properly identified and compared with the impact of other options for managing the pest or leaving the pest unmanaged. This paper provides a scientific framework for this process. 相似文献
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Plant virus diseases constitute one of the limiting factors to the productivity of agriculture. Changes in host plants and insect vector populations that might result from climate change (their geographical distribution range, their densities, migration potential and phenology) could affect the spread of plant viruses. At the individual level, alterations in plant physiological processes that are relevant to their molecular interactions with viruses, like changes in metabolism, leaf temperature, and their effects on some processes, like the temperature-sensitive antiviral resistance based in RNA silencing, can also influence the ability of individual plants to control viral infections. In order to assess the impact that climate change may have on the incidence and spread of hemipteran-borne plant viruses, its potential effects on virus/plant interactions and hemipteran insect vectors, as well as other operating processes, which could exacerbate or mitigate them, are identified and analyzed in this review. 相似文献