高等植物中的钼

阐述了高等植物缺钼症状,分析了植物体存在的钼酶及钼辅因子的生理生化特性和生理功能及钼辅因子的可能合成途径,并提出以后的研究方向。     

蝶呤型钼辅因子生物合成、运输及组装——潜在的药物靶标

钼辅因子作为氧化还原反应中的重要分子,参与硫、氮、碳的氧化还原代谢.钼辅因子主要分为两类:以铁硫簇为基础的铁钼辅因子和以亚钼蝶呤为基础的钼辅因子.钼-二-亚钼蝶呤-鸟苷二核苷钼辅因子(Mo-bis-MGD)是蝶呤型钼辅因子的重要成员之一,是硝酸盐还原酶的重要辅因子.膜结合硝酸盐还原酶介导的硝酸盐还原为细菌提供了氮源和能...     

植物中钼的吸收转运及钼辅因子与钼酶的研究进展

钼是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素,只有和蛋白质或者蝶呤结合形成钼辅因子才能产生生物活性。自然界存在2种钼辅因子:以铁硫簇为基础的铁钼辅因子(Fe Moco)和以钼蝶呤为基础的钼辅因子(MPT/Moco)。植物对钼的吸收有2种转运蛋白系统,一种是专一性转运蛋白,如MOTl和MOT2;另一种是共转运蛋白,如磷酸盐转运蛋白(PHT)和硫酸盐转运蛋白(SULTR)。最近研究发现一种钼酶——线粒体氨肟还原蛋白(m ARC)。本文综述了近年来植物体内钼的吸收与转运机制、钼辅因子的合成过程以及钼酶的研究进展,并提出了今后的重点研究方向。     

棕色固氮菌不固氮变种UW45与固氮酶钼铁蛋白铁钼辅因子重组的某些特性

以UW45抽提液的DEAE-纤维素柱层析的0.15M NaCl或0.25M NaCl洗出液与Smith法或Shah法制备的铁铝辅因子重组,则0.25 M NaCl洗出液的重组对乙炔还原的活性远较0.15 M NaGl的为高。0.15 M NaGl的洗出液较0.25 M NaCl洗出液的组分明显不纯。不全钼铁蛋白与铁钼辅因子和铁蛋白重组后能还原基质氰化钾,但对分子氮或迭氮化钠的还原却较微弱甚至不还原。铁钼辅因子按Smith和Shah法制备,其分子量范围分别为低于1000D和接近1500D。由于Smith和Shah法两种铁钼辅因子还原乙炔和氰化钾的比活不同,电泳图谱有差异、分子量又有大小,因此这两种铁钼辅因子的分子结构可能不尽相同。     

棕色固氮菌固氮酶钼铁蛋白中含钼铁活性小分子组分的解离

棕色固氮菌固氮酶钼铁蛋白结晶,经酒石酸解离后得到一个含钢铁小分子组分,与棕色固氮菌突变株uw_(45)无细胞提取液的重组比活为6.8nM Mo natom~(-1) min~(-1)。它是由二种物质组成的混合物,其分子量分别为2100和1850道尔顿,分子量为2100道尔顿的成分含钼铁。酒石酸处理后的沉淀,再用N—甲基甲酰胺抽提得到的含钼铁组分具有恢复突变株uw_(45)乙炔还原活性的能力。经纸层析鉴定与用Shah法制备的铁钼辅因子相类似。由于Shah和Smith法制备的两种铁钼辅因子还原乙炔和氰化钾的比活不同,而且分子量也有大小,说明这两种铁钼辅因子结构可能不尽相同。     

高等植物ABA醛氧化酶的研究进展

ABA醛氧化酶催化ABA生物合成最后一步反应,是ABA合成途径的重要步骤.拟南芥AO3基因编码由1332个氨基酸组成的AOδ蛋白,具有ABA醛氧化酶性质,参与拟南芥叶片的ABA生物合成和调节,其在钼辅因子硫化后才具有活性.AO3由10个外显子和9个内含子组成,其cDNA全长含有198bp5'-非翻译区域,3999bp开放阅读框架区域和121bp3'-非翻译区域,含有与2个铁硫中心和5个钼辅因子结合有关的基序,均为醛氧化酶的保守序列.     

固氮酶钼铁蛋白铁钼辅因子的抽提研究进展

固氮酶由两种铁硫蛋白(钼铁蛋白和铁蛋白)组成。由还原剂提供电子经铁(Fe)蛋白传递给钼铁(MoFe)蛋白,在MoFe蛋白的活性中心部位进行N_2、C_2H_2等多种底物的还原[10,11,20]。MoFe蛋白中的Mo、Fe原子和酸不稳定性硫原子(S~*)组成2个M簇(FeM-oco)、3—4个P簇(P-cluster)及1—2个S(2Fe)簇。在底物还原过程中,这些原子簇都可能参与电子的传递。铁钼辅因子(FeMoco)已被认为是络合和还原底物的重要部位。因此,要阐明MoFe蛋白的作用机理就得研究FeMoco的结构和功     

固氮作用

棕色固氮菌(Azorobacter。 vinelan dii)的固氮酶含有钼,它在N_2培养下需要钼,但在NH_3培养下不需要钼。本综述中讨论了有关固氮酶中钼的重要性质,特别是Fe一Mo辅因子和Mo辅因子的关系。用突变种和钼对固氮酶的调节研究了     

高等植物含钼酶与钼营养

就高等植物中的含钼酶,钼与植物碳氮及其它元素代谢的关系,钼与激素合成及植物抗性的关系,以及植物钼营养基因型差异的研究进展作了介绍.     

铁钼辅因子

某些固氮生物(如棕色固氮菌)的变种,它们的固氮酶中铁蛋白有催化活性,但由于钼铁蛋白处于不活化状态,所以整个固氮酶不能显示出固氮活性,这种不能固氮的固氮酶可为从野生型固氮菌固氮酶钼铁蛋白中分离得到的物质(或因子)所活化或恢复固氮活性,此种活化因子叫钼铁辅因子。这种钼铁辅因子已从多种固氮生物中分离到,其分子量为1000～3000左右。按钼铁蛋白分子量为270,000计算,其中铝、铁、硫三种原     

Redox reactions of the pyranopterin system of the molybdenum cofactor

This work provides the first extensive study of the redox reactivity of the pyranopterin system that is a component of the catalytic site of all molybdenum and tungsten enzymes possessing molybdopterin. The pyranopterin system possesses certain characteristics typical of tetrahydropterins, such as a reduced pyrazine ring; however, it behaves as a dihydropterin in redox reactions with oxidants. Titrations using ferricyanide and dichloroindophenol (DCIP) prove a 2e^–/2H⁺ stoichiometry for pyranopterin oxidations. Oxidations of pyranopterin by Fe(CN)₆ ^3– or DCIP are slower than tetrahydropterin oxidation under a variety of conditions, but are considerably faster than observed for oxidations of dihydropterin. The rate of pyranopterin oxidation by DCIP was studied in a variety of media. In aqueous buffered solution the pyranopterin oxidation rate has minimal pH dependence, whereas the rate of tetrahydropterin oxidation decreases 100-fold over the pH range 7.4–8.5. Although pyranopterin reacts as a dihydropterin with oxidants, it resists further reduction to a tetrahydropterin. No reduction was achieved by catalytic hydrogenation, even after several days. The reducing ability of the commonly used biological reductants dithionite and methyl viologen radical cation was investigated, but experiments showed no evidence of pyranopterin reduction by any of these reducing agents. This study illustrates the dual personalities of pyranopterin and underscores the unique place that the pyranopterin system holds in the spectrum of pterin redox reactions. The work presented here has important implications for understanding the biosynthesis and reaction chemistry of the pyranopterin cofactor in molybdenum and tungsten enzymes.Abbreviations DCIP dichloroindophenol - H₄DMP 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin - MV⁺ methyl viologen radical cation     

Molecular structure of tetranuclear [{Mo2O(S2CNEt2)(η-O2CCF3)(μ-N-o-tol)2}2(μ-O)(μ-O2CCF3)2] formed upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid to syn-[MoO(μ-N-o-tol)(S2CNEt2)]2

Addition of trifluoroacetic acid to syn-[MoO(μ-N-o-tol)(S₂CNEt₂)]₂ in chloroform affords tetranuclear [{Mo₂O(S₂CNEt₂)(η¹-O₂CCF₃)(μ-N-o-tol)₂}₂(μ-O)(μ-O₂CCF₃)₂] which has been crystallographically characterised. It consists of four molybdenum(V) centres linked via bridging imido, trifluoroacetate and oxo ligands and results from replacement of a dithiocarbamate by two trifluoroacetate ligands.     

Mediated electrochemistry of dimethyl sulfoxide reductase from Rhodobacter capsulatus

Electrochemically driven catalysis of the bacterial enzyme dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase (Rhodobacter capsulatus) has been studied using the macrocyclic complex (trans-6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine)cobalt(III) as a mediator. In the presence of both DMSO and DMSO reductase, the normal transient Co^III/II voltammetric response of the complex is transformed into an amplified and sigmoidal (steady-state) waveform characteristic of a catalytic EC′ mechanism. At low concentrations of DMSO (approximately K _M) or high mediator concentrations (more than the concentration of DMSO reductase), the steady-state character of the voltammetric response disappears and is replaced by more complicated waveforms that are a convolution of transient and steady-state behavior as different steps within the catalytic cycle become rate limiting. Through digital simulation of cyclic voltammetry performed under conditions where the sweep rate, DMSO concentration, DMSO reductase concentration and mediator concentration were varied systematically, we were able to model all voltammograms with a single set of rate and equilibrium constants which provide new insights into the kinetics of the DMSO reductase catalytic mechanism that have hitherto been inaccessible from steady state or stopped flow kinetic studies.

Control of the modularity of {Mo2O2S2}-containing polyoxometalates. Synthesis, structure and characterization of tri- and tetra-modular assemblies based on the [β-B-AsW9O33] anion

Reaction at pH = 2.3 of the [Mo₂O₂S₂(OH₂)₆]²⁺ aqua cation with the tetravacant ion [β-B-HAs₂W₈O₃₁]⁷⁻ leads to the formation of a red solid from which three mixed salts have been obtained as single crystals and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Three mixed salts K-5a, RbNa-5b, DMACs-5c exhibit a similar molecular arrangement consisting in three {β-HAs₂W₉O₃₄} subunits mutually linked by three {Mo₂O₂S₂} groups. The triangular arrangement delimits a large open-cavity, lined on the periphery by three outer {As-OH} groups and closed at the bottom by a small hexagonal pocket formed by six terminal oxygen atoms. The central hexagonal cavity is filled either by a potassium, a rubidium or a cesium cation. The outer {As-OH} groups are pointed towards two directions labelled up and down, respectively. In K-6a the three {As-OH} bonds are in up configuration leading to the {up, up, up} isomer. The structure of RbNa-5b is rather consistent with the superposition of the two {up, up, up} and {down, up, up} isomers disordered over the same crystallographic site, while only the {down, up, up} isomer is present in DMACs-5c. In solution, ¹⁸³W NMR characterization of 6a as sodium salt results in a complicated spectrum consistent with the simultaneous presence of the four isomers, {up, up, up}, {down, up, up}, {down, down, up} and {down, down, down}, respectively. 5a reacts with three equivalents of iodine to give CsNa-6 isolated as single crystals. In 6, four β-{AsW₉O₃₃} moieties are located at the corner of a super tetrahedron and are mutually connected by six {Mo₂O₂S₂} linkers. The three outer {As-OH} groups can be selectively removed by iodine, this oxidation reaction consisting in fact in a deprotecting process permitting the extension of the arrangement from triangular to tetrahedral.     

Seminalplasmin, an antimicrobial protein from bovine seminal plasma, inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in Escherichia coli

Seminalplasmin, an antimicrobial protein from bovine seminal plasma, inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis in Escherichia coli in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis appears to be a cause rather than a consequence of growth inhibition as it was observed soon after the addition of the antibiotic even in E. coli cells whose growth was totally inhibited by chloramphenicol.     

Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Molybdenum Cofactor-binding Proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana

The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) forms part of the catalytic center in all eukaryotic molybdenum enzymes and is synthesized in a highly conserved pathway. Among eukaryotes, very little is known about the processes taking place subsequent to Moco biosynthesis, i.e. Moco transfer, allocation, and insertion into molybdenum enzymes. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified a novel protein family consisting of nine members that after recombinant expression are able to bind Moco with K_D values in the low micromolar range and are therefore named Moco-binding proteins (MoBP). For two of the nine proteins atomic structures are available in the Protein Data Bank. Surprisingly, both crystal structures lack electron density for the C terminus, which may indicate a high flexibility of this part of the protein. C-terminal truncated MoBPs showed significantly decreased Moco binding stoichiometries. Experiments where the MoBP C termini were exchanged among MoBPs converted a weak Moco-binding MoBP into a strong binding MoBP, thus indicating that the MoBP C terminus, which is encoded by a separate exon, is involved in Moco binding. MoBPs were able to enhance Moco transfer to apo-nitrate reductase in the Moco-free Neurospora crassa mutant nit-1. Furthermore, we show that the MoBPs are localized in the cytosol and undergo protein-protein contact with both the Moco donor protein Cnx1 and the Moco acceptor protein nitrate reductase under in vivo conditions, thus indicating for the MoBPs a function in Arabidopsis cellular Moco distribution.     

Synthesis, electrochemistry, geometric and electronic structure of oxo-molybdenum compounds involved in an oxygen atom transferring system

The oxygen atom transfer reactivity of Tp( *)MoO(2)(SPh) (1) (where Tp( *)=hydrotris-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate) with trimethyl phosphine (PMe(3)) has been investigated. The reaction proceed through a diamagnetic phosphoryl intermediate complex, Tp( *)MoO(SPh)(OPMe(3)) (2), which has been isolated and characterized by IR, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The molecular structure of 2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in monoclinic (P2(1)/n) space group, a=19.81 (1)A, b=11.1 (4)A, c=18.416 (5)A, beta=121.2 (3) degrees , V=3463.8 (25)A(3) with Z=4. In acetonitrile, complex 2 exchanges its phosphoryl ligand with a solvent molecule resulting in Tp( *)MoO(SPh)(MeCN) (3), which has been isolated and also characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography. Compound 3 crystallizes in triclinic (P1 ) space group, a=10.159 (6)A, b=18.563 (5)A, c=7.986 (3)A, alpha=96.22 (3) degrees , beta=121.2 (3) degrees , gamma=84.64 (3) degrees , V=1452.4 (11)A(3) with Z=2. The electronic structures of the complexes have been investigated by density functional theory and the redox chemistry has been investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. In acetonitrile, complex 2 spontaneously transforms to complex, 3 at a rate of 5.6x10(-4)s(-1).     

Activation parameters in flash photolysis studies of Mo(CO)6

Reported is a combined time-resolved optical (TRO) and infrared (TRIR) spectroscopic investigation of the flash photolysis of Mo(CO)₆ in cyclohexane solution. TRIR studies using 308 nm excitation led to transient bleaching of the strong ν_CO band at 1987 cm⁻¹ of Mo(CO)₆ and appearance of new bands at 1931 and 1964 cm⁻¹ attributed to Mo(CO)₅(Sol). Using a high pressure/variable temperature flow cell, the kinetics of back reaction with CO (k_CO) to regenerate the hexacarbonyl was studied over the P_CO range 1-20 atm and at five temperatures. These data gave k_CO=4.6±0.2×10⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ (298 K) and the activation parameters kJ/mol and J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ from which an interchange mechanism was proposed. The analogous species seen in the TRO experiment displayed a transient absorbance at 420 nm and analogous kinetics properties although at lower P_CO self-trapping with Mo(CO)₆ (to give Mo₂(CO)₁₁) is a competitive process. The Mo(CO)₅(Sol) transient could also be trapped by ⁿPrBr (k_RBr=5.3±0.7×10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹).     

A mechanistic and electrochemical study of the interaction between dimethyl sulfide dehydrogenase and its electron transfer partner cytochrome c 2

Dimethyl sulfide dehydrogenase isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodovulum sulfidophilum is a heterotrimeric enzyme containing a molybdenum cofactor at its catalytic site, as well as five iron–sulfur clusters and a heme b cofactor. It oxidizes dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to dimethyl sulfoxide in its native role and transfers electrons to the photochemical reaction center. There is genetic evidence that cytochrome c ₂ mediates this process, and the steady state kinetics experiments reported here demonstrated that cytochrome c ₂ accepts electrons from DMS dehydrogenase. At saturating concentrations of both substrate (DMS) and cosubstrate (cytochrome c ₂), Michaelis constants, K _M,DMS and K _M,cyt of 53 and 21 μM, respectively, were determined at pH 8. Further kinetic analysis revealed a “ping-pong” enzyme reaction mechanism for DMS dehydrogenase with its two reactants. Direct cyclic voltammetry of cytochrome c ₂ immobilized within a polymer film cast on a glassy carbon electrode revealed a reversible Fe^III/II couple at +328 mV versus the normal hydrogen electrode at pH 8. The Fe^III/II redox potential exhibited only minor pH dependence. In the presence of DMS dehydrogenase and DMS, the peak-shaped voltammogram of cytochrome c ₂ is transformed into a sigmoidal curve consistent with a steady-state (catalytic) reaction. The cytochrome c ₂ effectively mediates electron transfer between the electrode and DMS dehydrogenase during turnover and a significantly lower apparent electrochemical Michaelis constant of 13(±1) μM was obtained. The pH optimum for catalytic DMS oxidation by DMS dehydrogenase with cytochrome c ₂ as the electron acceptor was found to be approximately 8.3.