成都市沙河主要绿化树种固碳释氧和降温增湿效益

以成都市沙河植物廊道广泛应用的8种绿化植物为材料,利用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定系统进行了光合生理生态指标的测定,并对其固碳释氧与降温增湿效应进行了量化研究.结果表明:整个生长季节同类植物各季节的单位叶面积固碳释氧和 降温增湿能力表现出夏季＞秋季＞春季.日固碳释氧能力由强到弱为桂花、垂柳、香樟、黄葛树、山杜英、银杏、天竺桂、水杉,年固碳释氧能力由强到弱为垂柳、香樟、黄葛树、银杏、桂花、天竺桂、水杉、山杜英,日降温增湿效果由强到弱为垂柳、山杜英、水杉、天竺桂、黄葛树、香樟、银杏、桂花.据估算,整个沙河植物群落中乔木树种年总固碳量约为5.87×104 t,总释氧量约为4.27×104 t.根据对主要树种固碳释氧和降温增湿能力的分析表明,在树种配置时,垂柳、桂花、山杜英、香樟为优选乔木树种,而银杏的固碳释氧和降温增湿能力较弱,可作为长寿树种和观赏树种适量引种,不宜大面积绿化.     

淮南市9种园林灌木树种夏季光合特性研究

采用TPS-2便携式光合仪对淮南市9种园林绿化灌木树种的夏季光合特性进行了测定。结果表明, 各树种光合生理参数(Pn、Ci、Tr、Gs、Ls、WUEt)日均值差异显著, 日变化趋势不尽相同, 且金边黄杨和腊梅的Pn日变化曲线为双峰曲线, 桂花的Pn日变化曲线为三峰曲线, 皆出现了“光合午休”现象。根据Pn、Tr、WUEt 3个指标的日均值进行聚类分析, 可将供试树种分为3个类群。Ⅰ类为低光合、低水分利用型(桂花、红檵木、金边黄杨、腊梅、紫荆、紫叶李), Ⅱ类为低蒸腾、高水分利用型(栀子), Ⅲ类为高光合、高蒸腾型(海桐、紫薇)。从生态效益的角度出发, 海桐和紫薇的固碳释氧、降温增湿能力俱佳, 节水降耗效果处于中等水平, 可作为淮南市生态园林建设的优先树种。     

青岛市城阳区主要园林树种叶片表皮形态与滞尘量的关系

利用环境扫描电镜观察比较了青岛市城阳区11种园林植物的叶表面形态结构与滞尘能力。结果表明：不同树种的滞尘能力差异较大,其滞尘量相差达到4倍以上,降雨可显著降低叶面颗粒物附着密度,不同树种所受影响差异明显;不同树种叶表面结构不同,滞尘量较小的白蜡和火棘,其叶表面较平滑,细胞排列整齐;而滞尘量较大的悬铃木、紫荆和紫薇,其叶表面上有密集纤毛或呈现出明显的脊状皱褶,并且结构越密集、凹凸越明显,越有利于粉尘颗粒物的滞留。     

鄂尔多斯高原3个水土保持树种的水分利用策略

为了解植物对环境的适应对策,通过测定鄂尔多斯高原东部丘陵区3个水土保持树种沙棘、油松和山杏的枝条木质部水和各潜在水源的δ¹⁸O值及叶片的δ¹³C值,应用多元线性混合模型分析各潜在水源的贡献比例,分析3个树种水分来源和水分利用效率的季节动态和种间差异。结果表明: 沙棘、油松和山杏在5月主要利用10 cm深度土壤水,分别占其总水源比例的88.5%、94.0%和91.6%。7月,沙棘主要利用10～25 cm土层土壤水和雨水,比例为44.6%和35.4%;油松主要利用雨水,比例为93.7%;山杏主要利用25～100 cm土层土壤水和雨水,比例分别为55.9%和36.8%。9月,沙棘主要利用25 cm深度和75～100 cm土层土壤水,比例为88.9%;油松主要利用10 cm和50～75 cm土层土壤水,比例为84.5%;山杏利用10～100 cm土层土壤水。5月沙棘的水分利用效率显著高于7月和9月。7月油松的水分利用效率显著高于9月。5月和7月沙棘的水分利用效率显著高于油松和山杏。3个树种在不同季节根据不同水源的可利用性,选择利用不同深度的土壤水或雨水。沙棘和油松干旱时能够提高水分利用效率适应环境变化,可能比山杏更适应当地的半干旱环境。     

广州市6种攀援植物降温增湿效应研究

对广州市常用的6种攀援植物进行叶面积指数、光合速率和蒸腾速率测定,比较分析其释氧固碳和降温增湿效益。结果表明,簕杜鹃Bougainvillea spectabilis单位绿地面积固碳释氧量最大,降温效果最明显;异叶爬墙虎Parthenocissus dalzielii增湿效果最好。在园林绿化中,城市立体绿化攀援植物可首选异叶爬墙虎、使君子Quisqualis indica和簕杜鹃。     

北京市26种落叶阔叶绿化树种的滞尘能力

为筛选适用于北京市的具有优良滞尘能力的绿化物种, 提高城市植被滞尘效应, 选取北京市园林绿化应用最广泛的26种落叶阔叶树种, 应用质量差值法, 于2014年夏季对不同树种单位叶面积滞尘量进行测定, 计算单叶滞尘量与单株滞尘量, 并对树种滞尘能力进行了相应的聚类分析。结果表明: 不同树种间滞尘能力存在较大差异, 选择不同的滞尘量计量单位, 树种滞尘量排序会相应地发生变化。对26种北京市常用落叶阔叶树种从叶片、植株与综合滞尘能力三个方面的聚类分析均可得到相应的分类, 各类别代表不同级别的滞尘能力水平。研究分析认为, 植物滞尘能力与其叶表特征、滞尘方式、株型结构、整株叶量及所处环境含尘量等密切相关, 评价树种滞尘能力时应进行综合考虑。     

北京市常用园林树种全生命周期碳收支

城市绿地中园林树木的光合固碳能力对中和城市温室气体排放、调节城市碳平衡具重要意义,但园林树木的栽植及养管等过程也会产生碳排放,因此全面科学地评价园林树木的净固碳能力必须综合考虑全生命周期碳的收支两个方面。基于全生命周期理论,通过生物量方程法和排放因子法核算了北京市32种常用园林树种全生命周期碳固定量和碳排放量。结果显示,北京市一级养护管理标准下供试树种全生命周期碳固定量和碳排放量均值分别为222.441 kg/株和90.545 kg/株。不同生活型园林树种全生命周期碳固定量和碳排放量存在明显分级,总体上均表现为落叶乔木>常绿乔木>小乔木>灌木。一球悬铃木、美国红梣、毛白杨、栾树等21种植物对城市绿地碳汇功能具正向效应。小叶黄杨、冬青卫矛、碧桃、紫叶李等11种植物对城市绿地碳汇功能具负向效应,其原因除了在于自身生物学特征外,也与为追求特定景观效果而采取的园林应用方式有关。结合研究结果从増汇与减排两方面提出了低碳植物景观营建策略。     

园林树木增湿降温生态功能评价方法

试验以吉林农业大学校园内的9种园林树木为研究对象,将树冠由外向内分为4个部位(分别记为表层A、外层B、中层C和内层D),分别测定各部位单位叶面积蒸腾降温量的变化规律,分析比较种内和种间不同部位单位叶面积增湿降温量的变化,以期探讨园林树木增湿降温生态功能评价的合理取样部位。结果表明:9种园林树木树冠各测定部位的单位叶面积增湿降温量均由树冠外围向树冠内部显著降低,树冠不同测定部位增湿降温量与平均值比较,种间SD和CV的变化大于种内。9个树种不同部位单位叶面积增湿量平均值为2.32 kg m-2d-1,降温量平均值为0.45℃。其中,表层A和外层B的增湿量较平均值分别提高了23.71%和10.77%,中层C和内层D分别较平均值下降了8.62%和26.46%;表层A和外层B的降温量较平均值分别提高了22.22%和11.11%,中层C和内层D分别较平均值下降了8.89%和26.67%;外层B和中层C平均增湿降温量为2.35 kg m-2d-1和0.46℃,与各测定部位平均值基本一致。9个树种各测定部位增湿降温量的偏离程度和和离散系数与平均值比较,外层B和中层C与各测定部位平均偏离程度接近,离散系数外层B最低。因此,在评价园林树木增湿降温生态功能时,提出用外层B或中层C偏向B点处的叶片作为取样部位更为合理。     

树种蒸腾作用、光合作用和蒸腾效率的比较研究

 各树种在年生长季不同测期的蒸腾速率日进程曲线一般呈单峰型。蒸腾速率与环境因子的相关性大小依次为：光照强度、气温、相对湿度和大气水势。蒸腾速率日变化一般可用具有光照因子的优化模型(即光照型、光温型、光湿型和光温湿型)来模拟。年生长季树种蒸腾速率(g·g-1LD·h-1)排序由大到小为：柠条(0.9269±0.2089)(平均值±标准差,以下同)、小叶杨(0.7177±0.2410)、河北杨(0.6256±0.1609)和北京杨(0.6007±0.2749);净光合速率(mgCO2·g-1LD·h-1)排序自高至低为：柠条(14.5949±4.6627)、小叶杨(13.4055±2.9994)、河北杨(13.2569±4.3531)和北京杨(11.6989±2.5884);蒸腾效率(gDM·g-1H2O)排序由高至低为：北京杨(1.41％±0.42％)、河北杨(1.35％±0.36％)、小叶杨(1.26％±0.23％)和柠条(1.00％±0.27％)。     

城市工业区园林绿地滞尘效应的研究--以武汉钢铁公司厂区绿地为例

在测定武钢工业区园林植物滞尘能力的基础上,结合绿地实地调查和武钢工业区园林绿地GIS,比较分析了园林绿地不同植物种类和层片类型的滞尘能力,并定量研究了武钢厂区园林绿地的滞尘效应.结果表明,不同园林植物的滞尘能力有较大差异,这主要与不同植物的叶表面特性、树冠结构、枝叶密集程度等差异有关.不同层片类型滞尘能力依次为落叶阔叶灌木＞常绿阔叶灌木＞绿篱＞常绿阔叶乔木＞落叶阔叶乔木＞针叶乔木＞草本.武钢厂区园林绿地的日滞尘量是9.51 t,年总滞尘量为3 089.98 t.其中常绿阔叶乔木层片年滞尘量最大,达991.68 t,落叶阔叶灌木层片最小,只有0.0181 t.由于园林绿地的滞尘量取决于所构成植物的滞尘能力及其叶面积绿量,因此,选择滞尘能力强的植物,并以乔灌草不同生活型植物进行合理配置,是提高园林绿地滞尘效应的有效途径.     

Ecological and ecophysiological patterns in a pre-altiplano shrubland of the Andean Cordillera in northern Chile

We report on community structural, ecophysiological, phenological, and morphological measurements made on woody plant species in the high elevation pre-altiplano zone on the western slopes of the Andean Cordillera of northern Chile. Notwithstanding extreme conditions of low rainfall, high atmospheric vapour demand and diurnal temperature fluctuation, a diversity of habitats (associated with drainage and slope aspect), appreciable local plant species richness (28 woody perennial plant species in a small area), and an array of adaptive morphological ecophysiological and phenological traits are present among woody species in these shrublands. Family diversity was low with four families accounted for 82% of the species. A range of gas exchange and watering use efficiency strategies was present ranging from highly efficient CAM species with a carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of 3.7–7.5‰ through C₃ species with varying stomatal and gas exchange characteristics with a Δ of 14.4 to 19.8‰. Drought-deciduous small-leaved amphistomatic species from arid slopes generally had high stomatal conductance and high carbon assimilation rates during the rainy season. These drought deciduous species were largely leafless and, with one exception had low water potentials, during the dry season. Wash and less xeric site species commonly had broader evergreen to semi-evergreen leaves, higher dry season water potentials, and relatively consistent and moderate rates of gas exchange throughout the year. For all species, intrinsic water use efficiency (as estimated from the inverse of c _i :c _a ratio) correlated positively with mean leaf width (broader leaves had a lower higher intrinsic WUE) and dry season water potential. The charismatic high altitude tree, Polylepis rugulosa (Roaceae), had a population structure that suggests highly episodic establishment of seedlings, likely in sequences of wet years. Little of the area of these significant shrublands is currently protected. It would be desirable to add areas of pre-altiplano shrublands to adjacent national parks to ensure the persistence of these important communities. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

乌鲁木齐市水磨沟公园土壤动物群落多样性研究

为了研究水磨沟公园土壤动物群落结构,于2006年4月15日至9月21日在水磨沟公园不同高度选择3个取样区,每个取样区设立两个不同的取样点,采集了0～5、5～10、10～15cm3个不同层次的大中型土壤动物.共获得土壤动物1153个,分别属于3门8纲18目,其中鞘翅目、中腹足目、小引类为优势类群,占全捕量的61%.蜘蛛目、伪蝎目、半翅目为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的2.34%,其余为常见类群.分析表明,在不同高度土壤动物群落物种组成和多样性之间有明显的区别;山顶土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数明显的高于山地土壤动物个体数量和群落物种多样性指数.同时随着土壤深度的增加土壤动物物种数量逐步减少,表现出明显的垂直分布特征.     

Comparisons in water relations of plants between newly formed riparian and non-riparian habitats along the bank of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The water table in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) rose significantly since the construction of the Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River. Little is known about how such a change in local hydrological condition will affect the ecophysiology of plants along the bank of the world’s largest reservoir. In this study, water relations of the dominant plants were investigated over an entire year period by comparing stable isotope compositions of xylem water, leaf water potentials and foliar carbon isotope ratios at a newly-formed riparian site near the river bank and two non-riparian sites at higher elevations. The isotopic compositions of xylem water indicated that the plants in the newly-formed riparian zone acquired water mainly from the soil previously infiltrated by local rain rather than the Yangtze River water. Predawn and midday water potentials of the riparian trees were also similar to those at the non-riparian sites. Leaf δ¹³C values of plants across the three sites also showed no difference, even though there was a significant difference among species. Our results indicate that plants at the newly formed transient riparian area along the bank of TGR do not depend on the Yangtze River water for their water sources and that rising water levels in this reservoir may not lead to immediate changes in water relations of the plants along the bank. Communicated by K. Winter.     

我国32种鸟类DNA条形码分析

DNA条形码是一种分子分类方法,近年来在物种鉴定方面得到迅速的发展和应用.本研究分析了我国27属32种鸟类(61只)的线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因的条形码片段,分别用阈值法、聚类法和诊断核苷酸进行了分析,探究DNA条形码鉴定我国鸟类的准确性.结果显示,种内CO Ⅰ序列变异很小,种间存在较多的变异位点,种间的遗传距离显著大于种内的遗传距离,DNA条形码序列能够鉴定所有鸟类.     

Effects of Elevated Temperature on Growth and Gas Exchange in Dominant Plant Species from Maowusu Sandland,China

We compared the effect of elevated temperature on morphological development, biomass accumulation and allocation, and gas exchange of three dominant plants (Caragana intermedia Kuanget H.C. Fu, Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz., and Artemisia ordosica Krasch.) growing in Chinese Maowusu sandland. Plants were grown in two temperature chambers (25/20, 28/23 °C, day/night) during 60 d. Tree height, number of leaves, and leaf area were increased in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, while in A. ordosica temperature only affected tree height. Elevated temperature increased biomass and reduced the root : shoot ratio in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, but not in A. ordosica seedlings. The net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and transpiration rate (E) were increased at days 40 and 60 in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, while in A. ordosica seedlings no significant effects on E were observed, and P _N was increased only at day 60. Water use efficiency (WUE) was reduced at days 40 and 60 in H. mongolicum seedlings, and at day 60 in C. intermedia seedlings. No temperature effect on WUE was observed in A. ordosica seedlings. These different responses indicate that climate change could alter plant communities in Maowusu sandland.     

果蝇nasuta亚群求爱歌的种间识别与进化遗传学研究

果蝇ｎａｓｕｔａ亚群由１４个种、亚种和分类群组成,广泛分布于印度－太平洋区域。本文首次记录了ｎａｓｕｔａ亚群种的求爱歌,测量了脉冲歌时域模式的参数：脉冲串间隔（ＩＢＩ）、脉冲间隔（ＩＰＩ）、脉冲串时间长度（ＰＴＬ）、每个脉冲串的脉冲数（ＰＮ）、脉冲时间长度（ＰＬ）、波动周期时间长度（ＣＬ）。采用计算机声谱分析技术,作出求爱歌信号的三维数字功率谱图,进行频率分析。发现Ｄ．ｐｕｌａｕｎａ和Ｔａｘｏｎ－Ｆ不发出求爱歌声信号,视觉在交配中可能起重要作用。对其余种、亚种和分类群的求爱歌分析表明,ｎａｓｕｔａ亚群种的求爱歌分为脉冲歌和正弦歌。对部分种的正反交Ｆ１求爱歌分析表明,脉冲歌时域参数,如ＩＰＩ平均值为Ｘ染色体连锁或常染色体多基因控制,正弦歌频率偏向母方。根据不同种、亚种和分类群脉冲歌的时域模式构建ｎａｓｕｔａ亚群的系统树,对亚群中不同种、亚种和分类群的亲缘关系进行讨论。     

Water relations, gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, and peroxidative stress of four plant species in the Heihe drainage basin of northern China

Haloxylon ammodendron, Calligonum mongolicum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, and Populus hosiensis had different adaptations to limited water availability, high temperature, and high irradiance. C. mongolicum used water more efficiently than did the other species. Because of low transpiration rate (E) and low water potential, H. ammodendron had low water loss suitable for desert conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) was high in E. angustifolia, but high E and larger leaf area made this species more suitable for mesic habitats; consequently, this species is important in tree shelterbelts. P. hosiensis had low WUE, E, and photosynthesis rates, and therefore, does not prosper in arid areas without irrigation. High irradiances caused photoinhibition of the four plants. The decrease of photochemical efficiency was a possible non-stomata factor for the midday depression of C. mongolicum. However, the species exhibited different protective mechanisms against high irradiance under drought stress. H. ammodendron and C. mongolicum possessed a more effective antioxidant defence system than E. angustifolia. These three species showed different means of coping with oxidative stress. Hence an enzymatic balance is maintained in these plants under adverse stress conditions, and the concerted action of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanisms is vital to survive adverse conditions.     

碱胁迫对黑麦草幼苗根系活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响

为了探讨牧草对碱胁迫的耐受程度,采用营养液砂培方法,研究了不同浓度NaHCO3（0、50、100、150和200 mmol·L^-1）胁迫对黑麦草幼苗根系生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响。结果表明：NaHCO3胁迫显著抑制黑麦草幼苗根系的生长,其抑制程度随胁迫浓度提高而增强,黑麦草可耐受的最高NaHCO₃浓度约为150 mmol·L^-1。随着NaHCO₃胁迫浓度的增加,黑麦草根中超氧阴离子(O^-·₂)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著下降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及抗坏血酸(ASA)含量先升后降。黑麦草根中Na⁺含量随NaHCO₃浓度增大而增加,K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺比降低,可溶性糖含量先升后降,脯氨酸含量则先降后升,游离氨基酸含量呈先升后降再升高变化。表明碱胁迫导致的活性氧代谢失调和Na⁺、K⁺失衡及积累有机溶质进行渗透调节时更多能量的消耗可能是黑麦草根系生长受抑的重要因素。     

高黎贡山雉类生境预测

物种分布信息对野生动物的保护和管理至关重要。基于物种访查数据和气候数据,采用基于物种生境偏好、利比希最小因子定律和谢尔福德耐受性定律构建的生态位模型,综合考虑物种出现点和环境变量,预测了高黎贡山白尾梢虹雉Lophophorus sclateri、血雉Ithaginis cruentus、白鹇Lophura nycthemera、白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae的潜在分布区域。结果表明,模型对4种雉类的预测均达到较好效果;白尾梢虹雉、血雉、白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境总面积分别为6 432 km^2、8 464 km^2、9 573 km^2和13 691 km^2,白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境面积大于白尾梢虹雉和血雉,但后两者具有更多的高质量生境。高黎贡山北段是4种雉类潜在生境的重叠区,为高黎贡山雉类保护的优先区域,尤其是白尾梢虹雉,建议加大该区域的雉类调查和保护力度。     

中国长大蚜属Eulachnus del Guercio研究及一新种记述(同翅目:蚜总科,大蚜科)(英文)

系统研究了中国的长大蚜属EulachnusdelGuercio ,190 9,共记述 12种 ,其中 1个新种 ,肖高山长大蚜E .similialticolaZhang ,sp .nov .;2种中国新记录种 :高山长大蚜E .alticolaB rner,1940和钉毛长大蚜E .tuberculostemmatus (Theobald ,1915 )。论文提供了该属的分种检索表 ,各种提供了寄主植物和地理分布 ,新种还提供了与其近缘种的示差鉴别。所有研究标本 ,包括模式标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆