山茶属CHS基因家族的组成和分子进化初探

用PCR方法从4种山茶属(Camellia)(山茶科)(Theaceae)植物的总DNA中分别扩增到CHS基因外显子2的部分序列,经克隆、测序得到16个该基因的序列,这些序列与来自GenBank的该属另一种植物的3个序列及作为外类群的大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)的2个序列一起进行分析.研究表明,山茶属CHS基因家族在进化过程中已分化为A、B、C三个亚家族,包括A1、A2、A3、B1、B2、C 等6类不同的基因成员;其中只有A2类成员为全部被研究的5种植物所共有,而其他5类成员只在部分被研究的植物中发现;所有这些CHS成员具有很高的同源性:在核苷酸水平上同一亚家族内基本上高于90%,不同亚家族间也在78%以上.从推测的氨基酸组成看,山茶属内CHS基因的功能已发生了分化,各类成员的碱基替代率有较大差异; 从分子系统发育树和可能的氨基酸组成分析,山茶属具有新功能的基因成员是在经过基因重复后,或是由少数几个位点的突变而成,或是由逐渐积累的突变而形成的.进一步分析认为,该属CHS基因的分化直到近期还在活跃地进行,并且不同种的进化式样有一定的差别,这种不同的进化式样可能是物种形成后受不同环境因素影响而形成的.     

石笔木CHS基因家族成员的分析

用PCR方法从石笔木（Tutcheria spectabilis Dunn）的总DNA中扩增CHS基因外显子2的部分序列以代表该基因进行研究,经克隆后测序,得到长约740－780bp的序列共12个。以EMBL数据库中得到的紫花苜蓿和欧洲赤松各一个序列作为参照,进行排序和系统树的构建分析。结果显示,所有被测定的序列同源性均高于70％,为CHS基因家庭的成员,且这些序列由3大类共5种不同的基因拷贝组成：第一类家族成员因碱基的插入和缺失改变了读码框,推测已失去了CHS基因的功能,成为假基因,其中个别拷贝存在较大缺失,这在以前的研究中未见报道;第二类家族成员因活性位点的氨基酸发生突变,可能具有新的基因功能;第三类家族成员则具有原CHS基因的功能。综上结果,可预测,山茶科CHS基因家族较大,且有着复杂的进化式样。     

小桐子YABBY全基因组家族成员的鉴定、表达和可变剪接分析

为发掘能源植物小桐子(Jatropha curcas)的YABBY转录因子,以最新公布的小桐子基因组序列为参考,在全基因组层面鉴定出5个亚家族的7个YABBY基因,同一亚家族的成员具有相似的氨基酸序列、基因结构和保守基序组成。YAB2和FIL/YAB3亚家族的2个旁系同源基因对(JcYAB2A/JcYAB2B、JcYAB1/JcYAB3)具有良好的共线性关系,表明片段复制或全基因组复制是小桐子YABBY家族扩张的主要方式。纯化选择是进化的主要动力,而YAB2亚家族成员可能在进化中经历了更明显的功能分化。基因表达模式和蛋白互作预测分析表明JcYAB2B和JcYAB3可能在种子的发育过程中起到重要的调控作用;同时,细胞分裂素、干旱或高盐胁迫处理抑制了大多数JcYABs成员的基因表达。此外,转录组测序结合q RT-PCR分析表明,低温处理有效诱导JcYAB2A和JcYAB2B的基因表达模式发生变化,并伴随着新的、截短的可变剪接转录本的动态积累。因此,推测JcYABs可能通过剪接体的功能竞争或功能互补参与低温响应的调节,这些结果有助于更好地了解YABBY家族成员的功能分化并阐明可变剪接如何调控...     

决明查尔酮合成酶基因的克隆及序列分析

以决明(Cassia tora)为实验材料,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,从决明嫩叶中克隆出查尔酮合成酶(Chal-one synthase,CHS)基因,其cDNA全长为1 459 bp,编码一个由390个氨基酸残基组成的多肽.氨基酸序列分析表明,决明CHS基因的氨基酸序列中含有44.61%的中性疏水氨基酸,29.74%的中性亲水氨基酸,12.56%的酸性氨基酸和13.O8%的碱性氨基酸.决明CHS基因的氨基酸序列中具有CHS家族酶系的氨基酸保守残基,包括结合底物CoA的结合残基及催化聚酮合成的催化残基,表明其可能参与聚酮化合物的合成.决明与其它植物CHS的氨基酸序列的进化分析表明,其与同为豆科决明属的翼叶决明(Cassia alata)的同源性较近,并且CHS家族可以分为CHS亚家族与非CHS亚家族.将得到的序列提交GenBank,登录号为EU430077.     

甘蓝型油菜MADS-box基因家族的鉴定与系统进化分析

MADS-box基因家族参与调控开花时间、花器官分化、根系生长、分生组织分化、子房和配子发育、果实膨大及衰老等植物生长发育的重要过程。基于甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)基因组测序数据,利用生物信息学方法对甘蓝型油菜MADS-box基因家族进行鉴定和注释及基因结构与系统进化分析。结果显示,在甘蓝型油菜中鉴定出307个MADS-box基因家族成员,根据进化关系可将其分为两大类型,I型(M-type)包含α、β、γ三个亚家族,II型(MIKC-type)包括MIKCC和MIKC*两个亚家族,MIKCC可进一步分为13个小类;甘蓝型油菜A基因组染色体上分布的MADS-box基因多于C基因组。在基因结构上,MIKC-type亚家族基因序列普遍比M-type长且含有较多的外显子;M-type亚家族蛋白序列中的motif数量为2–5个,MIKC-type亚家族蛋白序列中平均含有7个motif。拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)与甘蓝型油菜MADS-box基因共线性分析结果显示,全基因组复制事件对MADS-box基因家族尤其是MIKC亚家族的扩张起重要作用;MIKC亚家族基因在进化过程中受到的选择压力约为M-type的2倍,这表明MIKC-type亚家族在进化过程中被选择性保留。     

真双子叶基部类群十种植物的CHS基因家族成员分析

用PCR方法从目前极少被报道的真双子叶基部类群10种植物的总DNA中扩增出CHS基因外显子2的部分序列进行分析,经克隆后测序,共得到26个不同的片段。分析表明,所有序列具有较高的同源性（〉70％）,每种植物有2—4个不同的拷贝,在金鱼藻中发现有一个拷贝（CedeCHS3）含有一段长29个碱基的缺失,可能已失去了该基因的功能,而来自银桦的GrroCHS8拷贝具有较多活性位点的变异,可能具有了新的功能。在对碱基含量的分析中表明,只有来自雀舌黄杨的序列有一定的GC偏好,特别是第三位的GC含量达70％以上。用贝叶斯法、最大简约法和邻接法构建的CHS基因的分子系统树均由3个主要分支构成,其中一个分支由来自金鱼藻的4个序列聚在一起构成了subfamilyⅡ,来自昆栏树的2个序列聚在一起网接于subfamilyⅢ中;来自独叶草的3个序列分散于同一亚家族（subfamilyⅠ）的不同分支中;而多数种的序列分散在相距较远的两个分支中,构成了两个主要的亚家族subfamilyⅠ、subfamilyⅢ。从所建分子系统树看真双子叶基部类群植物的CHS基因家族成员来源于该类群形成前的两个祖先拷贝,在不同植物这两个祖先拷贝经历了不同的进化过程,这些进化上的差异可能与不同植物的生活习性及生存环境的多样性相关。     

水稻扩展蛋白家族的生物信息学分析

扩展蛋白是植物细胞壁的重要组成部分,具有松驰细胞壁和增加细胞壁柔韧性的作用,在植物的生长发育及抗性等方面起到重要的作用。水稻的全基因组序列统计分析显示,水稻扩展蛋白基因家族包含58个成员,分属于A(34)、B(19)、LA(4)和LB(1)4个亚家族,分布在水稻10条染色体上的58个位点,且同一亚家族成员有成簇存在的现象。扩展蛋白基因长度范围为687~1128 bp,编码蛋白质具有保守的结构域,以及保守的半胱氨酸和色氨酸残基。多数情况下,亚家族成员之间的氨基酸一致率小于35%,而同一亚家族成员之间的氨基酸一致率大于35%。在内含子、外显子组成模式上,水稻扩展蛋白呈现明显的亚家族特异性,除个别基因以外,A类基因含有1或2个内含子,B类含有3个内含子,LA和LB类含有4个内含子。密码子使用统计显示,与其他物种相比,水稻中的扩展蛋白具有更多的密码子使用偏好性,有26个高频密码子存在。研究结果展示了水稻扩展蛋白基因家族的基本信息,为深入研究扩展蛋白基因的功能、探讨物种间的进化关系奠定基础。     

辣椒查尔酮合成酶基因家族全基因组鉴定及表达特征分析

查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)是植物色素合成的一个关键酶,对植物的生长发育具有重要作用。本试验依据辣椒的基因组数据,采用生物信息学的方法对辣椒CHS基因家族进行鉴定及分析。结果得出该基因家族含有7个成员,氨基酸序列长度介于213~402 aa之间,基因间序列相似性变化幅度较大,具有高度遗传多样性。基因特性分析发现7个基因含有高度保守的结构域,内含子数较少,为1~2个,它们主要分布于3条染色体上,其中以12号染色体分布最多;此外通过系统进化分析可将CHS基因分为两大类。对辣椒CHS基因的组织表达及果实发育的9个不同时期的表达进行分析,结果表明CHS家族基因具有组织表达特异性和发育时期表达特异性,每个成员都具有不同的调控方式。本研究不仅为今后了解辣椒CHS基因家族的功能和进化奠定基础,而且为遗传性状改良提供候选资源。     

MADS-box 基因家族基因重复及其功能的多样性

基因的重复(duplication)及其功能的多样性(diversification)为生物体新的形态进化提供了原材料。MADS-box基因在植物(特别是被子植物)的进化过程中发生了大规模的基因重复事件而形成一个多基因家族。MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用, 在调控开花时间、决定花分生组织和花器官特征以及调控根、叶、胚珠及果实的发育中起着广泛的作用。探讨MADS-box基因家族的进化历史有助于深入了解基因重复及随后其功能分化的过程和机制。本文综述了MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能分化式样的研究进展。     

MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能的多样性

基因的重复(duplication)及其功能的多样性(diversification)为生物体新的形态进化提供了原材料。MADS-box基因在植物(特别是被子植物)的进化过程中发生了大规模的基因重复事件而形成一个多基因家族。MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用,在调控开花时间、决定花分生组织和花器官特征以及调控根、叶、胚珠及果实的发育中起着广泛的作用。探讨MADS-box基因家族的进化历史有助于深入了解基因重复及随后其功能分化的过程和机制。本文综述了MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能分化式样的研究进展。     

The Complete Genome Phylogeny of Geographically Distinct Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Isolates (1944-2013) Supports Further Groupings within the Cosmopolitan Genotype

Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) isolates have been implicated in deadly outbreaks of dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in several regions of the world. Phylogenetic analysis of DENV-2 isolates collected from particular countries has been performed using partial or individual genes but only a few studies have examined complete whole-genome sequences collected worldwide. Herein, 50 complete genome sequences of DENV-2 isolates, reported over the past 70 years from 19 different countries, were downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted and evolutionary distances of the 50 DENV-2 isolates were determined using maximum likelihood (ML) trees or Bayesian phylogenetic analysis created from complete genome nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences or individual gene sequences. The results showed that all DENV-2 isolates fell into seven main groups containing five previously defined genotypes. A Cosmopolitan genotype showed further division into three groups (C-I, C-II, and C-III) with the C-I group containing two subgroups (C-IA and C-IB). Comparison of the aa sequences showed specific mutations among the various groups of DENV-2 isolates. A maximum number of aa mutations was observed in the NS5 gene, followed by the NS2A, NS3 and NS1 genes, while the smallest number of aa substitutions was recorded in the capsid gene, followed by the PrM/M, NS4A, and NS4B genes. Maximum evolutionary distances were found in the NS2A gene, followed by the NS4A and NS4B genes. Based on these results, we propose that genotyping of DENV-2 isolates in future studies should be performed on entire genome sequences in order to gain a complete understanding of the evolution of various isolates reported from different geographical locations around the world.     

The Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Three Bristletails (Insecta: Archaeognatha): The Paraphyly of Machilidae and Insights into Archaeognathan Phylogeny

The order Archaeognatha was an ancient group of Hexapoda and was considered as the most primitive of living insects. Two extant families (Meinertellidae and Machilidae) consisted of approximately 500 species. This study determined 3 complete mitochondrial genomes and 2 nearly complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the bristletail. The size of the 5 mitochondrial genome sequences of bristletail were relatively modest, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and one control region. The gene orders were identical to that of Drosophila yakuba and most bristletail species suggesting a conserved genome evolution within the Archaeognatha. In order to estimate archaeognathan evolutionary relationships, phylogenetic analyses were conducted using concatenated nucleotide sequences of 13 protein-coding genes, with four different computational algorithms (NJ, MP, ML and BI). Based on the results, the monophyly of the family Machilidae was challenged by both datasets (W12 and G12 datasets). The relationships among archaeognathan subfamilies seemed to be tangled and the subfamily Machilinae was also believed to be a paraphyletic group in our study.     

The chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida (V30): sequence homology,chromosomal localization and evolutionary aspects

Chalcone synthase (CHS) genes in Petunia hybrida comprise a multigene family containing at least 7 complete members in the strain Violet 30 (V30). Based on a high sequence homology in both coding and non-coding sequence, a number of CHS genes can be placed into two subfamilies. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis it was shown that both chromosomes II and V carry one of these subfamilies, in addition to the other CHS genes identified so far. Members of a subfamily were found to be closely linked genetically. Analysis of the Petunia species that contributed to the hybrid nature of P. hybrida (P. axillaris, P. parodii, P. inflata and P. violacea) shows that none of the CHS gene clusters is specific for either one of the parents and therefore did not arise as a consequence of the hybridization. The number of CHS genes within a subfamily varies considerably among these Petunia species. From this we infer that the CHS subfamilies arose from very recent gene duplications.     

The chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida (V30): sequence homology,chromosomal localization and evolutionary aspects

Chalcone synthase (CHS) genes in Petunia hybrida comprise a multigene family containing at least 7 complete members in the strain Violet 30 (V30). Based on a high sequence homology in both coding and non-coding sequence, a number of CHS genes can be placed into two subfamilies. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis it was shown that both chromosomes II and V carry one of these subfamilies, in addition to the other CHS genes identified so far. Members of a subfamily were found to be closely linked genetically. Analysis of the Petunia species that contributed to the hybrid nature of P. hybrida (P. axillaris, P. parodii, P. inflata and P. violacea) shows that none of the CHS gene clusters is specific for either one of the parents and therefore did not arise as a consequence of the hybridization. The number of CHS genes within a subfamily varies considerably among these Petunia species. From this we infer that the CHS subfamilies arose from very recent gene duplications.     

A comparative study of vicilin genes in Lens: negative evidence of concerted evolution

Genes for vicilin, a component of legume seed storage proteins, have been identified in the cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) and in wild species of the genus Lens. Five different types of vicilin sequences (designated A-E) have been identified in each lentil individual. The different types of sequences, and some possible variants of them (also present in each individual) are part of the vicilin family of genes. Type D sequences have the characteristics of nonprocessed pseudogenes. Comparison of nucleotide sequences indicates that lentil vicilin sequences are similar to vicilin sequences of other legume species, in particular to those of the tribe Vicieae, in which the genes Lens is included. Sequence comparison and distance and parsimony trees indicated that two groups or subfamilies of sequences, including, respectively, types A, B, and E (47 kDa vicilins) and types C and D (50 kDa), can be distinguished in lentil and other Vicieae species, and that in the Vicieae species there is no evidence of concerted evolution among the vicilin sequences of different gene subfamilies or sequences groups, as has been suggested for other legume species.      

木薯SYP基因的序列特征及表达分析

植物突触融合蛋白(SYP)是一类与植物细胞内囊泡介导转运有关的蛋白。部分SYP基因与植物对生物和非生物胁迫的响应有关。该文利用生物信息学工具分析了木薯(Manihot esculenta)SYP基因及其蛋白结构、核苷酸多态性和系统进化关系, 并利用RT-PCR技术检测了木薯不同组织中SYP基因的表达。结果表明, 木薯SYP基因及其蛋白结构均具有明显的规律性和家族成员间的保守性; SYP基因的cDNA在基因间以及不同品种间具高度一致性, 核苷酸变异以同义替换为主。进化分析表明, 植物SYP基因可分为2个亚家族, 木薯SYP基因倾向于与蓖麻(Ricinus communis)SYP基因聚在进化树同一分支的末端。半定量RT-PCR分析表明, 5个木薯SYP家族成员具有组织特异性。上述研究结果为木薯SYP基因功能研究和功能单核苷酸标记的开发奠定了重要基础。     

近年北京人偏肺病毒基质蛋白、小疏水蛋白和粘附糖蛋白的遗传变异特征分析

为了探讨北京地区儿童中流行的人偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,hMPV)结构蛋白基因特征,本研究着重对hMPV北京地区地方株的基质蛋白(Matrix protein,M)、小疏水蛋白(Small hydrophobic protein,SH)和粘附蛋白(Attachment protein,G)基因进行了基因特征的分析。本研究对2006年至2010年42株hMPV的M蛋白、49株SH蛋白和55株G蛋白基因特征进行了分析,进化分析显示北京地区流行的hMPV的这3个编码蛋白基因分别属于A2、B1和B2基因亚型。地方株M基因高度保守,A和B基因型之间存在7个氨基酸位点的变异(型内高度保守)。不同基因型(A和B)和不同基因亚型(A2和B1、A2和B2)之间的SH基因的氨基酸同源性在60.7%～64.4%之间,而同一基因亚型内的氨基酸同源性则在93.3%～100%之间;同一基因型不同基因亚型之间(B1和B2)的氨基酸同源性在84.7%～88.7%之间。不同年份不同基因亚型G蛋白具有遗传多样性,使用不同的终止密码、核苷酸缺失和插入导致其核苷酸长度不同,变异程度相当高。不同基因型和不同基因亚型之间的G基因的氨基酸同源性在34.0%～38.6%之间,同一基因亚型内的氨基酸同源性在81.5%～100%之间;同一基因型不同基因亚型之间的氨基酸同源性在64.3%～69.2%之间。2008年至2010年的B2基因亚型的毒株大多数在多个位点出现了相同的氨基酸突变,同时出现了2个氨基酸的插入或重复插入,这些毒株在B2基因亚型内形成了一个新的进化簇。抗原位点预测分析显示不同基因亚型的SH和G蛋白的抗原位点均存在差异。     

Likelihood Analysis of the Chalcone Synthase Genes Suggests the Role of Positive Selection in Morning Glories (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ipomoea</Emphasis>)

Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoides, which are important for the pigmentation of flowers and act as attractants to pollinators. Genes encoding CHS constitute a multigene family in which the copy number varies among plant species and functional divergence appears to have occurred repeatedly. In morning glories (Ipomoea), five functional CHS genes (A–E) have been described. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ipomoea CHS gene family revealed that CHS A, B, and C experienced accelerated rates of amino acid substitution relative to CHS D and E. To examine whether the CHS genes of the morning glories underwent adaptive evolution, maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution were used to analyze the functional sequences in the Ipomoea CHS gene family. These models used the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio ( = d_N/d_S) as an indicator of selective pressure and allowed the ratio to vary among lineages or sites. Likelihood ratio test suggested significant variation in selection pressure among amino acid sites, with a small proportion of them detected to be under positive selection along the branches ancestral to CHS A, B, and C. Positive Darwinian selection appears to have promoted the divergence of subfamily ABC and subfamily DE and is at least partially responsible for a rate increase following gene duplication.     

Evolution and nomenclature of the zona pellucida gene family

Three subfamilies of genes are acknowledged within the zona pellucida (ZP) gene family. At present, these subfamilies each have two names that are used interchangeably: ZPA or ZP2, ZPB or ZP1, and ZPC or ZP3. The ZPA genes encode the longest protein sequences and the ZPC genes the shortest. Recently, several sequences, which have no clear relationship to the three subfamilies, have been identified. These sequences include two paralogous ZP genes from Xenopus laevis and a single gene from the fish Oryzias latipes. We have conducted extensive phylogenetic analyses of the known ZP genes. As well as establishing the evolutionary relationships among these genes, the analyses make it clear that the dual nomenclature system is no longer feasible, because major paralogous groups are present in the ZPB (ZP1) family of genes of amniotes. We propose a unified system of nomenclature for the ZP gene family that removes the existing ambiguities.