四膜虫（Tetrahymena shanghaiensis）大核核仁与去膜大核能诱导非…

外源ＤＮＡ或染色质在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中可以诱导细胞核样结构的重建。重建核除不具有核仁样结构外，在其它形态结构上与真核细胞核十分相似。前人的工作 重建中具有核仁前体结构。但可以是由于缺洗涤戌一核仁组织者的缘故，这些核仁前体不能相互融合形成新生核仁。那么活性核仁组织 重建核中是否能发挥其功能呢？为了研究这一问题，我们提取纯化了四膜虫的大核与大核的周边核仁。进一步去除大核与大核核仁分别加入非洲爪蟾卵非细     

利用非洲爪蟾精子染色质和卵提取物在体外重建细胞核

应用非洲爪蟾去膜精子染色质和卵提取物成功地进行了细胞核本外重建。当精子染色质加入卵提取物后,首先发生染色质去浓缩作用,染色质整体结构膨胀;膜泡在膨胀的染色质外周聚集并逐渐彼此融合成双层膜;核孔复合体以某种未知方式组装入双层膜而形成核膜结构,并逐渐完全覆盖膨大的染色质,最终形成典型的间期核结构。     

非细胞体系核重建并非必需核小体与染色质的装配

以质粒DNA在爪蟾卵提取物S- 1 5 0中进行核小体构建时形成的超螺旋结构检测核小体的形成 ;利用阳离子交换剂CM -Cellulose定量结合组蛋白H2A和H2B ;并结合小球菌核酸酶分析核小体的形成 ,研究了爪蟾去膜精子在去除H2A ,H2B的S- 1 5 0中的核重建过程 .结果表明CM -Cellulose可有效去除组蛋白并阻止质粒DNA的核小体构建和精子染色质的改建 .但处理后的S- 1 5 0与膜泡组分仍可诱导去膜精子进行体外核重建 ,进一步表明非细胞体系核重建与外源DNA长度无关 ;核小体及染色质的组装对于核重建并非必需 .     

诸葛菜去膜精子在爪蟾卵提取物中实现非细胞体系核重建

动物爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)卵提取物诱导植物诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus)去膜精子实现非细胞体系核重建. 诸葛菜去膜精子在爪蟾卵提取物中温育30 min左右开始膨大, 随着温育时间的延长, 膨大的精子染色质逐渐去凝集. 电子显微镜观察和荧光显微镜观察均表明重建核有核膜的装配, 膜泡在去凝集的染色质周围逐渐融合形成双层核膜. 用细胞分级抽提整装电子显微镜技术观察到重建核中有核纤层和核骨架结构的装配.     

非细胞体系核重建过程中两类膜泡在环形片层及核被膜形成中的作用

非洲爪蟾卵经钙离子载体A 23187激活后,在10,000g下离心得到爪蟾卵提取物。Lambda DNA加入上述提取物可构建出染色质结构,并在染色质表面重建核被膜,同时在染色质外的区域形成环形片层。核被膜与环形片层有相似的发生途径,它们都是由两类在形态、大小、膜结构上有明显差别的膜泡融合而来。首先是直径200nm的圆形小膜泡相互融合成双层膜片层,同时核孔复合体在双层膜上大量装配,以这些双层膜片层为基础,光滑的大膜泡与之融合导致环形片层的扩张与核被膜的成熟。     

非细胞体系核重建过程中两类膜泡在环形片层及核被膜形成中的作用

非洲爪蟾卵经钙离子载体Ａ２３１８７激活后,在１０,０００ｇ下离心得到爪蟾卵提取物,ＬａｍｂｄａＤＮＡ中入上述提取物可构建出染色质结构,并在染色质表面重建核被膜,同时,在染色质外的区域形成环形片层。核被膜在环形片层有相似的发生途径,它们都是由两类在形态、大小、膜结构上有明显差别的膜泡融合而来,首先是直径２００ｎｍ的圆形小膜泡相互融合成双层膜片层,同时核孔复合体在双层膜上大量装配;以这些双层膜片层为基     

应用HeLa细胞染色体(簇)和蛙卵提取物进行细胞核体外重建试验

将HeLa细胞中期染色体(簇)、非洲爪蟾卵提取物和ATP再生体系混合温育,能够促使细胞核自发重建。在此非细胞体系中重建的细胞核处于一般细胞核大小范围,具有典型的双层核膜,核孔复合体、染色质、核纤层、核骨架等结构,核重建具有一个明显的过程;发现环形片层通过与核膜融合方式参与核膜和核孔复合体组装。     

应用大肠杆菌染色体DNA在非洲爪蟾卵提取物实现诱导非细胞体系核装配

近年来我们实验室已成功地利用细胞核体外组装的实验模式,将多种生物的DNA在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中实现了非细胞体系核装配。但亲缘关系最远的原核生物的染色体DNA是否也能在此真核体系中进行核装配一直没有报道。我们以大肠杆菌染色体DNA为材料,研究了它诱导的非细胞体系核装配。在光镜与电镜水平观察了核装配的过程。显微分光光度计扫描显示DNA片段在核装配过程中经历了凝集-去凝集的变化。证明大肠杆菌染色体DNA也能诱导爪蟾卵提取物装配成具有典型结构的核。α-~(32)P-dCTP的掺入实验表明重建核具有较高的DNA复制活性。     

甲藻染色体在非细胞体系核重建过程中核小体的组装

利用纯化的原始真核生物寇氏隐甲藻（Crypthecodinium cohnii E.）染色体,使之与非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis L.）S期卵提取物温育,发现甲藻染色体经历了一系列去凝集、再凝集的形态变化,最后形成类似典型高等真核生物的间期核结构。小球菌核酸酶酶切分析表明,不具备组蛋白和核小体结构的甲藻染色体在非洲爪蟾卵提取物中进行了核小体装配,此过程与DNA序列本身、核膜以及核纤层蛋白（Lamin）是否存在无关,但部分拓扑异构酶Ⅱ（TopoⅡ）参与了这个过程,说明核小体的组装并非为核重建所必需,决定染色体高级结构的因素并不在DNA本身,而可能是非细胞体系中的组蛋白和非组蛋白。     

应用HeLa细胞染色体（簇）和蛙卵提取物进行细胞核体外重建试验

将ＨｅＬａ细胞中期染色体（簇）、非液爪蟾卵提取物和ＡＴＰ再生体系混合温育,能够促使细胞核自发重建。在此非细胞体系中重建的细胞核处于一般细胞核大小范围,具有典型的双层核膜、核孔复合体、染色质、核纤层、核骨架等结构;核重建具有一个明显的过程;发现环形片层通过与核膜融合方式参与核膜和核孔复合体组装。     

Configurational changes in rat liver nuclear chromatin and nucleoli caused by dissociation and reassociation of F1 histone.

Isolated rat liver nuclei treated in 5% perchloric acid (PCA) showed characteristic configurational changes causing a “lace-like” appearance of chromatin. The nucleoli lost their fine granular and fibroreticular structure, resulting in a “coarse granular” configuration. When extracts in 5% PCA were reassociated with the treated nuclei, the chromatin and nucleoli returned to their initial structure. Gel electrophoresis studies revealed that the extracts contained only F 1 histone, that F 1 histone was completely released from the nuclei, and that dissociated F 1 histone reassociated with F 1 histone-depleted nuclei. Chromatin isolated from F 1 histone-depleted nuclei lost the “knob-like” structures, which characterize native chromatin fibers, becoming smooth and fine threads. Chromatin fibers isolated from the reconstituted nuclei recovered their original “knob like” structures. This suggests that F 1 histone plays a crucial role in chromatin and nucleolus structural organization.     

Nuclear reassembly in vitro is independent of nucleosome/chromatin assembly

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Nuclear proteins of quiescent Xenopus laevis cells inhibit DNA replication in intact and permeabilized nuclei

Quiescent cells from adult vertebrate liver and contact-inhibited or serum-deprived tissue cultures are active metabolically but do not carry out nuclear DNA replication and cell division. Replication of intact nuclei isolated from either quiescent Xenopus liver or cultured Xenopus A6 cells in quiescence was barely detectable in interphase extracts of Xenopus laevis eggs, although Xenopus sperm chromatin was replicated with approximately 100% efficiency in the same extracts. Permeabilization of nuclei from quiescent Xenopus liver or cultured Xenopus epithelial A6 cells did not facilitate efficient replication in egg extracts. Moreover, replication of Xenopus sperm chromatin in egg extracts was strongly inhibited by a soluble extract of isolated Xenopus liver nuclei; in contrast, complementary-strand synthesis on single-stranded DNA templates in egg extracts was not affected. Inhibition was specific to endogenous molecules localized preferentially in quiescent as opposed to proliferating cell nuclei, and was not due to suppression of cdk2 kinase activity. Extracts of Xenopus liver nuclei also inhibited growth of sperm nuclei formed in egg extracts. However, the rate and extent of decondensation of sperm chromatin in egg extracts were not affected. The formation of prereplication centers detected by anti-RP-A antibody was not affected by extracts of liver nuclei, but formation of active replication foci was blocked by the same extracts. Inhibition of DNA replication was alleviated when liver nuclear extracts were added to metaphase egg extracts before or immediately after Ca++ ion-induced transition to interphase. A plausible interpretation of our data is that endogenous inhibitors of DNA replication play an important role in establishing and maintaining a quiescent state in Xenopus cells, both in vivo and in cultured cells, perhaps by negatively regulating positive modulators of the replication machinery.     

Nuclear reconstitution of plant (Orychophragmus violaceus) demembranated sperm in cell-free extracts from animal (Xenopus laevis) eggs

Cell-free extracts from animal Xenopus laevis egg could induce chromatin decondensation and pronuclear formation from demembranated plant (Orychophragmus violaceus) sperm. When incubated with Xenopus egg extracts, the demembranated sperm began to swell and then gradually decondensed. The assembly of the nuclear envelope in the reconstituted nuclei was visualized by means of electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Membrane vesicles fused to form the double envelope around the periphery of the decondensed chromatin. The morphology of the newly formed nuclei, with a double membrane, was similar to that of nuclei after fertilization. The electron micrograph of the whole-mount prepared nuclear matrix--lamina showed the reconstituted nucleus to be filled with a dense network.     

Electron microscopic study of endopolyploid nuclei in rat trophoblast giant cells. IV. Changes in nucleolar ultrastructure during cell differentiation

The ultrastructure of the nucleolus of highly differentiated trophoblast giant cells has been studied on the 17th day of the foetus development. Changes in its morphology have been followed in relation to the degree of nuclear chromatin condensation and to the cell differentiation level. The nucleoli have a reticular structure in the nuclei with dispersed and condensed chromatin. In both the cases the nucleoli involve the four components: fibro-granular, fibrillar (of moderate and normal density) and lacunar regions; fibrillar centres are distinguished within the regions. In the nucleoli with condensed chromatin, unlike those with dispersed chromatin, the perinuclear chromatin is clearly seen, and the penetration of nucleolus-organizer threads along lacunae and deep into the nucleolus can be easily followed. The fibrillar centres are more obvious. With the run of a progressive differentiation of the trophoblast cells, the number of granules is reduced; first, the fibro-granular component covers a significant part of the nucleolus, then granules become visible only in the cortical zone of the nucleolus; in the nuclei with strongly condensed chromatin no granules are seen in the nucleolus.     

Observation of nuclei reassembled from demembranated Xenopus sperm nuclei and analysis of their lamina components

A cell-free preparation obtained from extracts of activated Xenopus laevis eggs induced chromatin decondensation and nuclear formation from demembranated Xenopus sperm nuclei.Electron microscopy revealed that the reassembled nucleus had a double-layered nuclear memblane,nuclear pore complexes,and decondensed chromatin etc.Indirect immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated the presence of lamina in newly assembled nuclei.Western-blotting results showed that lamin LII was present in egg extracts and in lamina of the reassembled nuclei which were previously reported to contain only egg derived lamin LIII.     

Detection of fibrillarin in nucleolar remnants and the nucleolar matrix

In order to gain further insights into the fundamental structure of the nucleolus, nucleolar remnants of Xenopus and chickens were examined for the presence of fibrillarin and nucleolus organizer region (NOR) silver staining. Nucleolar remnants of Xenopus nucleated red blood cells were found to contain easily detectable amounts of fibrillarin and NOR silver staining. Upon examination of various tissues, fibrillarin and NOR silver staining were detected in nucleoli of Xenopus liver hepatocytes and within nucleoli of oocytes and follicle cells from ovaries of mature female toads. By comparison, nucleolar remnants of adult chicken nucleated red blood cells contained only trace amounts of fibrillarin and NOR silver staining, whereas red blood cell nucleolar remnants of immature chicks had easily detectable amounts of fibrillarin and NOR silver staining. Nucleoli from hepatocytes of both adult and immature chickens demonstrated comparable levels of fibrillarin and NOR silver staining. Since fibrillarin was found in nucleolar remnant structures, we tested for (and detected) its presence in residual nucleoli of in situ nuclear matrix derived from HeLa cells. These findings are discussed in terms of the basic structural and functional organization of the nucleolus.