三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度的空间格局及热点地区保护

全球气候变化和人类的开垦开发活动使湿地生物多样性遭到严重的干扰和破坏,导致生物多样性空间分布格局及热点地区的保护成为研究的热点。在对三江平原湿地鸟类预测的基础上,利用空间自相关方法分析三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度的空间分布格局,并找出湿地鸟类多样性的热点地区及优先保护顺序。研究结果表明,三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度高高集聚区主要分布在保护区及周边地区、河流和湖泊沿岸,是新建和扩建自然保护区的最佳区域。湿地鸟类丰富度高低集聚区主要分布在农田景观中,将它们设立成微型保护地块对于区域景观生态安全具有重要意义;利用湿地鸟类物种丰富度、国家级保护湿地鸟类、生境类型和结构、距最近保护区距离、破碎度、干扰度等指标,在研究区内共找到13个热点地区,总面积为1018.7km²,占研究区总面积的8%;利用系统聚类分析,将13个热点地区划分成3种优先保护顺序。构建的小区域范围内寻找生物多样性热点地区的方法,为相关政府部门更有效地进行湿地生物多样性的保护和管理提供科学依据。     

粤港澳大湾区城市化进程对区域内鸟类分布及栖息地连通性的影响

粤港澳大湾区经济快速发展和城市迅速扩张引起土地利用类型的剧烈转变,这对当地物种的栖息地、物种分布区乃至区域生物多样性均造成了影响。本研究基于82种鸟类的分布数据和15个环境变量数据,利用最大熵(maximumentropy,MaxEnt)模型及等效连接面积(the equivalent connected area, ECA)指数分析了粤港澳大湾区鸟类多样性的空间分布格局及连通性。结果表明:2000–2015年,大湾区林地、水体、耕地等用地类型分别减少3.22%、0.97%和23.19%,草地、建设用地、裸地与滩涂用地类型分别增加33.95%、80.34%和453.52%。30种以森林、农田为主要栖息生境的鸟类分布区面积减少,52种常见的城市鸟类及各类水鸟分布面积增加,鸟类分布面积与土地利用类型密切相关。此外,鸟类栖息地连接度表现出与分布区相一致的变化趋势。其中,对4种分布面积变化最大的鸟类的分析结果显示,乌鹃(Surniculuslugubris)与栗耳凤鹛(Yuhina castaniceps)分布面积及栖息地连通性随城市化进程(包括土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、水源距离和干扰距离等的...     

别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度的空间自相关分析

人类的开垦和开发活动使湿地生物多样性遭到严重的干扰和破坏,随着人们对湿地功能和价值的正确认识,湿地生物多样性保护越来越被广泛关注,湿地生物多样性空间分布格局及其影响因素是湿地生物多样性保护要解决的关键问题。利用空间自相关与空间滞后模型,对三江平原别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度的空间自相关性及其驱动因子进行了研究,结果表明:别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度及其驱动因子都具有明显的空间自相关性;影响别拉洪河流域湿地鸟类丰富度空间分布的主要因子是干扰度、生境类型数、到道路的距离、到沟渠的距离、到湖泊的距离、到居民点的距离、海拔高度、坡度和人口密度;由于受空间自相关的影响,空间自回归模型优于传统的回归模型。研究有助于人们更好地理解湿地生物多样性保护的热点地区及其形成机制,对人们更好地保护和利用湿地生物多样性具有重要价值,同时也为研究湿地鸟类分布与环境因子的关系,建立预测物种分布模型提供科学依据。     

粤港澳大湾区湿地遥感监测与评估:现状、挑战及展望

粤港澳大湾区水热丰沛河网密布，岸线曲折峡湾众多，复杂的自然条件孕育了丰富的湿地资源，构成了区域生态安全屏障的重要防线。近几十年来气候变化与区域高强度人类活动的双重胁迫下，大湾区湿地资源面积衰减、质量退化趋势明显，亟需开展湿地资源监测与评估研究，为国家战略提供基础保障。现阶段湿地遥感已实现由最初的湿地面积、形态提取向湿地生物物理参量提取的过程转变，然而粤港澳大湾区特有的气候特征，限制了传统光学影像在湿地遥感领域的应用，大大提升了此区域长时间序列湿地遥感数据获取的难度。此外，如何实现湿地生态价值与生态资产对接与评估，也是现阶段自然资源监测管理面临的重大课题之一。本文基于粤港澳大湾区建设的国家战略需求，讨论湿地资源在构建大湾区生态安全保障体系中的重要地位，厘清大湾区湿地资源保护与利用存在的关键技术瓶颈与核心科学问题，围绕湿地遥感监测、湿地资源生态资产价值评估、湿地生态功能分区与定位等关键问题，指出开展粤港澳大湾区湿地遥感监测与评估面临的挑战，明确构建"天-空-地"湿地遥感监测的综合技术体系实施方案，并展望粤港澳大湾区湿地常态化监测与资产评估的几个重要方向：1构建适用于不同自然环境特征的湿地分类体系；2融合升级现有湿地监测与评估技术手段，发挥"天-空-地"一体化监测平台的技术优势；3全区域监测与重点调查相结合；4从调查监测迈向资源动态监控与演变机制分析；5面向陆海统筹的湿地区划与综合管治；6多学科、跨区域、跨行业协作。     

粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统修复框架

粤港澳大湾区是全球四大湾区之一，也是我国重要的战略发展区，具有极强的开放性、经济性、生态性、社会性、海洋性和系统性特征，具有重要的理论和实践研究价值。海岸带生态系统是粤港澳大湾区重要的生态系统类型之一。受快速城市化的影响，粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统存在诸多问题，这些问题已成为影响陆海生态安全的重要因素。海岸带生态系统修复是国土空间生态修复的重要组成部分之一。为加快促进粤港澳大湾区海岸带修复，在分析粤港澳大湾区海岸带主要类型与特征基础上，通过剖析其现状海岸带生态修复存在的主要问题，依托山水林田湖草海生命共同体和陆海统筹等系统理念，提出粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统修复框架设计思路。基于粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统受植被、湿地、水文地质、人类活动、经济发展水平、产业发展特征、香港和澳门特别行政区等影响因素，构建了粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统分区、分类、分级修复框架，形成了由珠三角核心区、粤港澳大湾区、珠三角滨海城市群、珠江流域构成的粤港澳大湾区"一核一区一群一流域"海岸带生态系统修复新格局。在此基础上提出了粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统修复"十条"。以流域作为生态修复治理的基本单元，将影响海岸带生态系统平衡的多种因素进行分类整理，从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发，坚持水陆联动、陆海统筹，实施以水为核心的山水林田湖草海一体化修复，从而实现粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统修复新目标。通过优化湾区海岸带生态环境，维护湾区海岸带生态平衡，提高湾区海岸带生态安全格局，进而促进粤港澳大湾区的可持续发展和生态文明建设。     

云贵高原湿地群水鸟的多样性与分布

随着全球湿地的退化和消失,水鸟种群数量持续下降,掌握水鸟分布格局的地区特异性信息是开展水鸟保护的重要前提。云贵高原湿地为中国水鸟六大分布区之一,过去的研究多限于该区域内单个湿地冬季水鸟的调查,为获知云贵高原湿地水鸟整体分布的时间和空间格局,采用文献数据收集法对云贵高原15个重要湿地的水鸟分布数据进行了分析。结果表明,(1)云贵高原湿地共记录到水鸟128种,分属7目16科,包括国家重点保护野生动物11种,《中国脊椎动物红色名录》或世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录受胁物种17种;(2)春、夏、秋、冬季的物种数量分别为81种(85.3%)、48种(50.5%)、85种(89.5%)和73种(76.8%);(3)物种组成空间分布可能是湿地面积、植被类型、湿地连通性、水深等综合作用的结果。建议管理部门优化云贵高原水鸟调查方案,重视对春季和秋季旅鸟的调查与保护,同时选择不同物种组成的湿地代表进行冬候鸟监测以提高效率。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区石油开采对水鸟多样性及分布的影响

水鸟是湿地生态系统健康的重要指示物种，易受湿地退化和人为干扰的影响。目前我国渤海湾地区石油开采强度较大，占据了一定面积的水鸟栖息地，会对当地水鸟产生影响。以山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区为研究区域，在该保护区设置4块5 km×5 km样区，在2021年3月、5月、6月、7月和9月采用样线法调查样区内水鸟群落组成，结合深度学习和目视解译处理遥感影像量化区域内的油井密度和距离，使用广义线性模型分析水鸟多度与油井密度和距离的关系，使用Mantel分析检验水鸟群落组成的差异，采用双因素方差分析检验油井密度和距离对水鸟多样性指数的影响。调查期间共记录到水鸟约38994只，隶属于7目14科77种，其中优势类群为鸻鹬类、雁鸭类、鹭类和鸥类。结果表明：（1）随着油井密度增加，水鸟群落的Shannon-Wiener指数升高，而多度呈现先升高后下降的趋势。鸻鹬类在中低密度和中高密度区的多度显著高于低密度区，其他类群差异不显著。油井密度的差异与水鸟群落β多样性的差异呈显著正相关关系，即密度差异越大，水鸟群落组成越不同。（2）随着油井距离增加，水鸟群落的Shannon-Wiener指数出现下降趋势。雁鸭类距油井越远，多度越高，其他水鸟类群未表现出明显趋势。（3）油井距离和密度的交互作用对水鸟多样性指数影响均不显著。研究表明，在黄河三角洲自然保护区，油井密度影响了水鸟群落的多样性和群落组成，这与石油开采的特征和不同类群水鸟对人类活动的适应能力有关；油井距离也影响着水鸟群落的空间分布，这与不同物种对干扰的适应能力及栖息地偏好有关。     

环境因子对东洞庭湖优势冬季水鸟分布的影响

东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区是我国乃至全球湿地水鸟的重要越冬栖息地,研究水鸟群落与环境因子之间的关系,对修复鸟类栖息地具有重要意义.2010和2011年冬季分别对东洞庭湖湿地冬季水鸟进行调查,采用典范对应分析(CCA)分析环境因子与优势水鸟分布的关系,采用偏CCA评估各环境因子的影响强度.结果表明： 到道路距离、到居民距离、斑块密度、植被类型数、水面面积和苔草面积对东洞庭湖冬季水鸟分布具有显著影响(P<0.05),其影响强度为苔草面积>斑块密度>到居民距离>植被类型数>水面面积>到道路距离,苔草面积和斑块密度对水鸟分布的影响达极显著水平(P<0.01),是影响东洞庭湖湿地冬季水鸟的主要环境因子;景观多样性和芦苇面积对水鸟分布的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05).回归分析结果显示,环境因子对不同水鸟丰富度的影响不同,白琵鹭、罗纹鸭和黑腹滨鹬丰富度随苔草面积增大而减小,随斑块密度增大而增大;豆雁、白额雁、小白额雁和绿翅鸭丰富度随苔草面积增大而增大,随斑块密度增大而减小.东洞庭湖冬季水鸟分布是由以苔草面积、斑块密度为主的多环境因子综合作用的结果.     

安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟多样性

水鸟群落多样性特征可以反映湿地公园内不同功能区的栖息地质量。除了研究水鸟群落的Alpha多样性, 其Beta多样性在空间维度上的物种周转和嵌套组分可以衡量不同功能区物种保护意义。为掌握嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟资源以及湿地公园建设成效, 于2019年1月至2019年12月在安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园内设置14个观测点进行水鸟调查。结果显示, 该湿地公园共有水鸟6目15科54种, 以冬候鸟为主(占53.70%); 鸟类区系组成包括古北界种35种(占64.81%)、东洋界种8种(占14.81%)和两界广布种11种(占20.37%); 有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类2种, 国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种, 安徽省重点保护鸟类12种; 世界自然保护联盟物种红色名录中的近危(NT)物种2种, 易危(VU)物种3种, 濒危(EN)物种1种。各功能区间水鸟多样性差异明显, Shannon-Wiener指数以湿地保育区最高(2.33), 恢复重建区最低(2.05); 恢复重建区与湿地保育区相似性最高(0.8889), 游客开放区与湿地保育区相似性指数最低(0.5000); 湿地保育区和恢复重建区之间的水鸟群落Beta多样性周转组分高于嵌套组分, 其余功能区之间Beta多样性的嵌套组分均高于周转组分。研究结果表明, 嬉子湖湿地公园功能区设置基本合理, 且湿地保育区内水鸟群落结构最为稳定, 但在关注湿地保育区的同时, 也应加强恢复重建区建设, 提高该功能区栖息地的生境多样性。     

澳门生态一区和二区水鸟谱系多样性的季节变化

季节变化是鸟类群落的重要特征之一,其引起的环境变化决定着鸟类群落构建过程中不同驱动因子的作用力。因此,了解鸟类群落结构的季节变化,对于全面认识生物群落结构具有重要意义,尤其利用谱系多样性来探讨鸟类的季节性变化和推断群落聚集规律越来越受到关注。2018年1—12月,采用样线法对澳门生态一区和二区2块湿地进行逐月调查,记录水鸟的物种丰富度和多度,并分析水鸟谱系多样性的季节动态。结果显示,1)共记录水鸟37种,隶属于6目9科,目、科、种中数量最多的依次为:鸻形目Charadriiformes物种数为15种,鹭科Ardeidae物种数为11种,白鹭Egretta garzetta多度为540只。2)生态一区和二区水鸟的物种丰富度在冬季最高,其次为秋季;生态一区和二区的物种多度分别在秋季和冬季最高;谱系多样性和平均成对谱系距离的季节变化规律与物种丰富度的相似。3)生态一区和二区的鸟类群落分别在春、秋、冬季和秋季趋向于谱系发散,而在其他时间大多呈现出谱系聚集。谱系发散可能表明了种间竞争在群落构建中作用更大,而谱系聚集则表明了环境过滤对繁殖季水鸟群落构建具有重要作用。结果表明,湿地水鸟群落的驱动因子存在季节变化,考虑这些变化是全面认识群落结构的前提。     

崇明东滩越冬鸟类在养殖塘的空间分布

鸟类对空间的利用直接反映对栖息地的选择。通过对崇明东滩养殖塘越冬鸟类群落调查,运用空间自相关检验、空间插值分析和景观格局分析,研究越冬鸟类在养殖塘人工湿地的空间分布格局。结果显示:雁鸭类和鸻鹬类在养殖塘分布特征显著不同。雁鸭类呈现显著的空间自相关,为聚集分布,且丰富度和多度分布较为一致;而鸻鹬类在养殖塘以随机分布为主,丰富度显示一定的聚集分布。养殖塘已经成为崇明东滩越冬鸟类重要的栖息地,不同生态类群栖息地选择存在差异:芦苇植被发育好,水域面积较小且水深较深,不同斑块以聚集为特征的养殖塘是雁鸭类的适宜生境;鸻鹬类则偏好一定芦苇植被、水域面积大且水深较浅的养殖塘。因此在保护区土地利用和管理时应考虑不同生态类群对栖息地选择的差异。     

菜子湖冬季水鸟空间分布与环境因子的关系研究

水鸟空间分布与环境因子的关系是生态研究的重要内容,环境因子的变化可以通过改变栖息地的生境特征、食物资源从而直接或间接影响水鸟的种类、数量和分布.利用网格单元对2019—2020年菜子湖冬季水鸟及其环境因子进行调查,共记录到水鸟6目12科41种,其优势种为豆雁(Anser fabalis)和黑腹滨鹬(Calidris a...     

Fine scale waterbody data improve prediction of waterbird occurrence despite coarse species data

While modelling habitat suitability and species distribution, ecologists must deal with issues related to the spatial resolution of species occurrence and environmental data. Indeed, given that the spatial resolution of species and environmental datasets range from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers, it underlines the importance of choosing the optimal combination of resolutions to achieve the highest possible modelling prediction accuracy. We evaluated how the spatial resolution of land cover/waterbody datasets (meters to 1 km) affect waterbird habitat suitability models based on atlas data (grid cell of 12 × 11 km). We hypothesized that the area, perimeter and number of waterbodies computed from high resolution datasets would explain distributions of waterbirds better because coarse resolution datasets omit small waterbodies affecting species occurrence. Specifically, we investigated which spatial resolution of waterbodies better explain the distribution of seven waterbirds nesting on ponds/lakes with areas ranging from 0.1 ha to hundreds of hectares. Our results show that the area and perimeter of waterbodies derived from high resolution datasets (raster data with 30 m resolution, vector data corresponding with map scale 1:10 000) explain the distribution of the waterbirds better than those calculated using less accurate datasets despite the coarse grain of the species data. Taking into account the spatial extent (global vs regional) of the datasets, we found the Global Inland Waterbody Dataset to be the most suitable for modelling distribution of waterbirds. In general, we recommend using land cover data of a resolution sufficient to capture the smallest patches of the habitat suitable for a given species’ presence for both fine and coarse grain habitat suitability and distribution modelling.     

Changes in distribution of waterbirds following prolonged drought reflect habitat availability in coastal and inland regions

Provision of suitable habitat for waterbirds is a major challenge for environmental managers in arid and semiarid regions with high spatial and temporal variability in rainfall. It is understood in broad terms that to survive waterbirds must move according to phases of wet–dry cycles, with coastal habitats providing drought refugia and inland wetlands used during the wet phase. However, both inland and coastal wetlands are subject to major anthropogenic pressures, and the various species of waterbird may have particular habitat requirements and respond individualistically to spatiotemporal variations in resource distribution. A better understanding of the relationships between occurrence of waterbirds and habitat condition under changing climatic conditions and anthropogenic pressures will help clarify patterns of habitat use and the targeting of investments in conservation. We provide the first predictive models of habitat availability between wet and dry phases for six widely distributed waterbird species at a large spatial scale. We first test the broad hypothesis that waterbirds are largely confined to coastal regions during a dry phase. We then examine the contrasting results among the six species, which support other hypotheses erected on the basis of their ecological characteristics. There were large increases in area of suitable habitat in inland regions in the wet year compared with the dry year for all species, ranging from 4.14% for Australian White Ibis to 31.73% for Eurasian Coot. With over half of the suitable habitat for three of the six species was located in coastal zones during drought, our study highlights the need to identify and conserve coastal drought refuges. Monitoring of changes in extent and condition of wetlands, combined with distribution modeling of waterbirds, will help support improvements in the conservation and management of waterbirds into the future.     

汶川地震灾区生物多样性热点地区分析

汶川地震灾区位于长江上游,是我国大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的主要分布区,被保护国际认定的25个全球生物多样性热点地区之一.2008年5月12日发生的汶川大地震导致该区域生态环境遭受严重破坏,需要识别生物多样性热点地区,指导灾后生物多样性保护.选取物种生境质量、植被景观多样性指数和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,其中生境质量采用InVEST生物多样性模型计算,然后利用空间相关分析中G系数进行热点地区分析,探测出灾区生物多样性的热点区,并在此基础上与现有保护区分布、物种生境分布以及Marxan模型计算出的优先区进行对比验证.结果显示:热点区范围涉及到现有76％的保护区,且保护区内的热点区面积达到灾区所有保护区面积的55％;在选取的69个指示物种中有60个物种位于热点区的生境面积占这些物种在灾区的总生境面积的50％以上,有32个物种在80％左右,热点区内的所有指示物种生境总面积占整个灾区指示物种生境总面积的70％以上.基于空间相关分析方法得出的热点地区基本上与Marxan模型输出的优先保护区范围结果基本一致.但空间相关分析的热点区划分克服了Marxan模型优先保护区分布过于离散,孤岛效应明显的不足.     

冬季水鸟对崇明东滩水产养殖塘的利用

自然湿地的丧失和退化给依赖湿地生存的水鸟带来了严重威胁,人工湿地作为水鸟栖息地的功能日益受到关注.水产养殖塘是人工湿地的重要类型之一.通过研究崇明东滩水产养殖塘冬季水鸟群落组成及其栖息地特征,发现大面积养殖塘比小面积养殖塘吸引更多种类和更高密度的水鸟.养殖塘在放水前水位较高时吸引更多游禽栖息,而在放水后水位较低时吸引更多涉禽;在放水过程中,养殖塘中水鸟的种类最多,密度最大.另外,在放水的不同时期,不同的环境因子对水鸟群落的影响不同:放水之前,养殖塘水面面积和平均水深是水鸟种类和数量的主要影响因子,其中游禽种类和数量受水面面积影响较大,涉禽种类和数量受平均水深影响较大;放水过程中,裸地面积、芦苇面积、干扰程度、平均水深和水深变异对水鸟、游禽和涉禽的种类和数量起主要作用;放水之后,水深变异对水鸟种类和数量的影响较大,而影响游禽种类和数量的主要因子是水面面积,影响涉禽种类和数量的主要因子是水深变异.研究表明,通过对影响水鸟栖息地利用的主要因子的有效管理,养殖塘在提供经济效益的同时也能为水鸟提供适宜的栖息地.     

­­Cross-taxon congruence in wetlands: Assessing the value of waterbirds as surrogates of macroinvertebrate biodiversity in Mediterranean Ramsar sites

Wetlands are among the most threatened habitats and the species they support among the most endangered taxa. Measuring and monitoring wetland biodiversity is vital for conservation, restoration and management, and often relies on the use of surrogate taxa. Waterbirds are commonly used as flagships of biodiversity and are the subject of major conservation initiatives. Therefore, it is important to assess the extent to which waterbirds indicate the general biodiversity of wetlands and serve as surrogates.We explore the relationships between community composition and species richness of waterbirds and aquatic macroinvertebrates in 36 Ramsar wetlands in southern Spain to assess if waterbirds are good surrogates for other taxonomic groups. Specifically, we aimed to (i) test the congruence of patterns of species composition and richness among waterbirds and aquatic macroinvertebrates; and (ii) investigate which environmental variables are associated with the biodiversity patterns of waterbirds and macroinvertebrates, with the purpose of identifying key factors explaining potential discordance in these patterns.We found a limited concordance between assemblage patterns of both taxonomic groups that may be related to their contrasting responses to environmental gradients. Assemblages of waterbirds appear to be more affected by climate variables and water surface area, whereas conductivity was the most important factor influencing macroinvertebrate communities. Furthermore, we found a negligible or inverse relationship in their patterns of richness, with wetlands with higher waterbird species richness showing significantly lower richness of Hemiptera and macroinvertebrate families, and no significant relationship with Coleoptera. In addition, GLM models showed that, in general, different environmental variables are related with the richness patterns of the different taxonomic groups.Given the importance of the Ramsar convention for the conservation of an international network of wetlands, our findings underline the limited potential of waterbirds as aquatic biodiversity indicators in Mediterranean wetlands, and the need for caution when using waterbirds as flagships. An integrative analysis of different biological communities, using datasets from different taxonomic groups, is a necessary precursor for successful conservation policies and monitoring. Our results illustrate the need to create a diversified and complete network of protected sites able to conserve multiple components of wetland biodiversity.     

Diversity of waterbirds wintering in Douz wetlands (south Tunisia): factors affecting wetland occupancy and species richness

Understanding the environmental factors shaping wetland attractiveness for waterbirds is an important question in wetland ecology and for conservation purposes. However, detailed data from numerous North African wetlands, notably those situated in inland areas, are still lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing wetland use by waterbirds wintering in one of such poorly known habitat systems, namely the Saharan wetland complex of Douz, in south-western Tunisia. Thirty-four waterbird species (20 wading birds and 14 waterfowl species) were found to winter in this area. Using discriminant function analyses, we found that wetland size was the unique variable discriminating between occupied and unoccupied sites for total waterbirds and wading birds, while waterfowl distribution was related to both wetland size and water depth. Wetland size also provided the strongest predictor of species richness of wading birds, waterfowl and total waterbirds. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of wetland size as a key factor determining the attractiveness of wetlands for waterbirds wintering in the Saharan wetland complex of Douz. The possible explanations of this wetland size effect are discussed.     

河西走廊城镇化与资源环境承载力的动态耦合及空间格局

城镇化和资源环境承载力耦合的时空演化是生态、地理、经济社会学等研究的重要内容之一,对促进城镇的可持续发展具有重要意义。为研究县域尺度上河西走廊城镇化与资源环境承载力协调度的空间分布格局,基于核密度分析、探索性分析、时空数据模型等方法,对该区域城镇化和资源环境承载力协调度的空间异质性及其动态演进过程进行了研究。结果表明:2000-2018年,河西走廊城镇化与资源环境承载力的协调度呈先递减后升高趋势,协调度峰值在0.35~0.42,现阶段仍以不协调为主;区域城镇化与资源环境承载力协调度的空间分布不均衡,西北高东南低,存在空间集聚和空间自相关现象,热点主要分布在酒泉-嘉峪关等传统工业区,冷点主要分布在东南部的武威区域;区域城镇化与资源环境承载力协调度主要受环保治理投入、产业结构和开发效率等因素的影响。河西走廊城镇化与资源环境承载力协调发展格局及其演化机制的研究对促进该地区城镇化与生态环境协调发展、实现丝绸之路经济带城镇可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Optimal conservation planning of multiple hydrological ecosystem services under land use and climate changes in Teshio river watershed,northernmost of Japan

Most anthropogenic activities impacted on water quality and quantity, and further impacted on ecosystem services (ESs) in watershed are related to land use and climate changes those may cause losses of ecosystem functions. Effective information regarding ESs and their optimal priority conservation planning responded to land use and climate changes provide useful support for diverse stakeholders in ESs planning, management and policies. This study integrated the approach of spatially explicit ESs (water yield, inorganic nutrient, organic nutrient and sediment retentions) by using hydrology and material flow model (Soil and Water Assessment Tools, SWAT model) into systematic conservation of hydrological ESs according to land use and climate changes in Teshio watershed located in the north of Hokkaido, Japan. We investigated the spatial patterns and the hotspots of ESs changes to determine the spatial pattern of changes in systematic conservation optimal area of ES protection in terms of ESs protection targets. Under the land use and climate change scenarios, the forest land use significantly affected on the water yield, sediment, organic-Nitrogen (N) and organic-Phosphorous (P) retentions. The agricultural land (paddy and farmland fields) impacted on the inorganic-N and inorganic-P retentions. We applied the systematic conservation model (MARXAN model) to optimize the area for management of hydrological ESs satisfied the protection targets (30% and 50% of potential maximum ESs values among all scenarios) in all and individual ecosystem services, respectively. The simulated results indicated that the areas of spatial optimal ESs protection for all hydrological ESs were totally different from those for individual ESs. For bundles of ESs, the optimal priority conservation areas concentrated in southwest, north, and southeast of this watershed, which are related to land use, topography and climate driving factors. These places could guarantee ESs sustainability from both environmental protection and agricultural development standpoints. The priority conservation area turned more compact under climate change because the increased precipitation and temperature increased ESs amount. For individual ESs, the optimal priority conservation areas of water yield, sediment retention and organic nutrient retention were traded off against those of inorganic nutrient retention (lower Jaccard's indexes and negative correlations of selection times). Especially, the negative correlation of selection times increased as the conservation target increased from 30% to 50%. The proposed approach provided useful information for assessing the responses of ESs and systematic conservation optimal planning to the land use and climate changes. The systematic conservation optimal areas of hydrological ESs provided an effective trade-off tool between environmental protection (sediment and organic nutrient retentions) and economic development (water yield and inorganic nutrient retention).