马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫对竹类资源的选择利用

本文对凉山山系大熊猫对竹子资源选择利用进行了研究,发现对不同的竹类有不同程度的选择性。最喜食大叶筇竹和白背玉山竹,几乎不选择刺竹子;就大叶筇竹而言,喜食基径大于１０ｍｍ的幼竹竹茎,特别喜食基径大于１８ｍｍ的竹笋;就白背玉山竹而言,喜欢选择基径大于１２ｍｍ的竹茎和基径大于１６ｍｍ的竹笋,但对白背玉山竹的老嫩无明显选择。     

蜂桶寨自然保护区小熊猫觅食特征和营养对策

2002 年4 ～11 月,在蜂桶寨自然保护区对小熊猫的觅食特征和营养对策进行了研究,并采用Vanderloeg 和Scavia 选择指数Ei衡量小熊猫对竹笋和竹茎年龄的选择程度。结果表明,小熊猫食物由竹叶(70.5% )、竹笋(22.1% )、野果(7.2% )以及毛(0.2% )等组成。小熊猫几乎全以冷箭竹为食,未发现采食短锥玉山竹。春季食物主要由竹叶和竹笋组成,夏秋季主要由竹叶和果实组成,而冬季以竹叶为主。小熊猫对竹笋、竹叶的觅食具有很强的选择性。基径在3 mm 以上被采食竹笋,E_i的值为0.071 9 ～0. 094 4,竹高在10 ～70 cm 未被采食竹笋, E_i 的值为0.149 6 ～0.1989。对不同年龄竹茎和竹叶的选择在各个月份间存在变化,4 ～6 月一年生、二年生和多年生竹竹叶E_i分别为0. 036 2 、0.224 8 和0.487 6, 7 ～8 月三者E_i分别为0.0071、0.0027 和0. 0098,9～11 月特别喜食当年生老笋上的竹叶(E_i =0.552 1)。此外,小熊猫在6 ～ 8 月还特别喜食已展开(53.4% )和未展开的卷曲嫩叶(36.3% ),不喜食较老的竹叶(10.3% )。小熊猫的食性及其对食物的选择体现了在长期进化过程中觅食对策的优化,可最大化觅食过程中的物质或能量摄入。     

圈养大熊猫食谱组成与营养成分分析

为了探讨圈养大熊猫主食竹食谱组成及主要影响因素,并为圈养单位提供科学合理的食物营养配比和饲养管理建议。本研究通过对成都大熊猫繁育研究基地１０ 只成年大熊猫４ 年（２００９. ０３ －２０１３.０２）的饲养数据,３只成年大熊猫１ 年（２０１２. ０７ －２０１３. ０６）的觅食行为观察数据,以及投饲的３ 种竹笋和５ 种主食竹常规养分和总黄酮含量的统计分析。结果发现,基地圈养大熊猫偏好竹笋,喜食巴山木竹叶、白夹竹茎和苦竹茎,随机采食箬竹叶和刺竹茎;基地大熊猫根据投饲竹种类和季节的变化,形成了较为稳定的食谱组成;对投饲竹各部位成分比较分析发现,投饲竹养分含量的变化呈现出一定的规律性：其中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、蛋白质和能量比都以竹叶最高,竹枝次之,竹茎最低;干物质和粗纤维的含量则以竹茎最高,竹枝次之,竹叶最少;竹茎和竹枝呈现钙少磷多的现象,而竹叶则是钙多磷少;各投饲竹不同部位总黄酮含量以叶中最高,枝中其次,茎中最低。研究结果表明,圈养大熊猫主食竹食谱的选择遵循能量和营养学的规律,选择适口性强、营养价值高的食物假说。     

圈养大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)觅食行为的初步观察

作者于2004年7～10月采用所有事件取样法（All-occurrence recording）和时间数据收集0-1取样法,对13只圈养大熊猫觅食行为观察,发现：圈养大熊猫食物中竹子占77％、其它占23％;幼体很少吃竹子,亚成体食竹量稍多于成体,亚成体觅食竹茎带高于成体,成体吃竹叶的量大于吃竹茎的量,偏好于吃竹叶;气温高于26℃后,大熊猫觅食频率有所下降,气温下降到22℃以下时,觅食频率开始上升;9：30～11：30和14：30～15：30为大熊猫觅食竹子的高峰期,与人为投食时间明显有关;圈养大熊猫日食竹时间占总时间的20％,其它活动时间占17％,休息时间占63％,明显短于野生大熊猫的觅食时间。以上观察结果对改进和完善圈养大熊猫的饲养管理具有重要的参考价值。     

野化培训大熊猫的食性及其对拐棍竹的选择利用

本文采用动物行为随机观察法、粪便分类收集法、样方法以及SPSS统计软件等方法,调查和分析了2003年7月至2004年9月卧龙自然保护区大熊猫“祥祥”在野化培训圈中的食性及对拐棍竹的选择利用。结果表明：野化培训大熊猫“祥祥”主要取食培训圈中的拐棍竹竹笋及其成竹、幼竹、半枯竹的竹秆和枝叶,少量采食短锥玉山竹,并偶尔寻食培训圈中的青草和鞘柄菝葜等植物。食性季节变化具有与野生大熊猫相似的动态规律,9～12月主要以拐棍竹枝叶为食,1～4月取食成竹竹秆,5月大量啃食当年新笋,6～8月则喜食幼竹竹秆。同时,“祥祥”对拐棍竹粗细的利用表现出较为明显的选择性,一般取食基径大于12mm以上的竹子,对基径很小的竹子不喜欢或拒绝利用,而不同龄级竹子的选择略有差异。     

野化培训大熊猫幼仔的食性转换

本文以2010—2020年15只母兽带仔野化培训的大熊猫幼仔为研究对象,基于红外视频监控系统观察和音频颈圈解译获得的行为资料、GPS颈圈跟踪定位采集的粪样数据,分析了野化培训大熊猫幼仔的行为发育进程和食性转换特征。结果表明：随着野化培训大熊猫幼仔的生长发育,与觅食和警戒相关的行为得到充分发育,且具有较强的时间关联性,包括食乳、爬行、走动、玩耍物品、爬树、咬玩竹子、饮水和采食竹子等。8 ~ 10月龄的大熊猫幼仔开始取食竹子,其发育性食性转换过程划分为3个阶段：食乳期 (1 ~ 7月龄)、食母乳—食竹子转换期 (8 ~ 28月龄) 和食竹期 (29 ~ 39月龄),其中转换期细分为关键期 (8 ~ 18月龄) 和过渡期 (19 ~ 28月龄)。从统计检验来看,不同食性阶段间差异显著;过渡期的大熊猫幼仔可离开母兽独立生活,此阶段大熊猫幼仔食物组分比例与食竹期相比无显著差异。野化培训大熊猫幼仔的季节性食性转换规律与带仔母兽和野生大熊猫具有相似的格局,即春季主要取食竹笋,夏、秋季则以嫩竹茎和竹叶为食,冬季采食竹叶与竹茎。     

马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫对生境的选择

作者通过设置１６７个２０×２ｍ的样方,采用Ｖａｎｄｅｒｌｏｅｇ和Ｓｃａｖｉａ选择指数对马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,大熊猫喜欢选择在常绿落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林,以及东、南坡向,坡度平缓（小于１０°）,上层乔木郁闭度较大（大于５０％）的大叶筇竹林中觅食,并且对于基径较粗（大于１０ｍｍ）、幼竹比例较高（大于５％）、密度适中（１０～３０株／ｍ２）的大叶筇竹林更加青睐。     

冶勒自然保护区大熊猫和小熊猫种群能流分析

在冕宁县冶勒自然保护区设站,从各水平对同域分布、以同种竹子为食的大熊猫和小熊猫种群能流进行了研究。结果表明：通过大熊猫种群的能流（１．８６＊１０＾６ｋＪ／ｋｍ＾２．ｙｒ．）多于小熊猫种群（６．３４＊１０＾５ｋＪ／ｋｍ＾２．ｙｒ．）,前者大约是后者的２．９倍,说明大熊猫在群落中可能处于优势地位。虽然两种熊猫可利用食物资源占地面生物量的比例很大（大、小熊猫分别为１２．７９％和３．９２％）,但是其每年摄     

黄龙大熊猫对华西箭竹选择与利用的研究

１９９６年６～１０月,在黄龙寺自然保护区详细研究了大熊猫（Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａ ｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｃａ）对其主食竹之一－－华西箭竹的选择和利用情况,并与其他山系进行比较,结果表明：①黄龙大熊猫一年的食性选择可分为４个时期;②黄龙大熊猫喜食基径大于１０ｍｍ的竹笋和竹秆,而拒食基径小于６ｍｍ的竹笋及小于４ｍｍ的竹秆;③不同山系的大熊猫对竹类的选择既有差异又有共性;④大熊猫对华西箭竹竹茎的利用率为２２．     

佛坪自然保护区食竹鸟兽种类的初步调查

1991~2004年采用检查死亡个体的胃或嗉囊内容物、新鲜粪便和在野外直接观察动物采食的3种方法,在陕西佛坪国家级自然保护区对食竹的鸟兽种类进行了初步调查。巴山木竹和秦岭箭竹是大熊猫采食的主要食物资源。除大熊猫外,采食这两种竹的鸟兽有38种,隶属6目14科,其中鸟类9种,兽类29种。大量采食、中等采食和少量采食竹类的物种分别为1种、5种和33种,所占比例分别为2.6%、12.8%和84.6%。39种鸟兽均采食竹笋,其中32种只采食竹笋。黑熊和野猪是食竹笋量比较大的大型兽类,羚牛、鬣羚和斑羚3种牛科动物全年都采食竹类,其中以羚牛对竹叶的采食量最大。这些食竹鸟兽一方面直接与大熊猫竞争食物资源,特别是竹笋,另外也会间接地影响大熊猫对竹类的利用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.