番茄内生菌St24的鉴定及其对灰霉病的生防作用

从番茄植株根茎部分离到1株有抑菌活性的植物内生放线菌菌株St24,对其分类地位以及对灰霉病菌的防治效果进行研究.结果表明: 菌株St24为酒红链霉菌.St24发酵液经石油醚萃取得到的粗提物对多种病原菌有抑制作用,其中对灰霉病菌的抑制作用最强,抑制菌丝生长的EC₅₀为11.78 mg·L^-1.粗提物处理灰霉菌后,菌丝量减少,菌丝体皱缩、断裂、原生质外渗,菌体细胞表面有许多瘤状畸形.处理后的灰霉病菌培养液在260 nm处比对照多出现一吸收峰,说明粗提物对病原菌的细胞膜透性有影响.经盆栽试验, St24发酵液对番茄灰霉病有保护和治疗的作用,100 mg·L^-1粗提物叶面喷雾的保护作用效果最好,24 h后防效达到94.3%,120 h后为85.4%.     

番茄灰霉病拮抗内生放线菌的筛选、鉴定及其活性评价

对安徽省淮北市番茄植株根、茎、叶中内生放线菌进行了分离、筛选,并测定了其抑菌活性。结果表明:番茄根、茎和叶中的内生放线菌的数量分别为5.66×104、0.67×104和0.39×104CFU.g-1鲜重。根据分离部位和表型特征,从健康番茄植株体内分离到93株内生放线菌,通过对峙实验,筛选到7株对番茄灰霉病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,占所分离内生放线菌总数的7.5%。来自根组织中的菌株HNU-EA27的抑菌效果最佳,抑菌圈直径达28.3mm。根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性、细胞壁组分和16SrDNA序列分析,将菌株HNU-EA27鉴定为毒三素链霉菌(Streptomyces toxytricini)。室内测定菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液对灰霉病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,结果表明:菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液可以抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强;当发酵滤液浓度为30%时则完全抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。盆栽防效试验结果表明:30%菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液对番茄灰霉病的预防与治疗效果分别为80.6%和73.8%,均高于50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液。本研究表明,菌株HNU-EA27是防治番茄灰霉病潜在的优良生防菌株,具有良好的开发应用价值。     

气候变化对中国大兴安岭森林演替动态的影响

应用森林生长演替动态模型-FAREAST,在气候变化背景下对大兴安岭漠河林区森林的演替动态进行了模拟。模拟选择了目前气候情景、增暖情景、温度和降水都增加情景3种气候情景,并考虑了气候变化引起的火干扰变化对森林演替的影响。结果表明:维持目前气候不变,兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)将继续作为绝对优势树种,樟子松(Pinussylvestris var.mongolica)、桦树(Betula)、杨树(Populus)伴生其中;气候发生变化,东北森林带将有北移的趋势,大兴安岭将可能以温带针阔混交林为主,森林群落中出现红松(P.koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、椴树(Tilia)等树种;火干扰影响森林生物量及森林的物种组成和结构。     

植物内生放线菌的分离方法

植物内生放线菌是一类大有开发潜力的微生物资源。目前使用的分离条件和技术尚不完善,容易被外源菌和内生真菌、细菌污染,因此内生放线菌尤其是稀有内生放线菌的选择性分离技术至少是今后一段时间研究的重点。介绍了植物内生放线菌选择性分离方法并提出值得研究的问题。     

黄花蒿内生放线菌A5次生代谢产物分离鉴定

通过硅胶、反相、凝胶等分离方法从放线菌A5发酵液乙酸乙酯萃取相分离得到4个化合物,采用MS、1H NMR、13C NMR、COSY等对其结构进行鉴定,分别是6-benzyl-3-isopropylpyrazin-2(1H)-one(1),N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)acetamide(2),3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-((2-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)propanoic acid(3)和尿嘧啶(4)。其中3的波谱数据首次报道。生测结果表明,在样品浓度为0.1 mg/mL时,1、2和3的海虾校正死亡率依次是43.2%,38.3%,43.2%,表明均具有一定的细胞毒活性。     

新疆特色药食两用植物恰玛古内生放线菌的分离与鉴定

恰玛古（Qamgur,BrassicarapaL.）内生菌的研究主要集中在内生真菌,内生放线菌的研究报道较少。通过研究新疆药食两用植物恰玛古内生放线菌多样性,以期发现产新活性物质的放线菌或新种放线菌,为研究微生物药物奠定基础。从恰玛古根、茎和叶三个部位分离培养获得内生放线菌,对其菌落与个体形态进行观察,并利用序列测定方法进行鉴定,以获取其分类地位。从恰玛古三个部位共分离得到17株内生放线菌,其中12株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,3株为革兰氏阳性球菌,2株为革兰氏阳性丝状菌;17株内生放线菌分属于红球菌属（Rhodococcus）、拟诺卡氏菌属（Nocardiopsis）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）、小短杆菌属（Brachybacterium）、两面神菌属（Janibacter）和微杆菌属（Microbacterium）。从新疆药食两用植物恰玛古中分离获得17株内生放线菌以稀有放线菌为主。     

植物内生放线菌的分离方法*

植物内生放线菌是一类大有开发潜力的微生物资源。目前使用的分离条件和技术尚不完善,容易被外源菌和内生真菌、细菌污染,因此内生放线菌尤其是稀有内生放线菌的选择性分离技术至少是今后一段时间研究的重点。介绍了植物内生放线菌选择性分离方法并提出值得研究的问题。     

植物内生放线菌研究进展

植物内生菌主要包括细菌、真菌和放线菌.放线菌的次生代谢产物,如抗生素、有机酸、生物碱等,在抗癌药物、新型抗生素、植物促生剂、生物农药、纳米新材料等领域取得了一系列研究成果.内生放线菌在生态农业、食品工业、制药工业和环境治理等方面扮演重要角色.本文简要概述了目前植物内生放线菌的研究成果,讨论了存在的问题和发展方向.     

植物内生放线菌多样性研究进展

植物内生放线菌作为植物内生菌资源的一大类,具有丰富的多样性,其次级代谢产物也十分丰富,而且还具有各种生物学活性。通过了解植物内生放线菌资源的多样性,可以对其产生的生物活性物质进行筛选和分析,从而筛选出具有良好药理活性的物质应用于临床。从植物内生放线菌宿主植物、组织分布、种类和数量以及活性基因4个方面综述了植物内生放线菌的多样性资源,介绍植物内生放线菌新的微生物物种,总结了植物内生放线菌目前研究中存在的问题及展望。     

植物内生放线菌研究进展

植物内生菌主要包括细菌、真菌和放线菌。放线菌的次生代谢产物,如抗生素、有机酸、生物碱等,在抗癌药物、新型抗生素、植物促生剂、生物农药、纳米新材料等领域取得了一系列研究成果。内生放线菌在生态农业、食品工业、制药工业和环境治理等方面扮演重要角色。本文简要概述了目前植物内生放线菌的研究成果,讨论了存在的问题和发展方向。     

黑龙江省未来气候生态与森林的作用研究

本文在扼要概述全球气候变化背景的基础上,根据近百年气候历史资料以及海温、太阳黑子活动、火山爆发、CO₂浓度变化、O₃浓度变化、大气环流指数特征等因子与我省气修变化的定量与定性关系,分析了各因子的综合影响,预测了我省未来十年气候变化趋势。结果表明:我省未来十年气候以温暖、干旱为主,年际间仍存有波动。虽然总的气候变化趋势与全球变化是一致的,但具有明显的区域特征。同时提出了气候变化可能对森林的影响,初步探讨了应采取的森林对策。     

An indoor mesocosm system to study the effect of climate change on the late winter and spring succession of Baltic Sea phyto- and zooplankton

An indoor mesocosm system was set up to study the response of phytoplankton and zooplankton spring succession to winter and spring warming of sea surface temperatures. The experimental temperature regimes consisted of the decadal average of the Kiel Bight, Baltic Sea, and three elevated regimes with 2°C, 4°C, and 6°C temperature difference from that at baseline. While the peak of the phytoplankton spring bloom was accelerated only weakly by increasing temperatures (1.4 days per degree Celsius), the subsequent biomass minimum of phytoplankton was accelerated more strongly (4.25 days per degree Celsius). Phytoplankton size structure showed a pronounced response to warming, with large phytoplankton being more dominant in the cooler mesocosms. The first seasonal ciliate peak was accelerated by 2.1 days per degree Celsius and the second one by 2.0 days per degree Celsius. The over-wintering copepod populations declined faster in the warmer mesocosm, and the appearance of nauplii was strongly accelerated by temperature (9.2 days per degree Celsius). The strong difference between the acceleration of the phytoplankton peak and the acceleration of the nauplii could be one of the “Achilles heels” of pelagic systems subject to climate change, because nauplii are the most starvation-sensitive life cycle stage of copepods and the most important food item of first-feeding fish larvae. Priority programme of the German Research Foundation—contribution 3.     

白洋淀地区全新世以来植被演替和气候变化初探

 根据对白洋淀白4号孔的孢粉分析、放射性碳年代测定和野外考察研究表明,白洋淀形成于中全新世。晚全新世以来,随着气候的变凉变干,古白洋淀开始收缩和解体,但在人类活动的利用改造下,使逐渐解体的白洋淀得以保留下来。依据气候地层学的观点,并结合放射性碳年代测定,白洋淀地区的全新世地层可以划分为四期：即古全新世(距今11000—9000年),气候温和湿润;早全新世(距今9000—7500年),气候偏凉偏干;中全新世(距今7500—3000年),气候温暖湿润;晚全新世(距今3000年至今),气候温凉偏干。     

Seasonality matters—The effects of past and projected seasonal climate change on the growth of native and exotic conifer species in Central Europe

Norway spruce is one of the economically most important tree species in Central European forestry. However, its high susceptibility to droughts poses a strong challenge to its cultivation under future conditions with likely more frequent and prolonged droughts and shifts in the seasonal climate. To compensate for expected losses of forest areas suitable for the cultivation of spruce, more drought-tolerant species are required. Silver fir and Douglas fir are two potential candidates, which promise lower drought susceptibility and equal or even higher yield when compared to Norway spruce.Using the Black Forest as a regional case study, we assessed the effects of seasonal climate change, including drought stress, on tree-ring width formation of these three economically relevant conifer species over the last 60 years. In addition, we projected potential species-specific growth changes under different climate change scenarios until 2100.Our results suggest that both silver fir and Douglas fir will possibly experience growth increases in a warmer future climate, as predicted under the 4.5 and 8.5 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) climate change scenarios, whereas growth of spruce is expected to decline. Moreover, drought susceptibility in silver fir and Douglas fir is lower than in spruce, as shown for past drought events, and their ability to benefit from milder winters and springs could play a major role in their capacity to compensate for drier summers in the near to mid-term future. This study highlights the need to advance our understanding of the processes that drive drought resistance and resilience in tree species to guide management strategies in the face of climate change.     

黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中群落主要种的种间协变分析

采用2×2列联表,通过Pearson积矩相关系数和Speaman秩相关系数对黑石顶森林次生演替过程中各阶段群落优势种的种间协变进行了定量分析。结果表明,在演替初期的裸地恢复阶段,显著种间协变的种对较多,有14对(正协变9对负协变5对),在针阔混交林阶段,显著种间协变的种对较少,仅有5种。全为正协变,表现为主要种间对群落环境的相同要求,并形成了主要种间的竞争格局,在阳生性常绿阔叶林阶段。显著种间协变的种对最少,只有4对,其中3对为负协变,这是主要种之间对群落环境相同要求的激烈竞争结果,在中生性常绿阔叶林阶段,显著种间协变的种对最多有20对,19对为正协变,主要表现为群落上层种和中下层种间形成了大量的正协变,但群落上层主要种间无显著的种间协变。     

Nitrous oxide dynamics in managed northern forest soil profiles: is production offset by consumption?

This study investigates soil N₂O dynamics in forest soils representing early (3-years) and late (>50 years) post-harvest succession in Atlantic Canada over a 9-month snow-free period in order to develop a better understanding of the role of managed forests as sources and sinks of N₂O. We couple measurement of surface flux with detailed measurements of subsurface N₂O concentrations at four mineral soil depths (0, 5, 20 and 35 cm) at 40 plots located within four sites. Median surface fluxes were similar at all sites regardless of the management stage (−5 to +19 ugN₂O–N/m²/day), with all sites behaving as net sinks and sources of N₂O over the measurement period. Subsurface mineral soil N₂O concentrations at early (3-year) post-harvest succession sites, which ranged from median values of 362 ppbv at 0 cm to 1783 ppbv at 35 cm depth, were significantly higher than late post-harvest succession sites where median concentrations ranged from 329 ppbv at 0 cm to 460 ppbv at 35 cm depth. Examination of relationships between subsurface gas storage and surface flux magnitudes, suggested although recently harvested forest soils may be producing N₂O at a greater rate than mature forest soils, observed patterns are consistent with a strong sink for this gas that prevents its conservative transport through the soil profile, and ultimate emission to the atmosphere through the majority of the measurement period.     

森林幼苗更新对光环境异质性的响应研究进展

在分析森林光环境异质性特点的基础上,从幼苗的光合、热耗散、生物量累积和分配、形态特征、萌发和种群动态等方面综述了国内外在森林幼苗更新对光环境异质性响应的研究进展.从森林物种多样性维持、森林演替和植被恢复角度探讨了幼苗更新对光环境异质性不同响应的生态学意义,并对今后该方面研究提出建议.