安徽沿江浅水湖泊越冬水鸟群落的集团结构

长江中下游湖泊是越冬水鸟的重要栖息地,随着湖泊渔业养殖强度的不断加大,湖泊湿地严重退化,水鸟的越冬生态受到影响。为揭示长江中下游浅水湖泊越冬水鸟对湿地资源的利用特征,2008年12月至2009年3月,通过扫描取样法采集安徽省长江沿江升金湖、菜子湖和武昌湖3个浅水湖泊30种越冬水鸟的取食行为百分比数据,利用聚类分析法对越冬水鸟进行集团划分,并采用无倾向对应法(DCA)分析越冬水鸟的取食特征。聚类分析结果表明,安庆沿江湖泊越冬水鸟群落可分为4个集团,即深水取食集团G1、挖掘和啄取集团G2、浅水取食集团G3和泥滩拾取集团G4。G2集团的鸟种最多,共有13种,优势种为鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)、豆雁(Anser fabalis);G3集团次之,共6种,优势种为小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia);G4集团共5种,优势种为黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)、鹤鹬(Tringa erythropus)和红脚鹬(Tringa totanus);G1集团水鸟种类有6种。这些水鸟的觅食生境主要在湖泊滩涂和浅水区域,其食物资源的可利用性和觅食对策共同决定群落组成结构。DCA分析表明,取食方式及取食时运动方式组成的觅食对策决定了集团食物资源的分割,草滩中取食鸟类主要采用静止取食和啄取方式,泥滩取食集团主要采取拾取及奔-停取食,深水区取食集团则主要采用潜水方式取食,因此,维持湖泊不同区域的丰富食物资源对于保护湖泊丰富的水鸟资源具有重要意义。     

栖息地演变与人为干扰对升金湖越冬水鸟的影响

2002年10月—2003年4月,选择安徽升金湖6个不同干扰程度和栖息地质量的固定监测点,研究人为干扰对升金湖越冬水鸟分布格局的影响;同时结合前期调查数据,研究栖息地演变对升金湖越冬水鸟的影响.结果表明:同一越冬期不同监测点水鸟种类和数量与栖息地质量无显著相关关系,但水鸟数量与栖息地干扰程度显著负相关;不同年份升金湖越冬水鸟种类和数量与栖息地质量显著相关.升金湖越冬水鸟存在的主要威胁包括栖息地丧失、人为活动干扰以及生物杀灭剂的影响.提出了一些保护升金湖越冬水鸟的建议.     

基于遥感反演预测“引江济淮”工程对菜子湖越冬水鸟栖息地的影响

菜子湖位于“东亚-澳大利西亚”候鸟迁徙路线上, 为越冬水鸟提供重要的栖息地。“引江济淮”工程拟通过菜子湖调引长江水, 向巢湖和淮河输送水资源。工程实施后, 菜子湖冬季水位将明显抬升, 改变原有自然节律, 导致湿地景观格局发生重大变化, 可能对在此越冬的水鸟产生重要影响。结合遥感影像、水位季节动态及野外水鸟调查, 分析不同水位时各类湿地景观斑块的分布及面积, 预测工程实施后湖泊水位变化对越冬水鸟栖息地的影响。2016年和2017年两次同步调查共记录到水鸟49450只, 隶属于6目12科42种。菜子湖水位和湿地景观格局具有明显的季节动态, 10月份水位开始下降, 暴露多种湿地景观斑块, 泥滩和草滩面积随水位下降而增加, 为多种越冬水鸟提供觅食地。泥滩和草滩的分布具有空间异质性, 越冬水鸟的空间分布与此相适应。“引江济淮”工程实施后, 菜子湖冬季水位较高, 导致大量泥滩和草滩不能暴露, 越冬水鸟栖息地丧失严重, 如东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)(EN)、白鹤(Grus leucogeranus) (CR)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)(UV)和鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)(UV)等濒危物种。为降低工程对越冬水鸟栖息地的影响, 建议工程实施后菜子湖越冬期水位应不超过11.5米。     

越冬水鸟对升金湖周边间歇性湿地氮磷的影响

近年来,由于升金湖湖区食物资源的匮乏,一些在此越冬的水鸟会到周边间歇性浅水农田、草滩去摄食和栖息。为了解水鸟活动对这类湿地环境N、P营养盐的影响,本文以安徽升金湖小鹭咀以西3块有小天鹅和豆雁活动的浅水农田、草滩为对象,于2016—2017年水鸟越冬季早、中、晚期分别采集表层水样并分析其中的N、P营养盐浓度变化,结合鸟粪中N、P含量及鸟类数量观测结果,研究了小天鹅和豆雁活动对间歇性湿地营养盐的影响。结果表明:整个研究时间段内草滩水体TN和TP浓度最高,且均显著高于对照(沟渠,其水源与农田和草滩一致),表明受豆雁活动影响强烈;早期农田1水体TN和TP浓度均显著高于对照,表明受小天鹅活动影响强烈,其余月份与对照则差异不明显;农田2水体TN和TP浓度与对照无显著差异,表明受小天鹅活动影响不明显;N、P其他形态含量与对照之间呈现不同的规律,反映了它们受到水鸟活动强度变化和鸟粪分解等多重影响。本研究表明,越冬水鸟的栖息、摄食活动对升金湖小鹭咀周边浅水湿地中的N、P营养盐产生了不同程度的影响。     

鄱阳湖越冬水鸟种群变化动态

鄱阳湖是东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线上重要的越冬地,开展鄱阳湖越冬水鸟种群变化动态研究,对指导鄱阳湖湿地生境管理,尤其是水位管控具有重要意义。2005～2007年的越冬季节,我们对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内3个重要湖泊(大湖池、沙湖和梅西湖)的越冬水鸟种群变化动态进行了调查,调查时间为每年10月至次年4月。3年共记录到水鸟53种,隶属于7目13科。3个越冬季节中单个调查日种类的最低值为9种,最高为31种。鄱阳湖越冬水鸟从10月上旬开始出现,在11月份鸟类数量急剧增加,在12月上旬和中旬达到数量峰值,然后开始缓慢减少,至4月初仅有少于1%的鸟类还停留在监测区域。在鄱阳湖要继续深入开展越冬候鸟空间分布动态变化的研究,分析水文节律变化对越冬鸟类生境的潜在影响,并深入研究气候因子与鄱阳湖越冬水鸟迁徙的关系。     

极端洪水作用下升金湖消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响

水鸟是湿地生境质量的重要指示性动物类群,可敏感地反映湿地环境变化。浅水通江湖泊消落带具有复杂多样的生境和丰富的食物资源,是水鸟特别是越冬水鸟的重要聚集区,其食物资源的丰富度和可获得性受水文节律影响。在极端洪水作用下,消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构及其多样性的影响是一个值得关注的水鸟及湿地生态学问题。选择了具有典型消落带生境的升金湖作为研究区域,对2019年(正常水位)和2020年(异常水位)两个越冬季水鸟的数量、种类进行调查统计,分析了消落带的生境变化情况对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响。2019年越冬期,记录到水鸟(50984.20±9595.71)只(n=5),隶属7目13科51种;2020年越冬期,记录到水鸟(27923.00±13808.47)只(n=5),隶属7目12科53种。整个越冬季消落带的水鸟种类略增但数量减少,2019年游禽中的优势种为豆雁,2020年游禽中的优势种增加为豆雁和斑嘴鸭,但涉禽中的优势种由白琵鹭、反嘴鹬、凤头麦鸡转变为苍鹭、大白鹭和反嘴鹬。洪水导致的草滩-水域混合区生境面积减小使湿生植物退化,可能是导致以豆雁为主的食苔草水鸟数量大幅度减少的重要原因;因湖水延迟...     

若尔盖湿地水鸟资源季节变化

若尔盖湿地位于青藏高原东缘,是我国最大的高寒泥炭湿地之一。2010年从3月至12月,对若尔盖湿地水鸟种类、数量和分布进行了较为系统的调查。共记录到48种26 050只水鸟,隶属于6目12科,其中雁鸭类水鸟最多,共统计到21 408只,占水鸟总数的82.2%。3月和10月是若尔盖湿地水鸟数量的高峰期;11月是低谷期,主要是由于水鸟的迁离和越冬水鸟尚未到达的缘故。尕海是若尔盖湿地的重要组成部分,全年物种数和水鸟数量占了整个若尔盖湿地较大的比例。卫星跟踪的结果表明,青海湖斑头雁(Anser indicus)在若尔盖湿地与云南和贵州的越冬水鸟汇合,因此加强若尔盖湿地禽流感的防控是非常重要的。     

鄱阳湖越冬雁鸭类的种群动态与时空分布

2014年10月—2015年4月,采用样点法对鄱阳湖5个区域的47个样点中越冬雁鸭类数量与分布进行了调查。共记录雁鸭类18种,包括国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物小天鹅Cygnus columbianus和白额雁Anser albifrons。豆雁Anser fabalis的累计数量最多,其次为小天鹅、白额雁、鸿雁Anser cygnoides和罗纹鸭Anas falcata;斑嘴鸭Anas poecilorhyncha出现频次最高,其次为豆雁、小天鹅、鸿雁和白额雁;斑嘴鸭、豆雁和小天鹅出现湖泊数最多。浅水湖泊、草洲和泥滩是多数越冬雁鸭类偏好的生境。鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区集中了最多、最全的雁鸭类。     

湿地水鸟在哪里?

正根据湿地水鸟的地理分布特征、中国自然地理环境的地域差异和湿地类型的不同,我国湿地水鸟栖息地主要包括下列五个区域:(1)东北沼泽湿地,为大型涉禽和游禽的繁殖与迁徙停歇区,(2)西北和青藏高原草甸沼泽和高原湖泊,为游禽和大型涉禽繁殖与迁徙停歇区,(3)西南高原湖泊和草甸,为游禽和大型涉禽越冬和迁徙停歇区,(4)长江中下游淡水湖泊,为大型涉禽和游禽越冬区,(5)沿海岛屿和滩涂湿     

鄱阳湖非繁殖期水鸟的微生境利用及对水位的响应

为了解鄱阳湖水鸟的微生境利用及对水位的响应,2014年10月—2015年4月采用样点法对鄱阳湖5个区域52个样点的水鸟数量和微生境利用进行了调查。结果表明:小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)、鹤鹬(Tringa erythropus)和白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)等8种水鸟以浅水生境为主,豆雁(Anser fabalis)、鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)和赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)以浅水和草洲生境为主,白额雁(Anser albifrons)和灰鹤(Grus grus)以草洲生境为主,白骨顶(Fulica atra)和凤头??(Podiceps cristatus)以深水生境为主,红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)和小??(Tachybaptus ruficollis)以深水和浅水生境为主。通过分析水鸟数量与星子站水位的关系表明:鄱阳湖水鸟总数量与水位呈负相关,鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区吴城片区、都昌候鸟省级自然保护区和进贤区域在水位为8 m左右出现水鸟数量高峰,而鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区恒丰片区、南矶湿地国家级自然保护区和东鄱阳湖湿地公园在水位为10~12m时数量最多;各区域水位与不同科及不同种水鸟的分布数量主要呈负相关,??科水鸟因潜水取食需要一定水深,其分布数量与水位在一些区域呈显著正相关。     

Optimising hydrological conditions to sustain wintering waterbird populations in Poyang Lake National Natural Reserve: implications for dam operations

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5. The results of this study indicate that shifts between abundant and scarce-macrophyte states can have significant effects on wintering waterbird abundances, FD and community assembly. The results also suggest that shallow lakes in macrophyte-dominated states can support more wintering waterbirds, especially diving omnivores, some of which are globally threatened.

     

Nestedness theory suggests wetland fragments with large areas and macrophyte diversity benefit waterbirds

Many artificial wetland constructions are currently underway worldwide to compensate for the degradation of natural wetland systems. Researchers face the responsibility of proposing wetland management and species protection strategies to ensure that constructed wetlands positively impact waterbird diversity. Nestedness is a commonly occurring pattern for biotas in fragmented habitats with important implications for conservation; however, only a few studies have focused on seasonal waterbird communities in current artificial wetlands. In this study, we used the nestedness theory for analyzing the annual and seasonal community structures of waterbirds in artificial wetlands at Lake Dianchi (China) to suggest artificial wetland management and waterbird conservation strategies. We carried out three waterbird surveys per month for one year to observe the annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter waterbird assemblages in 27 lakeside artificial wetland fragments. We used the NeD program to quantify nestedness patterns of waterbirds at the annual and seasonal levels. We also determined Spearman partial correlations to examine the associations of nestedness rank and habitat variables to explore the factors underlying nestedness patterns. We found that annual and all four seasonal waterbird compositions were nested, and selective extinction and habitat nestedness were the main factors governing nestedness. Further, selective colonization was the key driver of nestedness in autumn and winter waterbirds. We suggest that the area of wetland fragments should be as large as possible and that habitat heterogeneity should be maximized to fulfill the conservation needs of different seasonal waterbirds. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should focus on the least area criterion and that vegetation management of artificial wetland construction should be based on the notion of sustainable development for humans and wildlife.     

Aerial survey of waterbirds on wetlands as a measure of river and floodplain health

1. This study highlights the use of waterbird communities as potential measures of river and floodplain health at a landscape scale. 2. The abundance and diversity of a waterbird community (54 species) was measured over 15 trips with four aerial and three ground counts per trip on a 300-ha lake in arid Australia. 3. Aerial survey estimates of individual species were significantly less precise (SE/mean) than ground counts across two (11–100 and > 1000) out of four abundance classes of waterbirds: 0–10, 11–100, 101–1000 and > 1000. Standard error/mean as a percentage decreased with increasing abundance from about 60% for the lowest abundance class to 18% for the largest abundance class. 4. Aerial survey estimates were negatively biased for species in numbers of less than 10 and greater than 5000 but unbiased compared to ground counts for other abundance classes. Aerial surveys underestimated numbers of waterbirds by 50% when there were 40 000 waterbirds. Three ground counts found about seven more waterbird species than four aerial surveys. One ground count took about 150 times longer than two aerial surveys and cost 14 times more. 5. Regression models were derived, comparing aerial survey estimates to ground counts for 31 of 36 species for which there were sufficient data. Aerial survey estimates were unbiased for most of these species (67%), negatively biased for six species and positively biased for one species. Estimates were negatively biased in species that occurred in small numbers or that dived in response to the aircraft. 6. River system health encompasses the state of floodplain wetlands. Waterbirds on an entire wetland or floodplain may be estimated by aerial survey of waterbirds; this is a coarse but effective measure of waterbird abundance. Aerial survey is considerably less costly than ground survey and potentially provides a method for measuring river and floodplain health over long periods of time at the same scale as river management.