不同林型树倒林隙内微立地类型的土壤微团聚体组成及其分形特征

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分析小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林和云冷杉红松林两种林型下树倒林隙内丘坑微立地类型(丘顶和坑底)土壤微团聚体组成及其分形特征。结果表明: 两种林型的土壤微团聚体0.25～2 mm和0.05～0.25 mm粒级含量较高,分别为25.7%～50.7%和27.0%～42.8%,<0.002 mm粒级含量最小,为4.4%～8.9%。在两种林型的树倒林隙内,坑底和丘顶的土壤容重较大,且丘顶土壤养分含量均高于坑底。阔叶红松林树倒林隙内丘顶和坑底的土壤养分含量均高于云冷杉红松林。<0.002 mm土壤微团聚体与土壤物理和化学性质均无相关性,0.25～2 mm和0.002～0.02 mm土壤微团聚体分别与土壤非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、通气度、有机质、全磷、全氮和有机碳之间呈极显著正相关和极显著负相关。整体来看,阔叶红松林的土壤分形维数(D)和土壤特征微团聚体组成比例(PCM)大于云冷杉红松林。两种林型下,丘顶和坑底的土壤特征微团聚体粒级比值(RMD)均增高。土壤D和PCM与各土壤理化性质均无显著相关性,土壤RMD与土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、土壤容重和通气度呈显著负相关。丘顶和坑底微立地的形成会导致土壤较大粒级微团聚体减少,土壤微团聚体稳定性降低,土壤D和PCM增加,RMD显著增加;土壤RMD可作为定量化描述不同林型下丘坑微立地内土壤理化性质的指标。     

红松阔叶混交林中坑和丘的微立地特征及其对植被更新的影响

2011年8月,在红松阔叶混交林2.55 hm2的样地内,调查了42株倒木及其形成的坑和丘复合体的微立地特征及其植被更新状况,测定了丘顶、丘面、坑壁、坑底、完整立地5个微立地的土壤含水量、土壤温度、空气相对湿度和光合有效辐射.结果表明:在5个微立地中,丘顶的光合有效辐射最高(527.9μmol·m-2·s-1),完整立地最低(58.7 μmol·m-2·s-1);丘顶的土壤温度最高(16.0℃),坑底最低(13.3℃);坑底的土壤含水量最高(34.6％),丘面最低(0.5％);完整立地的空气相对湿度最高(75.9％),丘顶最低(68.0％).形成坑和丘复合体的5个树种的频率大小依次是红松(42.9％)＞云杉(31.0％)＞白桦(16.7％)＞冷杉(7.1％)＞稠李(2.4％).42株掘根倒木中,有2/3偏向西北方向.倒木体积与坑深度、坑长度、丘高度、丘宽度均呈极显著正相关,与丘厚度呈负相关.坑的宽度和长度分别与倒木的胸径呈显著和极显著正相关.不同微立地之间物种丰富度的大小顺序为完整立地＞坑＞丘;所有树种盖度的大小顺序依次为完整立地＞坑＞丘.     

腐烂等级、径级对典型阔叶红松林红松倒木物理化学性质的影响

倒木是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在地力维护、生物多样性保持以及碳(C)和养分循环等方面具有重要意义,但倒木物理化学性质随其腐烂等级和径级而变化。为了深入理解腐烂等级和径级对倒木物理化学性质的影响,该研究以典型阔叶红松林的建群种——红松(Pinus koraiensis)的倒木为研究对象,将其每个腐烂等级(I–V)下的倒木分为4个径级(径级i≤10.0 cm、径级ii 10.1–30.0 cm、径级iii 30.1–50.0 cm、径级iv50.0 cm),研究了不同腐烂等级、径级及两者交互作用对倒木心材和边材物理化学性质的影响。结果表明:心材和边材具有相似的变化规律。倒木心材和边材含水率随着腐烂等级增加而增加,而木材密度随腐烂等级和径级的增加均呈下降趋势;边材C含量以及心材和边材的氮(N)、磷(P)含量随腐烂等级增加呈上升趋势,心材N、P含量随径级增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;纤维素含量随腐烂等级增加呈下降趋势,而木质素含量呈上升趋势,纤维素和木质素含量随径级增加没有明显变化规律。倒木含水率与C、N、P、木质素含量(除心材P含量)显著正相关,与纤维素含量显著负相关;木材密度与C、N、P、木质素含量显著负相关,与纤维素含量显著正相关。由此可见,倒木物理化学性质受不同腐烂等级和径级的影响有各自的变化规律,且倒木的物理性质(含水率和木材密度)是影响化学含量变化的重要因素。     

云冷杉红松林掘根倒木及其微立地对凋落叶分解速率及养分释放的影响

采用凋落物分解袋埋藏法,将采集的红松（Pinus koraiensis）、紫椴（Tilia amurensis）和色木槭（Acer mono）凋落叶按自然比例混合装入袋中,于2019年7月将其埋入云冷杉红松林中不同腐烂等级（Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）的掘根倒木（UT）及其形成的坑底（PB）与丘面（MF）以及对照（包括林隙（FG）和林分（IS））等11种微立地下。8-10月每月从每种微立地取回3袋,处理后测定凋落叶的质量、碳、氮、磷含量。采用相关分析和方差分析的统计分析方法,探究不同微立地下凋落叶的质量、分解速率与养分元素之间的相关性和差异显著性。结果表明：（1）微立地和分解时间对凋落叶质量具有极显著影响（P<0.01）。凋落叶分解90天后,各微立地的凋落叶质量残留率排列为：PB （85.64%） > MF （83.09%） > FG （81.33%） > IS （80.93%） > UT （80.27%）;（2）各微立地的凋落叶分解速率排列为：k_IS=k_UT>k_FG>k_MF>k_PB;Olson指数模型能够较好的模拟各微立地的凋落叶分解动态;年分解速率k为0.61-1.42,分解50%和95%所需时间分别为0.49-1.14 a和2.10-4.92 a。（3）各微立地的凋落叶C残留率总体呈下降趋势,表现为释放模式;UT和MF微立地的N、P残留率持续下降,表现为释放;PB微立地的N、P变化模式分别为释放-富集-释放、富集-释放模式,释放均大于富集,最终表现为释放模式。微立地对凋落叶P释放具有极显著影响（P<0.01）,对N释放具有显著影响（P<0.05）;微立地与掘根倒木腐烂等级的交互作用对C、N释放均具有极显著的影响（P<0.01）。（4）凋落叶质量残留率与P的残留率在所有微立地中均存在显著或极显著正相关关系,与N的残留率仅在Ⅱ级UT、PB微立地、Ⅲ级UT微立地、Ⅳ级UT、PB和MF微立地以及FG对照中呈显著或极显著的正相关关系,与C的残留率仅在Ⅱ级UT、PB微立地、Ⅳ级PB、MF微立地中存在极显著或显著正相关关系,与C/N在Ⅱ级UT微立地、Ⅲ级UT、MF微立地和FG对照中呈显著或极显著负相关关系。可见,与不同腐烂等级的掘根倒木相比,掘根倒木形成的微立地环境对凋落叶分解和养分释放的影响较大。     

高山森林林窗和生长基质对苔藓植物氮和磷含量的影响

苔藓在森林生态系统养分富集和循环方面有重要作用,苔藓植物在氮磷循环中的作用可能受到森林更新和生长基质的影响.为理解苔藓在森林生态系统养分循环中的作用,研究了高山森林不同位置(林窗中心、林窗边缘、林下)和不同生长基质(活立木、倒木、枯立木、大枯枝、根桩、地表)上的苔藓植物氮磷含量.结果表明:地表苔藓氮含量(3.12 mg·g^-1)显著低于其他生长基质上的苔藓,尽管枯立木附生苔藓氮含量高达17.41 mg·g^-1,但倒木、大枯枝、枯立木和活立木苔藓氮含量差异不显著;最高(1.09 mg·g^-1)和最低(0.61 mg·g^-1)的磷含量分别出现在森林地表和枯立木的苔藓,且森林地表的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他生长基质上的苔藓,但倒木、大枯枝、根桩和活立木上的苔藓磷含量差异不显著.林窗位置显著影响了倒木和大枯枝上的苔藓氮、磷含量,林窗内倒木和大枯枝上的苔藓氮、磷含量显著高于林窗边缘.粗木质残体的类型、腐烂等级对苔藓氮、磷含量的影响存在差异,两者交互作用的影响显著;第Ⅴ腐烂等级倒木上的苔藓氮含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅲ腐烂等级大枯枝上的苔藓氮含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅱ腐烂等级倒木上的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅳ腐烂等级枯立木上的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他腐烂等级.可见,森林林窗更新和粗木质残体腐解过程会影响苔藓植物的氮、磷含量,同时影响森林生态系统的养分循环过程.     

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤C:N:P化学计量特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

为了阐明林龄对杉木人工林土壤理化性质及碳氮磷(C∶N∶P)生态化学计量特征的影响,在福建农林大学三明莘口林场选取4个林龄(4, 20, 24, 33a)的杉木人工林为研究对象,测定0—20,20—40,40—60 cm深度土壤的水分-物理性质、pH、总碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK),探讨它们随林龄的变化及其与C∶N∶P化学计量比之间的关系,为杉木人工林持续经营管理提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)随着林龄的增加,质量含水量、田间持水量和毛管孔隙度先减小后增加,在20 a达到最小,TN和TP也有相似的变化趋势,但在24 a林分的深层土壤达到最小,TC和TK保持不变;(2)随着林龄的增加,C∶N保持不变,C∶P和N∶P在24 a成熟林达到最大,但只在20—60 cm达到显著差异;(3)TC与多数水分-物理性质及3个生态化学计量比显著相关,质量含水量和孔隙度与C∶N∶P生态化学计量比均显著相关,TP与C∶P和N∶P显著负相关。土壤物理性质与土壤养分循环存在一定关联,有机质与土壤结构及养分平衡的调节有关,研究区杉木林发育过程中土壤腐殖质化进程较缓慢,24 a成熟林杉木的生长受到土壤磷的限制,在杉木速生阶段适当增施磷肥,保证林木的良好生长,促进土壤与植物的良性养分循环。     

倒木覆盖对天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉林内土壤理化特性的影响

以天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata W.C.Cheng)林为研究对象,研究了有无倒木覆盖以及倒木腐烂程度对土壤8项理化指标(包括含水量,容重,总孔隙度,有机碳、全N、全P和全K含量以及C/N比)的影响,并比较了经倒木覆盖后不同季节和不同类型林分中土壤8个理化指标的变化.结果显示:与无倒木覆盖的土壤相比,经倒木覆盖后土壤容重降低,总孔隙度及含水量提高,有机碳、全N及全K含量均增加,说明倒木覆盖总体上提高了长苞铁杉林下土壤的肥力,但有无倒木覆盖对土壤理化性质无显著影响.经不同腐烂程度倒木覆盖后土壤有机碳含量有显著差异(P＜0.05)并随倒木腐烂程度提高大体呈现逐渐升高的趋势,但土壤的其他7个理化指标无显著差异;经中等(Ⅲ级)腐烂倒木覆盖后土壤的全N、全P和全K含量均最高.经倒木覆盖后,不同季节土壤的全P含量无显著变化,而其他7个理化指标在不同季节均有显著变化(P＜0.05);经倒木覆盖后秋、冬、春、夏土壤容重和全K含量依次增加,总孔隙度和有机碳含量依次降低,土壤含水量在秋季最低、春季则最高.整体来看,在长苞铁杉林的不同类型林分内经倒木覆盖后土壤8个理化指标均有显著差异(P＜0.05);与供试的4类混交林相比,在长苞铁杉纯林内经倒木覆盖后土壤的含水量、容重和全K含量均最高,总孔隙度最低,有机碳含量相对较低,C/N比及全N和全P含量居中.研究结果表明:在天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉林内,倒木覆盖有利于改善土壤理化性质、提高土壤肥力.     

甘肃兴隆山森林演替过程中的土壤理化性质

在森林群落恢复演替过程中,由于森林类型及其所处立地环境不同,森林与土壤相互作用过程具有复杂性。以甘肃兴隆山6种森林类型(青杄林、青杄-白桦林、山杨-白桦林、灌丛林、落叶松林和油松林)0—60 cm土壤层为研究对象,探讨森林恢复演替过程中土壤理化性质的变化规律,旨在为该区域退化森林生态系统恢复与重建提供依据。结果表明:1)在土壤剖面上,兴隆山森林土壤容重随深度的增加而逐渐增大,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、自然含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均随深度的增加而减小;pH值差异不显著,无明显变化规律;土壤有机质、全N、水解N、有效P、速效K均随深度的增加而变小,表聚效应明显;全P差异不显著,呈"圆柱体"分布模式;2)在森林恢复演替过程中,天然林容重、孔隙度、持水能力、渗透性明显好于人工林,随森林正向演替的进行,天然林容重不断减少,孔隙度明显改善,通透性能不断增强,而人工林土壤物理性质出现明显退化现象;天然林pH值在演替方向上并未表现出酸化现象;天然林土壤有机质、全N、水解N、有效P和速效K变化规律不明显,但总的变化趋势为先增加后减小;3)有机质与全N、水解N、最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量呈显著正相关,而与容重呈显著负相关;全N与水解N呈显著正相关;土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质和促进养分循环方面具有重要作用,已成为植被恢复过程中土壤变化的一个重要标志。     

Changes in carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in decaying logs with gap positions in a subalpine forest

亚高山森林倒木碳氮磷化学计量特征随林窗位置的变化 森林林窗对太阳辐射和降水(主要是降雨和降雪)的再分配可造成林窗内外微环境条件的异质性。本研究旨在通过改变微环境,测试林窗对倒木碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)化学计量比的影响。在青藏高原东部的亚高山森林中,将I–V腐解等级的岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)倒木分别置于林窗中心(GC)、林窗边缘(GE)和郁闭林下(CC)进行原位培养,分别于2013–2016年8月测定了腐烂树皮、边材和心材的C、N、P含量。研究结果表明,树皮N浓度从CC到GC呈下降趋势,而边材和心材则表现出相反的趋势。此外,边材和心材IV、V腐解等级的C/N从CC到GC呈下降趋势,心材V腐解等级的 N/P从CC到GC呈增加趋势,这表明森林林窗对高度腐解等级倒木的C/N/P化学计量比有强烈影响。简而言之,高度腐烂的倒木更容易受到微环境的影响,必要时应适当调整郁闭林下或林窗中心的高度腐烂的倒木比例。     

红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙内丘坑复合体微气候动态变化

2012年5月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区阔叶红松混交林2.55 hm²的固定样地内,调查了由掘根风倒形成的38对丘坑复合体所处的7个小林隙、5个中林隙和3个大林隙以及7个郁闭林分的基本状况.于2012年6—9月,每月选定6个典型晴天,测定处于大林隙、中林隙和小林隙以及郁闭林分内每个丘坑复合体不同微立地(坑底、坑壁、丘顶、丘面及完整立地)的土壤温度、土壤含水量和空气相对湿度.结果表明: 6—9月,丘顶的土壤温度平均值最大,坑底最小;坑底土壤含水量和空气相对湿度的平均值最大,丘顶最小.上述指标在大多数微立地之间差异显著.6—9月,位于不同大小林隙和郁闭林分的丘坑复合体土壤温度总平均值依次为:大林隙>中林隙>小林隙>郁闭林分;各月份土壤水分大小次序并不一致;6月、8月和9月丘坑复合体各个微立地月均空气相对湿度大小顺序均为郁闭林分>小林隙>中林隙>大林隙,7月的排列次序有所不同.上述指标在不同大小林隙及郁闭林分内丘坑复合体大多数微立地之间差异显著.不同大小林隙和郁闭林分内丘坑复合体各微立地月均土壤温度和空气相对湿度均为7月最大,9月最小;除完整立地6月月均土壤含水量最大以外,其余微立地均为7月最大,9月最小.丘坑复合体微气候的变化主要受林隙大小、微立地和时间等的影响.     

Spatial variability of soil nutrients and microbiological properties after the establishment of leguminous shrub Caragana microphylla Lam. plantation on sand dune in the Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China

The objective of this study is to determine the spatial variability of nutrients, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities of soil due to the establishment of shrub plantation on moving sandy dunes, as part of an effort to understand the microenvironmental factors that control the soil microbiological properties. Caragana microphylla Lam., an indigenous leguminous shrub, is the dominant plant species used to control desertification in the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China. In a 26-year-old C. microphylla plantation, soil samples were collected from three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm), three slope positions (windward slope, top slope, and leeward slope), and two microsites (under shrubs and between shrubs). The results showed significant differences in soil EC, nutrient content (except for total K), microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of dehydrogenase, urease, and protease at different slopes, soil depths, and microsites. Significant differences in pH at different microsites and slopes, soil moisture and polyphenol oxidase activity at different soil depths and slopes, and activities of phosphomonoesterase and nitrate reductase at different soil depths were also observed. The soil nutrient contents and microbiological activities were greater in the surface soil layer and decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil organic C, total N, total P, available P and K, microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of enzymes tested (except for protease) under shrubs were higher than those in between shrubs. Furthermore, significant correlations among soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, the activities of phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, urease, protease, and nitrate reductase were observed, and correlations were also found among EC, total N, total P, available P and K, enzyme (except for polyphenol oxidase) activities, and microbial biomass C and N contents. These results suggest that microenvironmental factors (slope, soil depth and microsite) have significant influences on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and microbiological properties when the C. microphylla sand-fixing plantation is established in the moving sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land.     

微立地土壤水分-物理性质差异及对水曲柳幼林生长的影响

采用较小立地尺度对土壤水分物理性质的变化及与水曲柳生长的关系进行研究.结果表明,除传统尺度立地上土壤水分-物理性质存在较大差异外,该尺度立地内部微立地间亦存在较大的变化,一些指标如非毛管孔隙度、土壤通气度和土壤渗透系数等在微立地间的变化甚至超出立地间的变化.土壤水分-物理性质的差异,使得不同微立地间水曲柳生长存在较大差异,同一立地内不同微立地间林木生长差异明显高于不同立地间的差异.土壤水分-物理性质及林木生长受到局部地段微立地的影响.微立地的研究对进一步实现适地适树具有重要意义.     

微立地土壤水分—物理性质差异及对水曲柳幼林生长的影响

采用较小立地尺度对土壤水分物理性质的变化及与水曲柳生长的关系进行研究。结果表明,除传统尺度立地上土壤水分－物理性质存在较大差异外,该尺度立地内部微立地间亦存在较大的变化,一些指标如非毛管孔隙度、土壤通气度和土壤渗透系数等在微立地间的变化甚至超出立地间的变化,土壤水分－物理性质的差异,使得不同微立地间水曲柳生长存在较大差异,同一立地内不同微立地间林木生长差异明显高于不同立地间的差异,土壤水分－物理性质及林木生长受到局部地段微立地的影响,微立地的研究对进一步实现适地适树具有重要意义。     

Clumped and isolated trees influence soil nutrient levels in an Australian temperate box woodland

Isolated paddock trees are a common feature of agri-pastoral landscapes in south-eastern Australia. We assessed the impact of trees on soil nutrients by examining (1) changes in soil nutrients under clumped and isolated (living and dead) trees at four microsites corresponding with increasing distance from the trunk (trunk, mid-canopy, drip line, open), and (2) changes with depth under trees growing in clearly-defined clumps. We detected significantly greater concentrations of organic C, and total N and S under trees growing in clumps compared with either isolated living or dead trees. Levels of soluble Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and available P declined with increasing distance from the trees, but there were no significant trends for organic C, or total N and S. The concentration of most nutrients declined with depth, particularly at microsites close to the trunk, while pH increased with depth. We believe that differences in chemistry were largely driven by greater inputs of organic matter under the trees. This study reinforces the view that trees, whether scattered or in clumps, are important for soil nutrient conservation in agri-pastoral landscapes.     

The potential bioavailability of organic C,N, and P through enzyme hydrolysis in soils of the Mojave Desert

Increases in the growth rate of plants and microbes in the Mojave Desert in response to predicted increases in precipitation and CO₂ due to global climate change may induce nutrient limitations. This study was designed to measure the pool of potentially bioavailable nutrients in soils of the Mojave Desert. Soils were collected from shrub and interspace microsites and then subjected to amendment with buffered solutions of an excess of various enzymes. The products of each enzyme reaction were then measured and the maximum quantity of hydrolyzable substrates was calculated. In interspace and shrub microsite soils, respectively, 14.5 and 9.7% of the organic C in the form cellulose, 60.0–97.8% and 61.2–100.0% of the organic N in the form protein, and 44.0 and 57.5% of the organic P was hydrolyzable. There were significant differences between microsites for hydrolyzable substrate using all enzyme amendments, except protease. We propose that accumulations of hydrolyzable organic C, N, and P in the Mojave Desert could be a result of the persistently dry soil conditions often found in desert ecosystems and the immobilization of enzymes, which may result in low diffusivity of soil substrates and enzymes and, accordingly, little degradation of organic C, N, and P. Alternatively, rapid nutrient cycling and immobilization by soil microorganisms could account for accumulations of organic C, N, and P. Further refinement of the methods used in this study could lead to a valuable tool for the assessment of potential bioavailability of nutrients in a variety of soils.     

杉木人工林凋落物生态化学计量与土壤有效养分对长期模拟氮沉降的响应

凋落物分解的快慢和养分释放的速度决定了生态系统中土壤有效养分的供应。探讨全球变化条件下森林生态系统凋落物与土壤养分的变化规律,有利于深入认识凋落物-土壤相互作用的养分调控因素,从而揭示生态系统C、N、P循环。通过模拟氮沉降增加试验,分4个水平处理,分别为0、60、120、240 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。模拟氮沉降13年后,分析了杉木人工林凋落物中不同组分(落叶、落枝、落果)生态化学计量与土壤有效养分(有效氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾)的关系。结果表明:氮沉降(N1、N2和N3)显著提高了落叶和落枝的N含量,平均增幅分别为35.27%和32.21%;高水平氮沉降(N3)处理显著降低了落叶和落枝的C/N,平均降幅分别为25.95%和22.32%,但N3增加了落枝和落果N/P,平均增幅分别为38.4%和31.7%;氮沉降对凋落物各组分的C、P和C/P均影响不显著。氮沉降处理显著增加了土壤NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量,均表现为N3N2N1N0,其中NO_3~--N含量更容易受氮沉降处理的影响,表现为更大的增幅。N2显著增加0—20 cm土层的碱解氮含量,N1显著降低0—20 cm土层的速效钾,但氮沉降对速效磷含量没有影响。凋落物生态化学计量与土壤有效养分之间的Pearson相关和冗余分析(RDA)表明,凋落物生态化学计量与土壤有效养分之间关系紧密,凋落物P含量(蒙特卡罗检验,P=0.018)和C/P比值(P=0.037)对土壤有效养分影响显著。凋落物中C/N比值、C/P比值与土壤有效养分呈显著负相关,其比值越高越不利于土壤有效养分的累积。     

Predictors of moss and liverwort species diversity of microsites in conifer‐dominated boreal forest

Patterns of moss and liverwort species diversity — species richness and species turnover (β‐diversity) — in three conifer‐dominated boreal forest stands of northern Alberta, Canada are described. We examined the relationship between bryophyte species diversity and micro‐environment at two sample grains, the microsite — substrate types for moss colonization: logs, stumps, tree bases, undisturbed patches of forest floor (dominated by feather moss species), and disturbed patches of forest floor — and the mesosite (25 m × 25 m plots). Microsite type and properties (e.g. decay class, hardwood vs softwood, pH) were the principal predictors of bryophyte species diversity and not micro‐environment variation among mesosites. Microsite type was the strongest predictor of microsite species richness and β‐diversity was higher among microsites and types and within microsites than among mesosites or stands. Microsite properties were significant predictors of species richness for all microsite types. Log and stump decay classes, influenced also by hardwood vs softwood predicted species richness of woody microsite types and soil pH and moisture predicted species richness of forest floor microsites. β‐diversity was highest for tree bases and disturbed patches of forest floor and lowest for logs. Mesosite β‐diversity was lower than that among microsites, and mesosite species richness was not well explained by measured environmental parameters. Results suggest that in conifer‐dominated boreal stands, species richness of microsites is only negligibly influenced by within‐stand variation at the mesosite grain and that substrate characteristics are the most important predictors of bryophyte species diversity in this ecosystem.     

Seed size,establishment sites and species coexistence in a Chilean rain forest

Abstract. Seedling densities on the forest floor and on elevated microsites (logs and stumps) were compared for eight woody species in a temperate rain forest in southern Chile. Degree of association with elevated microsites varied significantly between species, showed no systematic relationship with reported shade tolerance, but was significantly negatively correlated with seed mass. Large-seeded Podocarpus nubigena established preferentially on undisturbed forest floor sites, whereas seedlings of small-seeded species such as Nothofagus nitida and Laurelia philippiana were found mainly on fallen logs and stumps. The abundance of large seedlings and saplings of N. nitida on logs/stumps, and the growth forms of canopy trees, confirm that recruitment of this species occurs mainly on decaying wood. The relationship between seed size and microsite preferences may be caused by effects of seed size on (1) ability to establish in forest floor litter and (2) retention of seeds on logs. Seedling occupancy of logs and stumps varied with state of decay. Few seedlings of any species were present on logs in the early stages of decay. N. nitida established earlier than the other species, attaining maximum abundance on wood in the middle decay classes. Species richness and overall seedling abundance were highest on wood in advanced stages of decay. Seed size differences are suggested as a determinant of differential utilization of forest floor heterogeneity, and hence of plant species coexistence.     

冰雪灾害对杉木林土壤特性的影响

2008年初,在波及我国南方大部分地区的雨雪冰冻灾害中,冻雨在杉木枝叶上形成冰柱,造成大量的杉木个体折冠。通过开展杉木林凋落物和树干残体的养分及土壤理化性质的研究,可以了解冰雪灾害后杉木林的土壤肥力动态。冰雪灾害造成的林冠折损引起了林地的光照增强,导致了土壤温度上升及土壤水分增加,从而促进了凋落物的分解,凋落物经过1a的分解后,N、P和K含量分别下降了7%、12%和21%。凋落物储量减少了22%,N、P和K的储量分别下降了27%、31%和38%。2009年树干残体的N和P含量分别上升5%和6%,而K含量降低15%。树干残体由于分解缓慢,其储量下降3%,N储量增加了2%,P储量不变,而K储量下降了18%。冰雪灾害后森林凋落物积累于地表,分解后形成较厚的有机质层,土壤结构因此变得疏松。2009年的土壤容重和毛管孔隙度减小,总空隙度和毛管持水量增加,非毛管孔隙显著增加。林冠残体在分解过程中促进了土壤有机质和养分的积累。2009年的土壤pH降低,有机质、全N、全P和全K含量分别增加了16%、11%、14%和8%,碱解N和速效P含量分别增加了113%和17%,而速效K含量下降了36%。