三种柏科植物的核型分析

分析发柏科台湾翠柏Ｃａｌａｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｍａｃｒｏｌｅｐｉｓ ｖａｒ．ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎａ、厚皮松Ｊｕｎｉｐｅｒｕｓ ｄｅｐｐｅａｎａ和红桧Ｃｈａｍａｅｃｙｐａｒｉｓ ｆｏｒｍｏｓｅｎｓｉｓ的核型,它们的根法体细胞染色体都为２ｎ＝２２,核型公式分别是Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）和 ２０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ,染色体相对长度组成分别为２ｎ＝２２＝６Ｍｓ＋１６Ｍａ１,２Ｌ＋６ＭＳ＋     

澳大利亚三种Callitris植物的核型及其系统学意义

对澳大利亚特产的Ｃａｌｌｉｔｒｉｓ属植物Ｃ．ｐｒｅｉｓｓｉｉ,Ｃ．ｖｅｒｒｕｃｏｓａ,Ｃ．ｅｎｄｌｉｃｈｅｒｉ（柏科）的核型进行了分析,后２种的为首次报道。它们的核型公式分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）和２２ｍ（６ＳＡＴ）,均属１Ａ核型类型。染色体相对长度组成同是２ｎ＝２２＝１０Ｍ＿２＋１２Ｍ＿１该３种及其他８种Ｃａｌｌｔｒｉｓ属植物一致的核型Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２ｍ和１Ａ类型的通常被认为是最对称和原始的。因此该属在柏科的系统发育上也许处于相当原始的地位。     

颈棱蛇卵胎生的报道

颈棱蛇（Ｍａｃｒｏｐｉｓｔｈｏｄｏｎｒｕｄｉｓ）属游蛇科（Ｃｏｌｕｂｒｉｄａｅ）颈棱蛇属（Ｍａｃｒｏｐｉｓｔｈｏｄｏｎ）,该属在世界上已知有４种,分布于印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、马来西亚、新加坡和我国。我国仅有颈棱蛇两亚种,指名亚种Ｍ．ｒ．ｒｕｄｉｓ分...     

丙型肝炎病毒C33_c单克隆抗体的研制和鉴定

用丙型肝炎病毒重组蛋白Ｃ３３_ｃ抗原免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠,运用杂交瘤技术成功地建立了７株能稳定分泌抗Ｃ３３_ｃ单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞１Ｈ６Ｄ２、２Ｇ１Ａ６、３Ａ４Ａ８、３Ｅ３Ｅ７、４Ｇ１２Ｃ１０、４Ａ１０Ｃ２、５Ｆ４Ｂ６．试验结果表明,７株ＭｃＡｂｓ具有良好的ＨＣＶ特异性,间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法测得小鼠腹水ＭｃＡｂ效价为１：１０￣４－１：４×１０￣４;竞争抑制实验和相加指数测定证实７株ＭｃＡｂｓ识别相关的抗原表位;７株ＭｃＡｂｓ中１株为ＩｇＭ（５Ｆ４Ｂ６）,其它６株为ＩｇＧ（２ａ）。     

成年太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)肩关节变量的研究

本项研究对成年太行山猕猴肩关节变量进行了测量和统计,作了异速生长分析,并对太行山猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｔｃｈｅｌｉｅｎｓｉｓ）、滇南猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｍｕｌａｔａ）、川西猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｌａｓｉｏｔｉｓ）、湘鄂猕猴（Ｍ．ｍｕｌａｔａｌｉｔｏｒａｌｉｓ）肩关节变量进行了比较和聚类分析。与上述３个亚种相比,太行山猕猴较短的肩胛骨、较小的锁肱指数、较大的三角肌止点指数和较小的摆荡指数,表明太行山猕猴肩关节形态结构更适应于地面上的活动,说明其在地面上活动较多,在树上活动较少。     

培养乳鼠心肌细胞自发性〔Ca~（2＋）〕_i瞬间变化的实验模型

使用Ｃａ￣（２＋）敏感的荧光指示剂Ｆｕｒａ－２／ＡＭ,对培养的心肌细胞测定细胞内Ｃａ￣（２＋）的瞬间变化。结果为,在一个心搏周期中,经过大约１８０ｍｓ的时间,［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ瞬间变化达到最大值,然后恢复到基线水平（最小值）,经历了２６０ｍｓ。测得平均［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ瞬间变化的最大值及最小值分别为３４６±３８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０２±１８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。血管紧张素Ⅱ１００ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ引起［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ瞬间变化最大值明显增加,但对［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ瞬间变化的基线水平没有明显的影响。ｒｙａｎｏｄｉｎｅ３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ使［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ瞬间变化的幅度明显降低。ＫＣｌ５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ使［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ瞬间变化完全停止,并明显增加［ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ的基线水平。结果提示,本实验模型可用来观察［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］＿ｉ的瞬间变化。     

芋的组织培养

１植物名称芋（Ｃｏｌｏｃａｓｉａｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔａ）品种江汉芋（多子芋类型）。２材料类别茎尖及微芽。３培养条件分化培养基：（１）ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ３．０～５．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１（单位下同）＋ＮＡＡ０．５;（２）ＭＳ＋６．ＢＡ１．０～２．０＋ＮＡＡ０．５。诱导生根培养基：（３）ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１．０～２．０＋ＮＡＡ０．１。培养基（１）、（２）中另加蔗糖３０ｇ·Ｌ－１,培养基（３）中加蔗糖１０ｇ·Ｌ１,琼脂６～７ｇ·Ｌ－１,ｐＨ５．８～６．０,１２１℃高温高压灭菌１５ｍｉｎ左右。光照度１５５～２０００ｌｘ,光…     

中国阿魏属的细胞分类学研究

本文首次报道和分析了阿魏属Ｆｅｒｕｌａ Ｌ．分布区东缘３个种的染色体数目和核型。太行阿魏Ｆ．ｌｉｃｅｎｔｉａｎａ Ｈａｎｄ．－Ｗａｚｚ．的核型公式为２ｎ＝２２＝１４ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ（２ｓａｔ）,铜山阿魏Ｆ．ｌｉｃｅｎｔｉａｎａ Ｈａｎｄ．－Ｍａｚｚ．ｖａｒ．ｔｕｎｓｈａｎｉｃａ（Ｓｕ）Ｓｈａｎ ｅｔ Ｑ．Ｘ．Ｌｉｕ核型都属２Ａ型。在此基础上从染色体角度进一步论证了铜山阿魏作为太行阿魏的变种和硬阿     

菰属系统与演化研究—胚形态

本文采用光学显微镜对全世界菰属４种２亚种及其有关属种共４属７种的胚形态进行系统研究后,获得菰属Ｚｉｚａｎｉａ Ｌ．与山涧草Ｃｈｉｋｕｓｉｃｈｌｏａ ａｐｕａｔｉｃａ Ｋｏｉｄｚ．的胚型为Ｆ＋ＦＰ,稻Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．与拟菰Ｚｉｚａｎｉｏｐｓｉｓ ｍｉｌｉａｃｅａ（Ｍｉｃｈｘ．）Ｄｏｅｌｌ ＆ Ａｓｃｈｅｒｓ．的胚型为Ｆ＋ＦＰ,其中山涧草的胚型为首次报导。根据胚型,这４属均应位在禾本科Ｇ     

番荔枝化学成分研究(7)

从番荔枝（Ａｎｎｏｎａ ｓｑｕａｍｏｓａ Ｌ．）种子中得到化合物１、２和４,化合物２和４分别为已知化合物ｍｏｔｒｉｌｉｎ（莫垂林,２）和ｂｕｌｌａｔａｎｏｃｉｎ（布拉他诺辛,４）。化合物１的化学结构经ＩＲ、ＭＳ、＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ及＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ谱分析及其乙酰化物（１ａ）的ＭＳ、＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ谱分析推定如（１）式并命名为２２－表－莫维查灵（２２－ｅｐｉ－ｍｏｌｖｉｚａｒｉｎ）。     

Radiation and phylogeography in the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata

The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) presumably differentiated from eastern rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) populations during the Pleistocene and the two species are closely related. In order to analyse speciation and subspeciation events in the Japanese macaque and to describe historical and current relationships among their populations, we sequenced and analysed a fragment of 392bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 50 individuals belonging to six populations of Japanese macaque and compared these sequences with 89 eastern rhesus macaque control region sequences from GenBank/EMBL database. There were high genetic similarities between both species and only two positions were fixed within each species, which supports the inclusion of the Japanese macaque in a single species with eastern populations of rhesus macaques. Japanese macaque ancestors colonised Japan after the separation of the two species, estimated at between 0.31 and 0.88 million years ago (Mya). The star-like phylogeny, multimodal mismatch distribution, and lack of correlation between geographic and genetic distances are in accordance with a rapid dispersion of macaques throughout the archipelago after the arrival into Japan. The species shows low genetic variation within populations and high levels of genetic differentiation among populations with no mtDNA haplotype shared across populations. Genetic distances between Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) and any other population of Macaca fuscata fuscata subspecies are comparable to the distances between populations of Honshu, Awajishima, and Kyushu, not supporting the classification of Yakushima macaques as a different subspecies.     

海南猕猴的形态学特征及其适应性

本文通过测量猕猴海南亚种(Macaca mulatta brevicaudus)的形态学指标,讨论了该亚种的形态特点及其适应性意义。于2015年7-8月在海南省陵水县猕猴自然保护区对8个群的猕猴进行了形态学指标测量,共测得253只个体的体质量,132只个体的头长、顶臀长、尾长、前脚掌长、后脚掌长、前臂长、后臂长、大腿长、小腿长等体长数据。研究结果发现：1)猕猴海南亚种的体型明显小于位于更高纬度地区的川西亚种、福建亚种和指名亚种,也小于相近纬度的大陆猕猴,结果支持贝格曼法则和岛屿法则。2)猕猴海南亚种雄性的生长速度大于雌性,且前者体型显著大于后者。3)群大小对群内个体的体型无显著影响,无显著群间竞争。4)个体的体质量、头长、顶臀长随等级增加而增加,但是尾长、臂长、腿长和脚掌长与等级无显著相关关系。本文为探讨猕猴属的形态演化提供基础资料,同时也为濒危灵长类保护和管理提供科学依据。     

The most common Chinese rhesus macaque MHC class I molecule shares peptide binding repertoire with the HLA-B7 supertype

Of the two rhesus macaque subspecies used for AIDS studies, the Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most established model of HIV infection, providing both insight into pathogenesis and a system for testing novel vaccines. Despite the Chinese rhesus macaque potentially being a more relevant model for AIDS outcomes than the Indian rhesus macaque, the Chinese-origin rhesus macaques have not been well-characterized for their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) composition and function, reducing their greater utilization. In this study, we characterized a total of 50 unique Chinese rhesus macaques from several varying origins for their entire MHC class I allele composition and identified a total of 58 unique complete MHC class I sequences. Only nine of the sequences had been associated with Indian rhesus macaques, and 28/58 (48.3%) of the sequences identified were novel. From all MHC alleles detected, we prioritized Mamu-A1*02201 for functional characterization based on its higher frequency of expression. Upon the development of MHC/peptide binding assays and definition of its associated motif, we revealed that this allele shares peptide binding characteristics with the HLA-B7 supertype, the most frequent supertype in human populations. These studies provide the first functional characterization of an MHC class I molecule in the context of Chinese rhesus macaques and the first instance of HLA-B7 analogy for rhesus macaques.     

河南太行山自然保护区猕猴冬春季食性分析

2008年11月-2009年4月,在太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区采集了40份太行山猕猴粪样和38科91种植物标本,用粪便显微组织学分析法研究了太行山猕猴的冬春季食性。结果表明:1)太行山猕猴在冬季采食植物13科21种,其中栓皮栎、青冈、羊胡草、露珠草、大叶榉是其冬季的主要采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的55.4%;小叶榉、千金榆、南蛇藤、君迁子等10种是常见采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的39.1%;第三类是少见采食植物,包括板栗、毛栗、辽东栎,蒙古栎、黄荆等5种,共占所采食植物总量的5.2%;2)共记录到猕猴春季采食植物24科37种,其中栓皮栎、青冈、早熟禾、大叶榉、小叶榉、千金榆、鹅耳枥、枳椇、构树、博落回等10种为主要采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的70.8%;唐松草、白丁香、紫丁香等14种是常见采食植物,共占所采食植物总量的23.4%,少见采食植物包括马齿苋、铁线莲、槐、胡枝子等16种,共占所采食植物总量的5.7%;3)部分植物在冬季和春季均被猕猴取食,但在2个季节所取食的部位有所不同,在冬季主要取食嫩芽和果实,在春季则主要取食花和叶。太行山猕猴在春季的取食植物比冬季更广泛。     

Dimensional characteristics of the Filipino dentition

This study concerns odontometric analysis of the Tagalog Filipinos in Manila, Philippines. Mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the permanent dentition, a total of 56 variables, were studied in 100 males and 152 females. Results showed that their absolute tooth size was small. Relative tooth size, however, seemed to reflect their Southeast Asian Mongoloid origin. From univariate analysis, considerable male-female differences were shown in most of the variables studied. When correlation effects among the teeth were held constant through multivariate analysis, male-female distance was found to be small and substantial overlapping of the two multivariate distributions was evident. Only four variables could be shown by stepwise discriminant analysis to contribute significantly to the distance. Even the mandibular canine, as the strongest discriminator, could only account for 16.4% of the total multivariate distance. These contrasting findings for sex dimorphism in a set of teeth taken singly and taken jointly indicate that there are factors other than the teeth themselves that are expected to play important roles in determining overall male-female size differences in the set of teeth, and that these differences may not be as clear-cut as univariate analysis suggests.     

四种猕猴属动物精母细胞联会复合体的比较研究

本工作采用去污剂微铺展——硝酸银染色技术研究熊猴、平顶猴、藏酋猴、恒河猴及其亚种毛耳猴的精母细胞联会复合体（SC）核型、SC的结构及其在减数分裂中的行为。结果表明这几种动物的SC核型以及SC的发育过程基本一致。SC的形成开始于偶线期,成熟于粗线期,解体于双线期。在减数分裂前期,性染色体轴呈强嗜银性,配对明显落后于常染色体。根据减数分裂前期性染色体的形态和行为,性染色体的配对可分为五种类型。此外,本文还对XY染色体的同源性和侧轴加粗等现象进行了讨论。     

Molecular Evidence for Distinct Genotypes of Monkey B Virus (Herpesvirus Simiae) Which Are Related to the Macaque Host Species

Although monkey B virus (herpesvirus simiae; BV) is common in all macaque species, fatal human infections appear to be associated with exposure to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), suggesting that BV isolates from rhesus monkeys may be more lethal to nonmacaques than are BV strains indigenous to other macaque species. To determine if significant differences that would support this supposition exist among BV isolates, we compared multiple BV strains isolated from rhesus, cynomolgus, pigtail, and Japanese macaques. Antigenic analyses indicated that while the isolates were very closely related to one another, there are some antigenic determinants that are specific to BV isolates from different macaque species. Restriction enzyme digest patterns of viral DNA revealed marked similarities between rhesus and Japanese macaque isolates, while pigtail and cynomolgus macaque isolates had distinctive cleavage patterns. To further compare genetic diversity among BV isolates, DNA sequences from two regions of the viral genome containing genes that are conserved (UL27 and US6) and variable (US4 and US5) among primate alphaherpesviruses, as well as from two noncoding intergenic regions, were determined. From these sequence data and a phylogenetic analysis of them it was evident that while all isolates were closely related strains of BV, there were three distinct genotypes. The three BV genotypes were directly related to the macaque species of origin and were composed of (i) isolates from rhesus and Japanese macaques, (ii) cynomolgus monkey isolates, and (iii) isolates from pigtail macaques. This study demonstrates the existence of different BV genotypes which are related to the macaque host species and thus provides a molecular basis for the possible existence of BV isolates which vary in their levels of pathogenicity for nonmacaque species.     

Family studies of tooth size factors in the permanent dentition.

Correlations between dimensions of the permanent teeth in Australian Aboriginals were studied by factor analysis to disclose the main sources of shared variability. Findings indicated that in both males and females most of the common variability in the tooth dimensions could be accounted for by factors representing mesiodistal size of anterior teeth, buccolingual size of anterior teeth, generalized size of the premolars and generalized size of the molars. Factor scores derived from the analysis were used to calculate intraclass correlations among brothers and among sisters. These correlations tended to be higher for the factors contributing most to the common variability indicating that the factors might represent fields under direct genetic control. There was no trend for intraclass correlations among siblings derived from multivariate scores to be consistently higher than those based on observed tooth dimensions. The main advantage to the user of factor analysis is the ability to interpret associations between interrelated variables more objectively than is possible by conventional correlation methods.     

Development of epiphyseal union in Japanese macaques of known chronological age

Forty epiphyseal unions were studied in the two subspecies of the Japanese macaque at known chronological ages. The age standards of the beginning and completion of epiphyseal union were estimated. The total score of the ratings of the unions revealed significant correlations with chronological age before 9 years of age. The linear regressions were calculated in each group of different sex and different subspecies in order to enable predictions to be made of the chronological age from the total score. Although males and females generally showed the same pattern of sequences, the unions of the females united earlier than those of the males in both subspecies before 9 years of age. The Yaku subspecies demonstrated an earlier union than the common Japanese macaque in both sexes before the age of 9 years old. The epiphyseal union of the Japanese macaque usually developed earlier than the reported union in the rhesus macaque. A large number of epiphyseal unions united at least partially and the total score deviated widely during the range from around 4 to 6 years of age. This period was in accordance with the adolescent growth period, especially in males, with rapid growth of body size as observed based on by somatometrical measurements. The skeletal growth of the trunk was generally late compared with that of the limbs. During the range after 8 years of age, some unions of the trunk united earlier in males than in females. The epiphyseal union could allow a more precise age estimation than the body mass or dental eruption during a certain range of ages. However, developmental estimations obtained from animals fed artificially, as the present samples were, must be applied with caution to wild animals.     

Tooth Size Variation in Pinniped Dentitions

It is contentious whether size variation among mammalian teeth is heterogeneous or homogeneous, whether the coefficient of variation is reliable, and whether the standard deviation of log-transformed data and the residual of standard deviation on mean variable size are useful replacements for the coefficient of variation. Most studies of tooth size variation have been on mammals with complex-crowned teeth, with relatively little attention paid to taxa with simple-crowned teeth, such as Pinnipedia. To fill this gap in knowledge and to resolve the existing controversies, we explored the variation of linear size variables (length and width) for all teeth from complete permanent dentitions of four pinniped species, two phocids (Histriophoca fasciata, Phoca largha) and two otariids (Callorhinus ursinus, Eumetopias jubatus). Size variation among these teeth was mostly heterogeneous both along the toothrow and among species. The incisors, canines, and mesial and distal postcanines were often relatively highly variable. The levels of overall dental size variation ranged from relatively low as in land carnivorans (Phoca largha and both otariids) to high (Histriophoca fasciata). Sexual size dimorphism varied among teeth and among species, with teeth being, on average, larger in males than in females. This dimorphism was more pronounced, and the canines were larger and more dimorphic relative to other teeth in the otariids than in the phocids. The coefficient of variation quantified variation reliably in most cases. The standard deviation of log-transformed data was redundant with the coefficient of variation. The residual of standard deviation on mean variable size was inaccurate when size variation was considerably heterogeneous among the compared variables, and was incomparable between species and between sexes. The existing hypotheses invoking developmental fields, occlusal complexity, and the relative timing of tooth formation and sexually dimorphic hormonal activity do not adequately explain the differential size variation along the pinniped toothrow.