禾本科植物基因组大小与种子特性的相关性分析

在检索植物C值数据库和种子数据信息库的基础上,对禾本科282种植物的基因组参数（倍性、染色体数、C值、GS值和平均每条染色体DNA含量）和种子特性（千粒重、含油量和蛋白含量）进行了统计分析。分析结果表明,禾本科植物C值在0.35～19.7 pg,大多位于1.6～3.2 pg之间,呈偏正态分布,种子千粒重在0.05～252 g,绝大多数位于0.05～20.0 g,呈偏态分布,二者平均值分别为4.14 pg和7.1 g。随着染色体倍性增加,C值在二倍体到八倍体之间显著增加,而GS值和平均每染色体DNA含量在二倍体到六倍体之间显著下降（p<0.05)。雀麦属和羊茅属随着倍性增加,C值显著增加,表现与禾本科相似的变化规律,GS值下降却不明显。相关性分析表明,禾本科植物C值与倍性、染色体数、GS值及平均每条染色体DNA含量均呈极显著正相关（p<0.01),与种子千粒重无相关性。GS值与染色体数、倍性呈极显著负相关,而与千粒重呈极显著正相关。C值与种子含油量呈显著负相关,但与种子蛋白含量之间无相关性。以上结果表明,禾本科植物在系统演化和进化过程中,主要通过倍性和染色体的增加来增大C值,可能通过某种删除或丢失机制来降低GS值,从而保持较高的适应环境能力和进化速率。     

C的海拔响应及其机理

以分布于祁连山北麓中段的两种优势乔木祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)和青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)为研究对象, 分析了高山乔木叶片δ¹³C值对海拔(2 600–3 600 m)、土壤含水量和叶片含水量、叶片碳氮含量的响应及其机理。结果表明, 这两种乔木叶片δ¹³C值均随海拔升高呈增重趋势, 与海拔呈显著正相关关系(p < 0.000 1)。海拔2 600–3 600 m阳坡树种祁连圆柏叶片的δ¹³C值显著高于同海拔梯度阴坡树种青海云杉。祁连圆柏和青海云杉叶片的δ¹³C值均与年平均气温呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.000 1), 与年平均降水量呈显著正相关关系(p < 0.000 1)。祁连圆柏叶片δ¹³C值与土壤含水量(p < 0.000 1)、叶片含水量(p = 0.01)和叶片碳氮比(C/N) (p < 0.000 1)呈显著正相关关系, 与叶片全氮呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.000 1)。而青海云杉叶片δ¹³C值与土壤含水量、叶片全氮、叶片碳氮比和叶片含水量不相关。说明海拔变化引起的水热条件的改变, 尤其是温度变化对高山乔木叶片碳同位素分馏起主要作用, 但各个因子综合对高山植物叶片碳同位素分馏的作用机制可能比较复杂, 需进一步深入研究。     

大耳姬鼠对滇西北18种植物种子的捕食

2004年9月至10月在滇西北高海拔地区对18种植物种子进行了野外被捕食研究。选取高、低两种人为干扰程度的生境；高、低两种种子密度：3粒种子/塑料盘和15粒种子/塑料盘；3种试验设置：排除啮齿动物等大型捕食者、排除蚂蚁等小型捕食者，不作任何处理作为对照。其结果表明，种子捕食者主要为夜间活动的大耳姬鼠（Apodemus latronum）。种子在高人为干扰的生境中被捕食率要显著低于低人为干扰的生境（F_1,430=7.78, P<0.01）；种子在高密度状况下的被捕食率要显著高于低密度状况（F_1,430=13.16, P<0.001）。大耳姬鼠对于不同种类植物种子也有很强的选择性（F_17,414=106.69, P<0.001），如喜好取食华山松（Pinus armandi）、中甸乌头（Aconitum chungdianensis）、豆科一种（Leguminosae sp.）和大头续断（Dipsacus asper）的种子，而不喜好取食高山柏（Sabina squamata）、黄花木（Piptanthus concolor）、栒子（Cotoneaster sp.）和西南鸢尾（Iris bulleyana）的种子。18种植物中，种子大小与其被捕食率高低之间无显著相关性，不同硬度等级的种子与被捕食率也无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

松科系统发育的分子生物学证据

运用PCR方法分别从松科8属、9种植物中扩增出一长约2550bp的cpDNA片段,这一片段包括rbcL、trnR、部分accD及基因间的非编码区(相对于黑松cpDNA中的同源片段而言)。运用18种限制性内切酶对这一cpDNA片段进行酶切分析,共获得86个酶切位点,其中54个为变异位点。运用PAUP(version 3．1．1)和Mega(version 1．01)软件对数据进行分析,结果Wagner简约树和Neighbor-Joining树反映出的松科系统发育关系基本一致：银杉属、松属、黄杉属和落叶松属形成一个单系群,且银杉属与松属的亲缘关系更近于与另外二属的关系,但这一结果未得到Bootstrap分析的较强支持;落叶松属近缘于黄杉属;冷杉属近缘于油杉属。此外,松科中的冷杉亚科和落叶松亚科均不是单系类群,将松科划分为冷杉亚科、落叶松亚科和松亚科三个亚科的系统(郑万钧,傅立国,1978)是不自然的。     

3种C3木本植物绿色组织C4酶活性、色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的比较

对3种C₃木本植物丁香（Syringa meyeri）、杨树（Populus alba）、落叶松（Larix gmelinii）叶片和树枝绿色组织相关指标分析发现：3种植物叶片Chl.a+b含量均显著高于树枝,但是树枝较叶片Chl.a/b比值差异不明显（丁香、落叶松）（p>0.05）或显著高（杨树）(p<0.05)。单位叶绿素内各酶活性显示,丁香树枝PEPC、PEPCK、PPDK、NADP-ME、NADP-MDH酶活性分别是叶片的2.4、4.1、3.2、4.5和1.9倍;杨树树枝分别是叶片的2.1、15、6.3、6.3和2.8;落叶松树枝分别是叶片的6.8、6.3、4.3、4和5.5倍,而单位鲜重内各酶活性显示出的树枝与叶片的差异均小于单位叶绿素的相应结果。种间比较发现,杨树叶片和树枝5种酶活性均显著高于丁香和落叶松。树枝绿色组织内C₄酶活性普遍高于相应叶片的事实说明,木质化绿色组织内可能存在C₄酶相关的生化过程。丁香与落叶松树枝的电子传递速率、PSⅡ效率大于叶片,杨树叶片的相应值大于树枝,相关分析表明,这种高的C₄酶活性并没有显著影响叶绿素荧光参数（p>0.05）,显示出树枝绿色组织和C₃植物叶片内C₄酶对光合影响的复杂性。     

雪松属的细胞分类学及历史植物地理学研究

雪松属含雪松,北非雪松、黎巴嫩雪松和短叶雪松等４种,它们间断分布于西北喜马拉雅、西北非及西亚。本文分析了雪松的核型,Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ,该结果与Ｈｉｚｕｍｅ（１９８８）的一致但不同于Ｍｅｈｒａ＆Ｋｈｏｓｈｏｏ（１９５６）的。作者比较了雪松属３个代表种的核型并提出了它们的进化趋势可能是雪松→北非雪松→黎巴嫩雪松。从松科各属核型的比较分析,作者认为将雪松属由落叶松亚科分出置于冷杉亚科是合乎需要的。根据细胞学、化石、地理分布、古地理和古气候等资料,本文还讨论了雪松属的起源、迁移和进化。     

松科4属植物茎初生结构比较研究

研究比较观察了松科云杉属的云杉（Ｐｉｃｅａ ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）、油杉属的油杉（Ｋｅｔｅｌｅｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ）、雪松属的雪松（Ｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｄｅｏｄｅｒａ）、松属的海南五针松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｆｅｎｚｅｌｉａｎａ）和大明松（Ｐ．ｔａｉｗａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈａｙａｔａ ｖａｒ．ｄａｍｉｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）５个种的幼茎初生结构。结果表明,皮下层的细胞层数、皮层细胞的组成,树脂道的分布,鞘细胞的排     

基于nrDNA GapC基因内含子序列的资源冷杉遗传多样性研究

通过nrDNA GapC基因内含子序列的测序和分析,揭示资源冷杉遗传多样性水平和种群分化的强弱并推断其进化历史。资源冷杉3个种群的34个个体共获得70条GapC基因内含子序列,有8个核苷酸变异位点,鉴别出12种单倍型。银竹老山、大院和舜黄山种群分别有10种、6种和7种单倍型;有7个个体得到了2种以上的单倍型。资源冷杉物种水平的单倍型多样性（h）为0.817 0,种群的在0.683 3～0.883 1之间;物种水平的核苷酸多样性（π）为0.003 90,种群的在0.002 63～0.003 82之间。种群遗传分化研究结果（G_st=0.103,p<0.05）说明种群间存在显著的遗传分化,分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果也证明虽然大多数的核苷酸多态性（88.64％,p<0.001）来源于种群内个体间的变异,但是仍有显著性比例存在种群间（11.36%,p<0.05）。Tajima’s D、Fu &; Li’s D、Fu &; Li’s Fs中性检验结果都表明资源冷杉在物种和种群水平上都不拒绝中性进化。资源冷杉单倍型的谱系没有出现地区特异性谱系分支,核苷酸不配对分析（mismatch analysis）结果表明没有发生近期的群体扩张,资源冷杉的N_st（0.131）与G_st（0.103）没有显著性差异（p>0.05）,表明种群没有明显的地理结构。推测现存资源冷杉是相对较近的时间内片断化的产物。     

植物种子传播途径与基因组值和千粒重的相关性

种子传播对植物的繁殖、分布和进化至关重要,研究植物基因组、种子千粒重与种子传播途径间相关性,对于揭示植物种子入侵和基因组进化的遗传机制等具有十分重要的意义.本文在前期测定部分植物C值、检索植物C值数据库和种子数据信息库的基础上,对包含完整基因组信息(染色体条数、倍数、C值)、种子千粒重和种子传播途径的235种植物进行了统计和相关性分析.ANOVA结果表明,借助水、鸟、风传播的植物C值(1C水=1.3 pg,1C鸟=1.6 pg,1C风=2.0 pg)和基因组值(1Cx水=1.1 pg,1Cx鸟=1.3 pg,1Cx风=1.6Pg)均显著低于借助动物取食传播植物的(1C动=4.9 pg,1Cx动 =4.7 pg)(P＜0.05),但无助力扩散和动物携带与其他4种传播方式间均无显著差异(P＞0.05).235种植物物种间千粒重相差悬殊,就不同传播方式整体而言,以风力和动物携带为传播途径的植物种子千粒重(分别为7.2和13.5 g)明显低于以动物取食和水为传播途径的植物种子千粒重(分别为92.5和85.8 g),而无助力传播途径与其他5种传播途径的千粒重均没有显著差异(P＞0.05).进一步相关性分析表明,动物取食和水传播方式的植物基因组值和种子千粒重间均呈正相关(相关系数γ=0.33),其中动物取食的植物基因组值与千粒重呈显著正相关性(y=0.67 x+3.23,R2=0.11,P=0.04),但在其他传播途径中均无显著相关性.研究结果为揭示植物种子传播、分布和基因组进化等提供参考.     

不同光照强度下花魔芋（Amorphophallus konjac）与谢君魔芋（Amorphophallus xiei）光合特性及光保护机制研究

为探讨不同耐光性植物光合特性及光保护机制,本研究以耐高光的喜阴植物花魔芋（Amorphophallus konjac K.Coch）和典型的喜阴植物谢君魔芋（Amorphophallus xiei H.Li & Z.L.Dao）为材料,测定与分析在透光率为100%、15%及2%光照条件下两种魔芋的光合能力、抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物和光合色素组分的含量。结果表明,花魔芋最大光合速率和气孔导度随着生长环境光照强度降低而显著降低（P<0.05）,谢君魔芋在透光率为15%时最大光合速率达最大值。大部分情况下,花魔芋的超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性比谢君魔芋高（P<0.05）,而谢君魔芋具有较高的过氧化物酶活性（P<0.05）。总的来看,在中高光照环境下两种植物的抗氧化酶活性较高（P<0.05）。在透光率15%时,花魔芋谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸显著比谢君魔芋高（P<0.05）。谢君魔芋的光合色素含量在透光率为15%时最高（P<0.05）;相应地,花魔芋的光合色素含量在透光率为2%时含量最低（P<0.05）;在不同光照强度下花魔芋光合色素含量基本上显著高于谢君魔芋（P<0.01）。本研究结果暗示,喜阴植物花魔芋耐受高光可能源于相对较高的光合作用能力和有效的光保护机制。     

The course of resin canals in the shoots of conifers

Resin canal patterns in the Pinaceae differ significantly from those in other conifers. In this paper, Pinus type, Picea type and Larix type are defined.Pinus has the Pinus type pattern, in spite of the possession of a system of peripheral canals in some members. The patterns inAbies, Picea, Cedrus, Keteleeria andPseudotsuga are varied. Both Pinus and Picea types are usually observed, although many other types are also seen in these five genera.Larix andPseudolarix have the Larix type pattern, andTsuga has a modified Torreya type pattern. From the data obtained in the present series of studies (Suzuki, 1979a, b), two main evolutional trends of resin canal patterns are suggested. In the Pinaceae, the patterns probably evolved from the complicated type to the simple type. In the other families, they evolved from the simple type to the complicated type. Moreover, it is to be considered likely that the patterns have evolved independently in each family. Patterns of resin canals are very similar to the primary vascular patterns. The similarity is probably not fundamental, but superficial, because most of the conifer species, of which resin canal patterns are varied, have but a single type of the primary vascular system.     

Evolution of DNA amounts across land plants (embryophyta)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: DNA C-values in land plants (comprising bryophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) vary approximately 1000-fold from approx. 0.11 to 127.4 pg. To understand the evolutionary significance of this huge variation it is essential to evaluate the phylogenetic component. Recent increases in C-value data (e.g. Plant DNA C-values database; release 2.0, January 2003; http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html) together with improved consensus of relationships between and within land plant groups makes such an analysis timely. METHODS: Insights into the distribution of C-values in each group of land plants were gained by superimposing available C-value data (4119 angiosperms, 181 gymnosperms, 63 monilophytes, 4 lycophytes and 171 bryophytes) onto phylogenetic trees. To enable ancestral C-values to be reconstructed for clades within land plants, character-state mapping with parsimony and MacClade was also applied. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Different land plant groups are characterized by different C-value profiles, distribution of C-values and ancestral C-values. For example, the large ( approximately 1000-fold) range yet strongly skewed distribution of C-values in angiosperms contrasts with the very narrow 12-fold range in bryophytes. Further, character-state mapping showed that the ancestral genome sizes of both angiosperms and bryophytes were reconstructed as very small (i.e. < or =1.4 pg) whereas gymnosperms and most branches of monilophytes were reconstructed with intermediate C-values (i.e. >3.5, <14.0 pg). More in-depth analyses provided evidence for several independent increases and decreases in C-values; for example, decreases in Gnetaceae (Gymnosperms) and heterosperous water ferns (monilophytes); increases in Santalales and some monocots (both angiosperms), Pinaceae, Sciadopityaceae and Cephalotaxaceae (Gymnosperms) and possibly in the Psilotaceae + Ophioglossaceae clade (monilophytes). Thus, in agreement with several focused studies within angiosperm families and genera showing that C-values may both increase and decrease, it is apparent that this dynamic pattern of genome size evolution is repeated on a broad scale across land plants.     

Taxonomy of gymnospermae: multivariate analyses of leaf fatty acid composition

The fatty acid composition of photosynthetic tissues from 137 species of gymnosperms belonging to 14 families was determined by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis clearly discriminated four groups. Ginkgoaceae, Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae, Sciadopityaceae, Podocarpaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Taxaceae, Ephedraceae and Welwitschiaceae are in the first group, while Cupressaceae and Araucariaceae are mainly in the second one. The third and the fourth groups composed of Pinaceae species are characterized by the genera Larix, and Abies and Cedrus, respectively. Principal component and discriminant analyses and divisive hierarchical clustering analysis of the 43 Pinaceae species were also performed. A clear-cut separation of the genera Abies, Larix, and Cedrus from the other Pinaceae was evidenced. In addition, a mass analysis of the two main chloroplastic lipids from 14 gymnosperms was performed. The results point to a great originality in gymnosperms since in several species and contrary to the angiosperms, the amount of digalactosyldiacylglycerol exceeds that of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol.     

Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of the Abies alba genome and its relationship with other members of the Pinaceae

Genome size, karyotype structure, heterochromatin distribution, position and number of ribosomal genes, as well as the ITS2 sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were analysed in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The analysis also included characterization of the Arabidopsis-type of telomeric repeats in silver fir and in related species. The results were compared with results from other species of the Pinaceae, to evaluate phylogeny and chromosomal and molecular evolution in the Pinaceae. Integrated chromosomal data provided insights into chromosome and karyotype evolution in the Pinaceae. The evolutionary trend for GC-rich heterochromatic blocks seems to involve loss of blocks that are not associated with rDNA. Similarly, numerous large blocks of interstitial plant telomeric repeats that are typical for all analysed species of the genus Pinus were not observed in the evolutionarily younger genera, such as Abies, Picea and Larix. On the contrary, the majority of telomeric sequences in these three genera appeared confined to the chromosome ends. We confirmed the current position of Abies and Tsuga in subfamily Abietoideae and the position of Pinus in the subfamily Pinoideae based on ITS2 sequences. Pseudotsuga is placed together with Larix into the subfamily Laricoideae. We conclude that the current position of the genus Picea in the subfamily Abietoideae should be reconsidered and, possibly, the genus Picea should be reclassified as a separate subfamily, Piceoideae, as recently proposed.     

光学显微镜下松柏类和菊科花粉的分类、鉴定要点及生态意义

本文对地层中广泛分布的松柏类和菊科花粉进行初步分类,讨论各类型(属)的鉴定特征及生态意义.以气囊的有无、外壁结构和纹饰、气囊的形态和纹饰、本体与气囊过渡点的特征、帽与帽缘纹理等为鉴定要点,对杉型、柏科型、刺柏型、红豆杉型、落叶松属、铁杉属、罗汉松属、云杉属、雪松属、冷杉属、油杉属和松属(双束松型和单束松型)13个类型的松柏类植物花粉逐步分类.通过总结前人研究和统计分析,讨论落叶松属、铁杉属、罗汉松属、云杉属、雪松属、冷杉属、油杉属和松属,特别是双束松型和单束松型花粉的生态环境指代意义.依据花粉的大小、外壁表面纹饰、外壁光切面中基柱层的结构和发育程度,初步拟将菊科花粉划分为6个类型,即菊苣-蒲公英型、紫菀型、春黄菊型、风毛菊型、蓝刺头型和蒿属,并通过对6个花粉类型植物母体生态环境的归纳总结和统计分析,讨论它们的生态环境指代意义.     

Nuclear DNA Amounts in Mosses (Musci)

A comparative investigation into nuclear DNA amounts using flowcytometry and video-based Feulgen densitometry was carried outin 289 accessions of 138 different moss taxa (Bryatae), originatingfrom Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Mexico and the USA. Samplingincluded species from all major moss clades (except Sphagnum).Flow cytometry data agreed highly with the Feulgen data, whichonce again demonstrates the high reliability of both methodsfor DNA amount determination. For the first time, extensivedata on absolute C-values of mosses are available. Haploid DNAcontents (1C) ranged from 0.174 to 2.16 pg, which representsonly about a 12-fold variation. This low C-value variation isremarkable when compared to angiosperms which vary approx. 1000-fold.C-values are usually relatively constant within genera and evenfamilies; however, genera with varying C-values also exist.From the low frequency observed, secondary polyploidy playsonly a minor role in mosses. Possible reasons for the low C-valuevariation are discussed. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Mosses, Bryatae, genome size, nuclear DNA amounts, C-value variation, Feulgen, flow cytometry, densitometry, image analysis     

Nuclear DNA C-values Complete Familial Representation in Gymnosperms

The gymnosperms are a monophyletic yet diverse group of woodytrees with approx. 730 extant species in 17 families. A recentsurvey showed that DNA C-values were available for approx. 16%of species, but for only 12 of the 17 families. This paper completesfamilial representation reporting first C-values for the fiveremaining families: Boweniaceae, Stangeriaceae, Welwitschiaceae,Cephalotaxaceae and Sciadopityaceae. C-values for nine Ephedraand two Gnetum species are also reported. C-values are now availablefor 152 (21%) species. Analysis confirms that gymnosperms arecharacterized by larger C-values than angiosperms (modal 1Cof gymnosperms = 15.8 pg compared with 0.6 pg in angiosperms)although the range (1C = 2.25–32.20 pg) is smaller thanthat in angiosperms (1C = 0.05–127.4 pg). Given completefamilial coverage for C-values and increasing consensus in gymnospermphylogeny, the phylogenetic component of C-value variation wasalso investigated by comparing the two datasets. This analysisrevealed that ancestral gymnosperms (represented by cycads and/orGinkgo; mean genome size = 14.71 pg) probably had larger genomes thanancestral angiosperms. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Gymnosperm DNA amounts, C-values, phylogeny, ancestral genome size, Cycadales, Ginkgo, Gnetales, conifers, Pinaceae