秦岭川金丝猴的声音曲目

声音通讯是非人灵长类社会交流的一种重要方式,有利于灵长类社群的群体维持、个体间互动等。结合川金丝猴的取食行为、休息行为、性行为、攻击行为、屈服行为、玩耍行为和警报行为等社会行为,研究了川金丝猴的声音曲目,旨在为川金丝猴声音通讯研究提供基础性资料。     

秦岭山中的川金丝猴

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)是我国特有物种。秦岭地区是川金丝猴的主要分布区之一．也是金丝猴分布的最北限依据近年来对笼养川金丝猴繁殖生理学和野生川金丝猴野外实地观察研究的成果,并结合已发表的资料,对秦岭地区川金丝猴的社群组成、行为、等级序位、繁殖与生育等方面做了综述。     

川金丝猴社会行为节目及其动作模式

正确区分和定义川金丝猴各项社会行为节目及其动作模式是研究川金丝猴社会行为的重要基础。本文的目的是按照现代习性学的基本观点,探讨川金丝猴在演化过程中所形成的物种典型行为以及它们的固定动作模式。数据收集时间为1988～2005年,采用焦点动物取样法和随意取样法,对川金丝猴笼养条件下的繁殖群、半笼养条件下的繁殖群和全雄群、以及其自然栖息地神农架林区的野生猴群进行观察,总计观察约3000h。初步确定了川金丝猴54项物种典型行为节目及其动作模式,其中45项是群内个体之间用以进行社会交往的社会行为节目,包括8种在其他灵长类物种中目前还没有报道或比较少见的。     

白河自然保护区川金丝猴及其保护管理建议

在野外调查的基础上对白河自然保护区的川金丝猴野外生态学进行阐述,对其种群发展的主要影响因素提出了评价。结合生态学和受迫因素提出了该保护区川金丝猴资源的保护管理建议。     

利用红外相机建立川金丝猴的行为谱及PAE编码系统

利用红外相机收集四川卧龙国家级自然保护区内川金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellana的行为、动作模式及活动环境等特征的视频数据,以"姿势-动作-环境"为轴心,行为的生态功能为依据,完成川金丝猴行为谱的建立,并对其行为进行分类和系统编码。经视频数据辨识分析,共统计到野生川金丝猴的17种姿势、84种动作和116种行为。将这些行为与滇金丝猴R.bieti、黔金丝猴R.brelichi进行对比,发现3种金丝猴的大部分行为具有一致性;但栖息环境的差异、长时间的地理隔离以及后天的学习使得这些行为又表现出了差异性:一是行为的差异性,不同物种具有各自特殊的行为,如川金丝猴特有的跳跃采食行为和雌性匍匐邀配行为;二是行为效应的差异性,如快理等动作在不同物种中表达了不同的行为效应。完善和建立川金丝猴的行为谱有利于更全面、更准确地了解其行为生态学基本特征,同时为其深入研究提供基础数据。     

森林采伐导致秦岭川金丝猴夏季活动范围变化

川金丝猴是中国特有濒危野生动物,其行为生态方面的一个主要特点是猴群随季节变化在不同海拔高度的地区活动和摄食.但在不同年份的同一季节,猴群似乎有规律地生活在同一地区.迄今为止,未见有任何关于川金丝猴在不同年份的同一季节活动区域完全变迁的报道.我们这项研究,根据1990年和1997年两个夏季的跟踪观察,记录了川金丝猴由于受人类活动的影响,彻底改变夏季活动区域的情况.     

森林采伐导致秦岭川金丝猴夏季活动范围变化

川金丝猴是中国特有濒危野生动物,其行为生态方面的一个主要特点是猴群随季节变化在不同海拔高度的地区活动和摄食.但在不同年份的同一季节,猴群似乎有规律地生活在同一地区.迄今为止,未见有任何关于川金丝猴在不同年份的同一季节活动区域完全变迁的报道.我们这项研究,根据1990年和1997年两个夏季的跟踪观察,记录了川金丝猴由于受人类活动的影响,彻底改变夏季活动区域的情况.     

笼养朱鹮繁殖期的鸣声特征

于2005年4月采集到笼养朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)4种行为状态的鸣叫声,对其繁殖期求偶鸣叫、交尾鸣叫、假交尾鸣叫和惊叫的鸣声特征进行了分析,探讨了不同行为状态的鸣声差异。求偶鸣叫振幅小,主要频率范围在156±13.2 Hz-1 568±120.3 Hz之间(n=30),声谱谐波丰富,频带呈直线型和拱型。交尾鸣叫由7-21声连续、急促的鸣叫和一声长鸣组成,声音宏亮有力,频域特征表现为主频呈现双峰,主要频率范围在346±16.7 Hz-2 396±138.2 Hz之间(n=14),音节高度重复并多有谐波。假交尾叫声有三种声模式,模式1包含2-10声短促鸣叫声和一声长鸣;模式2仅发出多声短促鸣叫声;模式3仅一声长鸣,频域特征在三种声模式下表现不同,模式1主频呈现双峰,模式2和模式3仅有一个峰值,主要频率范围在328±18.2 Hz-2 067±189.1 Hz之间(n=38),声谱多谐波,频带形状呈下滑状或直线状。遇险惊叫声信号振幅最大,每一声信号中包含多个脉冲组,惊叫声主频较高,主要频率范围在375-2 300 Hz之间,声谱多谐波,低频频带呈直线型,高频频带呈半拱形,声音末尾有明显的降调。     

川金丝猴食土行为的首次报道(英文)

2001年10月至2008年3月,我们在对周至国家级自然保护区内秦岭川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的长期观察研究中发现3例成年雌性舔食泥质岩上粘土的行为。川金丝猴的食土行为均发生在深秋季节,所有食土雌性均处于怀孕期。我们初步推测川金丝猴的食土行为主要是为了补充矿物质。本文首次呈现川金丝猴食土行为的研究证据,对于进一步理解川金丝猴的食性具有一定意义,同时也为不同生活类型灵长类食土行为的比较分析提供支撑信息。     

青木川自然保护区川金丝猴食性的季节性变化

2005 ～2008 年于陕西省青木川自然保护区使用瞬时扫描法观察了川金丝猴的食性。结果表明,川金丝猴冬季和夏季共取食42 种植物,可鉴定植物归属23 科34 属。川金丝猴食物类型包括果实、花、树叶、树皮、树芽。夏季取食21 种植物的果实或树叶;冬季取食25 种植物。树叶是其冬季主要食物,取食频次占总取食频次的73.0% ;夏季取食果实的频次占总取食频次的72.2% ,灯台树果实是其主要食物。啃食树皮行为主要发生在落叶阔叶林、针叶林与落叶阔叶混交林;在常绿和落叶阔叶混交林中,树皮啃食强度则相对较小。与其它地区金丝猴的食性比较,该地区川金丝猴食物谱较宽。蔷薇科和壳斗科植物在川金丝猴食物组成中最多,杨柳科、桦木科、山茱萸科、槭树科和忍冬科植物也取食较多。     

川金丝猴摄食过程中“手”的选择使用

本文对２０只川金丝猴（Ｒｈｉｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｒｏｘｅｌａｎａ）摄食过程中左右“手”的使用频次进行了观察和分析。在样本较小的条件下,尽管被研究动物中有一半个体明显地倾向于使用右手,但没有发现统计学上明显的种群水平的单手利现象。虽然本研究中成体金丝猴使用右手的比例在数量上高于幼体,但在统计学上,单手利行为不存在明显的年龄差别;同样,单手利用行为也不存在统计学上明显的性别差异。建议在未来的研究中采用大样本在解决复杂问题过程中对单手利行为做进一步的探讨。     

A preliminary study on the function of food begging in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana): challenge to begging for nutritional gain

Several hypotheses have been developed to explain what benefits a donor may gain from sharing food with another individual, with nutritional gain assumed to be the sole benefit for the beggar. Recently, it has been proposed that begging behaviour serves a social function in non-human primates. In this study, the nutritional-gain assumption was again challenged based on observations on a captive group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), or golden snub-nosed monkeys. The major findings from this study are that (1) beggars sometimes left their own branches or passed by available branches to beg for similar food from other individuals, (2) beggars occasionally ignored branches that were acquired by begging and (3) food begging occurred more frequently in the all-male unit after the social rank had changed between 2 individuals in this unit. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that some begging behaviours in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys were not driven by nutritional gain only; instead, we propose that these begging behaviours could be interpreted as attempts at deriving social benefits.     

川金丝猴血象和血液生物化学指标的研究

测定了１２只川金丝猴的血象和血液生物化学指标。结果发现;在各项血象指标中,只有白细胞总数和白细胞分类计数与滇金丝猴的有较大判别;在各项生物化学指标中,血清尿酸含量比滇金猴的高,血清总胆固醇和尿素氮的含量比滇金丝猴的低,血清白收白和球蛋白比值与人的差异明显;其余各项指标与滇金丝猴和人的十分接近。     

A preliminary study of food transfer in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

Food transfer happens regularly in a few nonhuman primates species that are also characterized by remarkable social tolerance. Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), or golden monkeys, which exhibit high social tolerance in their social relationships are thus of interest to see whether tolerance would extend to food transfer. In this study, branch feeding activity was observed in a semi-captive group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys, which consisted of 10 subjects that included a one-male unit (OMU) and an all-male unit (AMU). We recorded 1,275 food interactions over 27 days, and 892 instances of food transfer. The most commonly observed types of food transfer behavior were co-feeding (62.1%) and relaxed claim (22.8%). Of 892 food transfers, 756 (84.8%) took place in the OMU, most of which were among adults (34.7%) and among juveniles (42.1%). The transfer success rate was high in both the cases (87.9% for adults and 78.9% for juveniles). Food transfer in the AMU took place less often than that among adults in the OMU though with similar high transfer success. Food transfer between the OMU and AMU was limited to juvenile males from the OMU and adults from the AMU. These results provide the first evidence of food transfer in golden monkeys and suggest that tolerant social relationships in golden monkeys make transfer possible.     

利用尿液中的雌二醇、孕酮含量监测雌性川金丝猴的月经周期和妊娠

During two consecutive mating seasons from August 2001 to December 2002, we observed the sexual behavior of Sichuan golden monkeys in the Chengdu Zoo and the Shanghai Wild Animal Park. We collected urine samples from females in the early morning. We also measured urinary estradiol and progesterone levels using radioimmunoassay. Based on the estradiol concentration during the menstrual cycle, we discovered that the length of the menstrual cycle was 286.33 1.67 days. The length of pregnancy was about 200 days. The level of estradiol after impregnation was significantly different with the level during the ,same period in the non-receptive part of the cycle. Thus we could diagnose early pregnancy in female Sichuan golden monkeys by checking their urinary estradiol level .     

川金丝猴食谱的地域性差异比较

对不同地区川金丝猴食物组成的比较有助于了解其对不同生境食物供应的适应性。本研究通过对陕西川金丝猴猴群食谱的长期记录,并汇集了国内对四川-甘肃和湖北的川金丝猴食性研究结果,集成了这三个地理种群川金丝猴各自的地域性食谱,共计有136 种植物(隶属35 科)被该物种作为采食对象。对来自这三个不同区域(陕西、四川-甘肃、湖北)的川金丝猴食谱组成的比较,发现有近半数的植物是三个地理种群共同的采食对象,但其食谱组成差异明显。这可能源于各地植物本身的多样性差异,及不同地理种群对各种食物采食偏好的不同所致。对其相关聚类分析结果显示,陕西和湖北的猴群在食谱组成上相近,但四川-甘肃的猴群与前两个地区猴群的食谱组成差异极大。然而湖北和四川-甘肃种群在食物的选择上采用了近乎相同的偏好倾向,而陕西的猴群与它们明显不同。我们初步分析认为造成食谱组成和采食偏好差异的原因可能是各地理种群活动地海拔带重叠度不同、森林类型不同、它们在不同林型中活动的时间分配不一。很明显,就我们目前所掌握的有关川金丝猴食谱组成来看,该物种不应该仅仅被认为是一个叶食性灵长类动物,而应该是一个泛化采食者。     

人工饲养与野生川金丝猴体毛10种微量元素的含量及比较

测定了秦岭人工饲养(10只)和野生(14只)川金丝猴体毛中的10种微量元素含量。锌、铁、铜、钙、镁5种元素采用火焰原子吸收法;锰、铬、铅采用石墨炉原子吸收法;铝采用等离子光谱;硒经硝解后采用原子吸收法测定。结果表明,铬、锰、镁、铅、锌和硒的含量,人工猴极显著或显著高于野生猴;铁含量,人工猴极显著低于野生猴;钙、铜和铝的含量,人工猴与野生猴无显著差异。以人类毛发10种微量元素的正常范围为参照,人工猴铅、铬、锰与锌4种含量均显著超出正常范围的上限,属于严重超量。这可能与金丝猴饲养过程中添加营养制剂有关。     

Seasonality of matings and births in captive Sichuan golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

This study, based on three years of mating behavior observations and 10 years of birth records, reveals that Sichuan golden monkeys in captivity displayed a marked seasonality of mating behavior and births. The peak of matings occurred around October, and births occurred in March-June. The birth peak followed the mating peak by six to seven months. This seasonal cycle of matings and births was similar to observations made in the wild, where both temperature and food resources were favorable in spring. The time delay between peaks of matings and births was the approximate length of gestation, which implies that mating behavior was concentrated during the period of conception. We suggest that the peak of births in captive Sichuan golden monkeys occurred during the time of year with the most favorable environmental conditions, and the peak of matings corresponded with the period of conception.     

Predator and non-predator long-distance calls in Guereza colobus monkeys

East African Guereza colobus monkey males are known for their conspicuous roaring behaviour; a spectacle that can dominate the predawn hours of African forests. Recent research has shown that these monkeys also produce roars during daytime hours in response to predators. While roars to leopards and eagles differ in how roaring phrases are assembled into sequences, there are no obvious structural differences between predawn roars and roars to eagles. Although recipients could use daytime information to disambiguate between the two contexts, this may be a risky strategy because eagles can be active before dawn. We carried out acoustic analyses, which showed that the duration of the first roaring phrase was significantly longer in predawn roars compared to eagle roars. Furthermore, the initial call repetition rate was faster in response to eagle roars compared to predawn roars. Apart from these two differences, all other acoustic characteristics were identical between the two contexts. Although these monkeys exhibit some of the most basic vocal behaviour found in non-human primates, callers are able to provide reliable contextual information by varying the duration and assemblage of individual vocal units. Playback experiments are needed to confirm whether recipients relate these acoustic differences to different contexts.     

秦岭大坪峪川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)种群生存力分析

小种群的保护已成为保护生物学中一个重要的问题,鉴于小种群极易灭绝的特性,寻找制约小种群存活的关键因子,形成快速拯救的措施,是目前对于小种群进行保护十分迫切的任务。根据秦岭大坪峪地区2个川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)种群连续5a的观察数据,参照群体大小、配偶体制、迁移扩散、环境容纳量、死亡率、灾害的发生频率等种群参数,并结合川金丝猴其他种群的研究结果,利用旋涡模型(Vortex 10.0),对猴群未来100a内的数量动态进行了模拟分析。结果表明,在没有个体迁移的情况下,大坪峪种群种群100a间灭绝概率为95.8%和93%;当存在个体迁移和扩散的情况,灭绝概率为2%和0.4%。因此种群间个体迁移是秦岭大坪峪川金丝猴种群数量动态的限制因子。鉴于此,增加川金丝猴大坪峪种群间的个体交流,能够保证本群川金丝猴长期生存所需的遗传多样性。同时,增加秦岭川金丝猴各种群间的个体交流,建立群间的生境走廊对这一世界性濒危物种的长期存活具有重要的现实意义。