有机物料厌氧发酵液中拮抗苹果再植障碍病原真菌的细菌筛选及其防治效果

有机物料厌氧发酵液(AFOF)能显著改善苹果再植障碍.本研究对AFOF中能拮抗苹果再植障碍主要病原菌(腐皮镰刀菌、层出镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌)的细菌进行了分离筛选,并对其作用效果进行了盆栽验证.结果表明: AFOF能显著抑制病原真菌的生长繁殖;对峙试验共得到4株具有较强拮抗作用的细菌(L11、L12、L13、L14),最高抑菌率达到57.3%,鉴定发现这4株细菌均属于芽孢杆菌属,相互之间没有明显的拮抗作用;在盆栽条件下,与连作土相比,溴甲烷熏蒸处理和拮抗菌菌液处理对平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量均有不同程度的促进作用;在幼苗的长势上,溴甲烷熏蒸处理效果要好于拮抗菌菌液处理;在根系活力上,拮抗菌菌液处理效果要好于溴甲烷熏蒸处理,根系长度、根尖数分别增加了25.1%、70.9%.与连作土处理相比,拮抗菌菌液和溴甲烷熏蒸均能显著降低土壤中的真菌数量,分别降低了71.2%和64.2%,拮抗菌菌液处理能显著增加土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量,分别增加了48.0%和140.2%,使土壤微生物结构向“细菌型”转化;而溴甲烷熏蒸处理显著降低了土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量,说明拮抗菌的确能够抑制土壤中病原真菌的生长.     

棉隆对苹果连作土壤微生物及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

以生产上常用苹果砧木——平邑甜茶为试材,盆栽条件下研究了棉隆微粒剂对苹果连作土壤微生物及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:与重茬(对照CK)相比,棉隆处理极显著(P0.01)降低了连作土壤中真菌数量,降幅达58.8%,细菌和放线菌数量分别显著(P0.05)降低15.3%、8.5%,细菌/真菌增加108.8%,放线菌/真菌增加124.2%;棉隆使连作条件下平邑甜茶单株幼苗根系长度、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高421.4%、426.5%、171.7%、48.8%。平邑甜茶植株叶面积以及叶片中叶绿素a、b含量、净光合速率均极显著提高,分别增加162.6%、14.9%、15.0%、24.0%,叶片同化能力增强;植株长势增强,株高和地径均极显著提高,植株地上干鲜重和地下干鲜重也得到了极显著性增加,最高增加幅度达2.2倍。综上,棉隆处理后苹果连作土壤中微生物数量降低,而细菌与真菌比值、放线菌与真菌比值增加,平邑甜茶幼苗植株长势增强,棉隆可有效减轻苹果连作障碍发生。     

甲壳素对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响

研究在苹果连作土壤中添加甲壳素对苹果幼苗生长、土壤酶及土壤真菌群落结构的影响,探讨甲壳素缓解苹果连作障碍的可能性,为防控苹果连作障碍提供依据。盆栽条件下,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,在苹果连作土壤中分别添加0,0.5,1.0和2.5g/kg的甲壳素,测定了连作土壤中添加不同量的甲壳素后,幼苗生物量、根系保护酶活性、土壤主要酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶等)活性以及土壤中真菌群落结构的变化。9月份结果表明,与对照相比,1.0 g/kg的甲壳素处理连作土,可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干鲜重,分别比对照增加了36.8%、82.1%和100.8%;甲壳素处理能增加幼苗根系保护酶活性,其中1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理SOD、POD和CAT活性最高,其次为0.5 g/kg,而2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理显著抑制了幼苗根系保护酶活性。1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理可提高土壤中细菌/真菌值,并且提高了土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,分别比对照提高了8.6%、40.5%、81.1%、15.3%、18.7%和49.8%,2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理则降低土壤酶活性或者使土壤酶活性与对照相当。根据T-RFLP的图谱中OUT的数量、种类及丰度,分别计算了不同处理土壤的真菌多样性,发现1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理的连作土具有最高的多样性、均匀度和丰富度指数,分别比对照增加了52.2%、8.0%和87.1%。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,不同剂量甲壳素处理的连作土壤中真菌被PC2分成了两部分,其中0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg的甲壳素添加量分布在PC2的负方向上,而CK和2.5g/kg的甲壳素处理分布在PC2的正方向上,这说明添加不同量的甲壳素对连作土壤真菌群落多样性有显著影响,添加量太多或者太少均会造成土壤真菌多样性下降,只有适量的甲壳素可提高真菌群落结构多样性。实验结果表明1.0 g/kg的甲壳素可提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善连作土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。     

棉隆熏蒸处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生长和生物学特性及土壤环境的影响

本试验以苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,通过温室与露地盆栽两种方式,研究不同浓度(0、0.1、0.2、0.4 g·kg^-1)棉隆熏蒸对连作土壤微生物环境和平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的棉隆熏蒸均能促进连作土壤中平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,其中以0.2 g·kg^-1处理的效果最显著。0.2 g·kg^-1棉隆熏蒸下,平邑甜茶幼苗在温室和露地条件下的株高、地径、地上部干质量、地下部干质量分别比连作对照提高了192.9%和91.8%、72.8%和60.1%、196.8%和195.0%、138.5%和130.7%;幼苗根系相关指标(根长、根面积、根体积、根系呼吸速率)也明显优于其他处理;幼苗根系的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别比连作对照提高了114.6%和118.5%、123.5%和107.6%、164.6%和175.6%;幼苗根系的丙二醛含量也显著低于其他处理。随着棉隆施用浓度的增加,土壤细菌含量、真菌含量、尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数、土壤酶活性均显著降低,连作土壤真菌群落结构也发生了不同程度的改变。综上,0.2 g·kg^-1棉隆熏蒸可以提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。在苹果老果园重茬建园时,可以优先考虑0.2 g·kg^-1的棉隆熏蒸处理。     

残次苹果发酵产物对连作土壤环境及‘平邑甜茶’幼苗生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究残次苹果发酵产物对连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响,为减轻苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。试验以连作土壤为对照(CK),设置溴甲烷灭菌连作土壤(T₁)、连作土壤施加苹果发酵产物(T₂)、连作土壤施加灭菌苹果发酵产物(T₃)处理,测定了土壤和平邑甜茶幼苗的相关指标。结果表明: T₁、T₂、T₃能显著促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,其中以T₁和T₂的效果较好,其根系呼吸速率、株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量分别比CK提高了107.3%、50.6%、42.4%、171.7%、225.3%和104.4%、50.6%、42.3%、171.8%、225.5%。T₂和T₃提高了连作土壤中养分转化相关酶的活性,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性分别比CK提高了44.5%、169.5%、23.4%、169.3%和23.7%、72.6%、1.5%、121.5%;T₁处理的过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性与CK无显著差异,脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性分别降低了40.8%和41.6%。T₂土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较CK提高了18.6%、50.6%、14.0%和36.7%;T₃只提高了速效氮的含量,铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别提高了7.0%和23.6%;T₁与CK相比速效养分含量有所降低。T₁和T₂显著降低了土壤放线菌和真菌数量,增加了细菌数量;T₃处理的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量均较CK显著降低。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,T₁、T₂和T₃处理的层出镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌、腐皮镰孢菌和尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数均较CK有不同程度的降低。表明苹果发酵产物处理能抑制连作土壤病原菌,改善土壤环境,促进平邑甜茶幼苗生长,可作为一种减轻苹果连作障碍的方法。     

有机物料发酵流体和堆肥对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生物量的影响

为探讨不同有机物料的发酵流体(厌氧发酵产物)和堆肥(有氧发酵产物)对苹果连作土壤环境的影响,以盆栽平邑甜茶幼苗为试验材料,分别设置猪粪+秸秆、鸡粪+秸秆、羊粪+秸秆、猪粪+鸡粪+羊粪+秸秆4个不同有机物料组合并进行厌氧发酵和有氧发酵,并将发酵产物分别施入连作土中,研究其对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、连作土壤中微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤酚酸等的影响。结果表明:与有机物料堆肥相比,各有机物料发酵流体处理的平邑甜茶幼苗干重、鲜重较高,其中猪粪发酵流体处理显著提高了幼苗干、鲜重,7月份为对照的1.57、1.26倍,9月份为CK的1.55、1.86倍;两类发酵产物均增加了土壤微生物的数量,且发酵流体处理显著增加了土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,其中羊粪发酵流体效果最明显,分别为CK的2.95倍和2.37倍,在堆肥处理中,真菌数量显著增高;两类发酵产物也影响了土壤中酚酸总量,表现为猪粪、鸡粪发酵流体和猪粪堆肥处理含量下降,至9月份分别下降到CK的0.45、0.39倍和0.36倍。     

连作苹果土壤酚酸对平邑甜茶幼苗的影响

为探讨连作(重茬)苹果土壤中酚酸类物质的积累与苹果连作障碍的关系,在砂培条件下,取连作果园土壤中实际浓度的酚酸类物质处理平邑甜茶幼苗,探讨了连作2a的果园土壤中实测浓度的根皮苷、间苯三酚、根皮素、对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系线粒体指标、抗氧化酶活性、膜过氧化程度及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明:连作土壤中实际浓度的5种酚酸类物质均使平邑甜茶幼苗生长受到抑制,根系受影响程度高于地上部分,表现为根冠比降低;线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度增大,线粒体膜电位降低,细胞色素Cyt c/a比值下降;降低了幼苗根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增加了过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O·-2)以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。土壤浓度的5种酚酸类物质中,以根皮苷处理抑制效果最显著,间苯三酚处理抑制力最小。因此,根皮苷是引起苹果连作障碍的主要酚酸,实践中应重点考虑对根皮苷的降解以缓解苹果连作障碍。     

施加内生真菌对花生连作土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在土壤中施加植物内生真菌拟茎点霉NJ4.1菌株、B3菌株和角担子菌B6菌株在花生不同生育时期对土壤微生物学特性及酶活力的影响.结果表明:B3处理显著提高花生荚果产量,为对照的1.2倍;施加内生菌NJ4.1、B3和B6能显著增加花生根瘤数量,分别为对照的1.2、1.3和1.3倍.3个加菌处理全生育期平均细菌和放线菌数量高于对照,萌发期和苗期土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)显著高于对照,微生物生物量氮(SMBN)在花生萌发期升高,开花期降低.花生开花期土壤DGGE图谱表明,B3处理土壤细菌和真菌条带数量以及多样性最高.从萌发期到成熟期,与对照相比,3个加菌处理的土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性提高,脲酶活性无显著变化.表明施加内生菌对连作花生土壤环境有一定的改善作用,其中施用B3效果最好.     

土壤生物消毒对甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯连作障碍的防控效果

采用有机物料添加、土壤灌水和表土覆盖相结合的土壤生物消毒方法来防控甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯连作障碍,系统性地评估生物消毒对连作马铃薯块茎产量、植株生长发育及土传病害抑制、微生物区系和酶活性等土壤生化性质的影响.结果表明:生物消毒处理比对照块茎产量和植株生物量分别显著增加16.1%和30.8%,植株发病率和病薯率分别下降68.0%和46.7%.生物消毒处理显著提高了连作马铃薯叶绿素含量和主茎分枝数,改善了根系形态结构.在播前土壤生物消毒处理过程中,土壤p H值和细菌/真菌显著增加,真菌和镰刀菌数量大幅度下降,而细菌和放线菌数量则变化不明显.在马铃薯各生育时期,生物消毒处理土壤真菌数量均远低于对照,镰刀菌数量也低于对照,但随着生育进程的推进,镰刀菌数量呈现逐渐回升的趋势.无论是在生物消毒处理过程中还是马铃薯整个生育期,生物消毒处理的土壤相关酶活性与对照相比变化均不明显.总体上,土壤生物消毒的方法在克服马铃薯连作障碍上具有较大的应用潜力.     

连作马铃薯根际土壤真菌种群结构及其生物效应

连作障碍已成为马铃薯产业发展的主要限制因素,为了探明马铃薯连作障碍的机理,减轻连作障碍对产量的影响,采用大田试验与PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术相结合的方法,研究马铃薯连作对根际土壤真菌种群结构的影响及其生物效应.结果表明： 随着连作年限的增加,根际土壤中真菌DGGE图谱的条带数量增加,连作1～5年处理的操作分类单元(OTU)分别比对照(轮作)增加了38.5%、38.5%、30.8%、46.2%和76.9%,说明马铃薯连作使根际土壤中真菌优势种群的个体数明显增多.随着连作年限的增加,各处理间真菌种群结构的相似性越来越低.通过真菌DGGE条带的克隆测序比对发现,随着连作年限的增加,马铃薯根际土壤土传病害病原菌尖孢镰刀菌和茄病镰刀菌的数量明显增加,而球毛壳菌作为一种生防菌,连作5年时数量明显减少.连作使根际土壤中病原真菌种群过渡成为优势种群,根际微生态环境恶化,从而作用于根系,使根系活力和吸收面积下降,最终导致块茎产量大幅度-下降.     

茄病镰刀菌单克隆抗体的制备及胶体金免疫层析试纸条的研发*

Objective: The cell lines secreting specific monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were prepared by using Fusarium solani, one of the pathogenic fungi causing root rot of Fritillaria thunbergii, and the colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip based on McAbs was developed to provide scientific basis for detecting root rot of F. thunbergii. Methods: Hybridoma technology was used to obtain cell lines that could secrete specific McAbs against F. solani using the whole protein extract of F. solani as the antigen. The specificity, titer, sensitivity and binding protein of McAbs were detected by indirect ELISA and Western blot. Colloidal gold particles were prepared by trisodium citrate reduction method and McAbs were labeled to prepare colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip. Results: Three cell lines secreting specific McAbs against F. solani were obtained, which were named as FsA3, FsG6 and FsD4. The detection sensitivity of FsA3 was 24.41 ng / mL, and that of both FsG6 and FsD4 was 12.21 ng / mL. FsA3, FsG6 and FsD4 had strong reactions to F. solani, and had no cross-reaction to Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata, Botrytis cinerea, F. equiseti, F. incarnatum, F. oxysporum, Phoma sp., and Phomopsis oblonga. The colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip based on FsG6 showed only a quality control line when detecting the tissue culture seedlings of F. thunbergii. When 100 ng F. solani antigen or the samples of F. thunbergii infested with root rot disease were detected, there were visible quality control lines and test lines. Conclusion: The specificity and sensitivity of the McAbs and test strip are sufficient to detect F. solani isolated from diseased strains of F. thunbergii, which provides the technical support for the rapid detection of root rot of F. thunbergii in the field.     

三七连作土壤浸提液对其根腐病菌的化感效应

采用甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水分别按液土比3∶1、6∶1和9∶1对三七连作土壤进行浸提,研究其浸提液对三七根腐病菌生长和种群数量的影响。结果表明: 平板培养72 h后,甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水浸提液对尖镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌的菌丝生长均表现为化感促进,其中,甲醇和乙酸乙酯浸提液对尖镰孢菌的化感效应指数为14.0%～19.8%和16.2%～20.2%,高于水浸提液的8.9%～14.2%,且不同浸提比例之间差异不显著;而甲醇浸提液对链格孢菌菌丝生长表现为化感抑制,且抑制效应在浸提比例为3∶1时最强,达到-33.2%～-38.5%,乙酸乙酯和水浸提液对链格孢菌菌丝生长无显著影响。土壤培养4周后,甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水浸提液均能增加土壤中尖镰孢菌的数量,其中,水浸提液的增加效应最强,达到每克干土3.49×10⁶～9.56×10⁶拷贝数,高于甲醇(每克干土1.68×10⁴～6.73×10⁴拷贝数)和乙酸乙酯浸提液(每克干土1.77×10⁴～3.72×10⁴拷贝数),且这种增加效应随浸提比例的增加逐渐减弱;水浸提液和低浸提比例的甲醇提取液均能增加土壤中腐皮镰孢菌的数量,而重茬土壤浸提液对链格孢菌的数量影响不显著。因此,三七连作土壤浸提液对根腐病菌如尖镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌均表现出明显的化感促进效应,这可能是再植三七易发生根腐病等土传病害的原因之一。     

Screening and catalytic activity in organic synthesis of novel fungal and yeast lipases

A total of 969 microbial strains were isolated from soil samples and tested to determine their lipolytic activity by employing screening techniques on solid and in liquid media. Ten lipase-producing microorganisms were selected and their taxonomic identification was carried out. From these strains Achremonium murorum, Monascus mucoroides, Arthroderma ciferri, Fusarium poae, Ovadendron sulphureo-ochraceum and Rhodotorula araucariae are described as lipase-producers for the first time. Hydrolysis activity of the crude lipases against both tributyrin and olive oil was measured. Heptyl oleate synthesis was carried out to test the activity of the selected lipases as biocatalysts in organic medium. All the selected lipases were tested as biocatalysts in several organic reactions using unnatural substrates. Lipases from the fungi Fusarium. oxysporum and O. sulphureo-ochraceum gave the best yields and enantioselectivities in the esterification of carboxylic acids. F. oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum lipases were the most active ones for the acylation of alcohols without steric hindrance. A. murorum lipase is very useful for the esterification of menthol. F. oxysporum and Fusarium. solani lipases were very stereoselective in the synthesis of carbamates.     

防风根际真菌的分离鉴定及其生防潜力评价

作为世界性分布的镰刀属常见病原真菌,尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）和木贼镰刀菌（F. equiseti）对包括经济作物及药用植物等的生长均有较大危害。利用源自于植物根际土壤的有益微生物防控尖孢镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌引起的真菌性病害,是目前较为理想的植物病害管理策略。为获得可有效抑制尖孢镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌的生防菌源,于防风根际土壤中分离纯化真菌104株,基于平板对峙法筛选获得1株对尖孢镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌具有显著抑制效果的菌株MR-43,结合形态特征、ITS序列分析,将其确定为Sirastachys castanedae（GenBank登录号：OK287148.1）,隶属于Sirastachys组进化分支,发现其可宿生于植物根际土壤。基于盆栽试验法,探究MR-43在防风栽培土壤中的定殖能力,评价MR-43对由尖孢镰刀菌引起的防风枯萎病和由木贼镰刀菌引起的防风根腐病的防病能力,及其对防风植株的促生能力。结果显示,Sirastachys castanedae MR-43对尖孢镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌的抑菌率为57%以上,且经多次验证抑菌效果稳定;菌株MR-43可稳定定殖于防风栽培土壤并实现有效扩繁;菌株MR-43的孢子悬液可有效控制防风枯萎病和防风根腐病,平均防效达68.52%,与多菌灵、代森锰锌的防病效果无显著性差异（P>0.05）;此外,MR-43对防风植株生长具有明显促进作用。因此,Sirastachys castanedae MR-43在防风枯萎病、根腐病等真菌性病害管理方面具有较好的开发价值及应用潜力。     

防治苦瓜枯萎病的拮抗放线菌分离筛选及鉴定

以苦瓜枯萎病菌为靶标菌,通过对峙培养试验和发酵滤液抑菌试验对分离自苦瓜根际土壤的放线菌进行筛选。候选菌株0250具有广谱抗真菌活性,根据培养特征、生理生化特性以及与同源性相近的菌株进行平均核苷酸一致性分析,被鉴定为Streptomyces rhizosphaericus,并评估了该菌株在温室和田间对苦瓜的促生长和防治枯萎病效果。结果表明: 链霉菌菌株0250对苦瓜枯萎病菌的平板抑制率为69.2%,对17种植物病原真菌的平板抑制率达64.3%~85.6%;该菌株的菌悬液处理能促进盆栽和田间苦瓜植株根、茎生长发育,提升产量,对苦瓜枯萎病的防病效果分别为66.9%和61.5%。预先用菌株0250菌悬液处理土壤再接种病原菌,对土壤尖镰孢菌数量抑制率达62.1%,显著提高了苦瓜幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性以及根系活力。总之,菌株0250是一株对苦瓜枯萎病具有巨大生防潜力的放线菌资源。     

Induced resistance by the mutualistic endophyte, Fusarium oxysporum strain 162, toward Meloidogyne incognita on tomato

The non-pathogenic endophytic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum strain 162, originally isolated from the endorhiza of tomato roots, reduces damage caused by Meloidogyne incognita, by inhibiting juvenile penetration of and development in the root. However, little is known about the mode of action of this endophyte fungus against the nematode. This study aimed at investigating how the endophyte affects nematode motility and survival and if induced resistance plays a role in the relationship. In a previous study, F. oxysporum strain 162 decreased nematode penetration of tomato up to 60%. In experiments using a split-root chamber to test for induced resistance, nematode penetration, number of galls, and number of egg masses were investigated 2 and 5 weeks after nematode inoculation. Split-root plants treated with F. oxysporum strain 162 showed 26-45% less nematode penetration, 21-36% less galls and a 22-26% reduction in the number of egg masses in the roots not directly inoculated with the fungus when compared to untreated control plants in repeated tests. In conclusion, inoculation of tomato plants with the non-pathogenic fungal endophyte F. oxysporum strain 162 resulted in a signficant reduction of nematode infection, which was in part due to induced resistance in the first 2-3 weeks after fungal inoculation.     

In vitro evaluation of antagonistic properties of Pseudomonas corrugata

Pseudomonas corrugata, a soil bacterium originally isolated from a temperate site of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is examined for its antagonistic activities against two phytopathogenic fungi, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. Although the bacterium did not show inhibition zones due to production of diffusible antifungal metabolites, a reduction in growth between 58% and 49% in both test fungi, A. alternata and F. oxysporum, was observed in sealed Petri plates after 120 h of incubation due to production of volatile antifungal metabolites. Reduction in biomass of A. alternata (93.8%) and F. oxysporum (76.9%) in Kings B broth was recorded after 48 h of incubation in dual culture. The antagonism was observed to be affected by growth medium, pH and temperature. The reduction in fungal biomass due to antagonism of bacteria was recorded maximum in the middle of the stationary phase after 21 h of inoculation. The production of siderophore, ammonia, lipase and chitinase in growth medium by P. corrugata were considered contributing to the antagonistic activities of the bacterium.     

Secondary Metabolites Produced by a Strain of Fusarium oxysporum Used for Striga Control in West Africa

The production of fusaric acid and other toxins by a strain of Fusarium oxysporum used for control of the weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. was investigated. Culturing of the strain under optimal conditions for toxin production produced small amounts of fusaric acid and dehydrofusaric acid but no other toxins reported to be produced by some strains of F. oxysporum. Culturing of the fungus under conditions similar to those that would be used in the field produced no detectable toxins of concern for human health.     

瓜类枯萎病菌遗传多样性和亲缘关系的SRAP分析

尖孢镰刀菌可造成不同瓜类的枯萎病.为明确不同寄主、不同地区的瓜类枯萎病菌菌株间的遗传多样性及亲缘关系,采用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)分子标记技术,对来源于不同地区、不同寄主的95株尖孢镰刀菌的基因组DNA进行多态性扩增.以筛选出的19对引物共扩增出238条带,多态性比率为100%,平均每对引物扩增出12.5个位点和12.5个多态性位点;尖孢镰刀菌苦瓜专化型共扩增出166条带,其中145条为多态性条带,多态性比率为87.4%,平均每对引物扩增出8.7个位点和7.7个多态性位点,说明尖孢镰刀菌的遗传变异较为广泛.瓜类枯萎病菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.68～0.99,样品间的平均Nei遗传多样性指数和Shannon指数分别为0.2390和0.3718.在遗传相似系数为0.74时,可将供试的95株尖孢镰刀菌划分为苦瓜、黄瓜、西瓜、甜瓜4个专化群.在SRAP聚类树中,同一寄主的尖孢镰刀菌聚在一个分支上,其中尖孢镰刀菌苦瓜专化型菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.78～0.99,Nei遗传多样性指数为0.1811,平均Shannon指数为0.2750,表明尖孢镰刀菌苦瓜专化型的遗传变异较大,且菌株的聚群与地理来源存在相关性.