一种在野外自然光照条件下快速测定光合作用一光响应曲线的新方法

本文尝试了一种在野外自然状态下测定植物光合作用-光响应曲线的方法。传统的方法或费时费力,或依赖精密的光发生装置,在野外操作均不方便。本研究使用英国生产的便携式光合作用测定系统LCA4型对毛乌素沙地8种优势植物在全自然条件下进行测定,仅通过改变叶室(含光敏探头)与入射光线之间的角度即可在自然光照条件下快速获得一系列植物的光合作用—光照速率的反应曲线。拟合曲线值与实测值之间显著相关。测定这种曲线过程中环境参数除叶面温度有较明显的变动外,其它参数如大气温度、CO2浓度基本不变,在这种环境下测定的曲线基本反映植物光合作用真实的自然状态,且操作简便、快速、经济、实效。     

几种生态因子对菹草光合作用的影响

本文研究了光照、pH、温度对菹草光合作用的影响。在一定温度条件下,菹草的净产氧量与一定范围的光照强度呈直线相关。菹草的光补偿点随温度的上升而上升。在菹草自然生活的环境中,温度低于30℃时,升温有利于菹草的光合作用。高pH(PH>10.0)下碳源缺乏对菹草的光合作用影响较大。高pH与强光照射的协同作用严重影响菹草的光合作用。水温与氮、磷营养盐不足并非夏季自然水体中菹草死亡的主要原因。而不良光照(水表层光抑制,中、下层光饥饿)和高pH下缺乏光合碳源的协同作用便可能导致菹草夏季死亡。     

田间取样气流法测定光合作用

应用塑料气球作为配制气源及贮存气体样品的容器可将光合作用测定分阶段进行。这样就能不必将分析仪器搬到室外即可测定植物在田间或野外自然条件下的光合作用。此外,此法还便于研究植物在不同气体环境中的光合作用情况。文中叙述了用塑料气球配制不同成分的气源及在田间通气取样等操作的步骤,并且还列举了测定水稻及玉米在空气中和低氧条件下的光合作用实例。     

光合作用的光抑制

虽然光是植物光合作用的根本推动力,没有光植物便不能进行光合作用,光不足则不能高速地进行光合作用,可是光过剩对植物来说也不是好事。当叶片接受的光能超过它所能利用的量时,光可以引起光合活性的降低。这就是光合作用的光抑制现象。它的最明显特征是光合效率的降低。在没有其它环境胁迫的条件下,晴天中午许多植物冠层表面的叶片和静止的水体表层的藻类经常发生光抑制。由于发生光抑制的前提是光能过剩,所以,任何妨碍光合作用正常进行而引起光能过剩的因素,如低温、干旱等,都会使植物易于发生光抑制。因此,在两种或两种以上环境…     

两种女贞光合作用季节特性研究

以徐州自然条件下生长的常绿女贞和落叶女贞为材料,在不同季节测定了它们的叶绿素含量、光合速率、呼吸速率、光合作用的最适温度。结果表明,两种女贞各测定的生理指标都有季节特性。在自然条件下,两种女贞的光合速率皆为夏季最高,冬季最低,与叶绿素含量变化相一致。在冬季常绿女贞的净光合速率接近于零,而落叶女贞的净光合速率为负值,但仍保持较高的呼吸强度。光合作用的最适温度测定结果表明,常绿女贞适应环境温度变化的能     

杉木人工林单叶至冠层光合作用的扩展与模拟研究

根据野外条件下杉木（Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａ ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｈｏｏｋ．）针叶光合作用的测定结果。考虑到光合作用对光的非线性响应特性,及其与叶所处的实际冠层环境变量和冠层的空气动力学特性的相关,以筒化的林冠辐射传输模型为基础,结合不同部位和年龄针叶的光响应曲线,实现了叶室测量结果向冠层环境的调整,并进行了冠层光合作用模拟的初步研究。经过调整后的冠层光合作用平均比未经过调整的值高１     

自然条件下珊瑚树叶片光合作用的光抑制

利用气体交换观察、叶绿素荧光分析和ＱＢ蛋白含量的测定３种方法,研究了常绿灌木珊瑚树叶片的光合作用在上海深秋初冬自然条件下的光抑制。以便确定在除光以外不存在其它环境胁迫的自然条件下光合机构的破坏是否时引起光抑制的主要原因。经过中午３ｈ左右的强光照射以后,珊瑚树叶片的表观量子效率和ＰＳⅡ光化学效率明显下降,表明珊瑚树叶在自然条件下经常发生光抑制。而且,经中午强光照射以后,叶片的初始荧光下降;非光化学荧     

光调光合作用的信号转导机制

光调光合作用的信号转导机制陈以峰,周燮（南京农业大学农学系,江苏省农业科学院遗传生理研究所南京２１００１４南京２１００９５）１导言自然条件下光合作用受到多种光环境的影响和调节,例如瞬时光强变化、昼夜光暗变化、光强日变化、光强季节变化等等。在变动光环境...     

荆条叶性状对野外不同光环境的表型可塑性

光照是影响植物生长和分布的重要环境因子。对生长在野外5种不同光环境下(林外、阔叶林林缘、阔叶林林下、针叶林林窗和针叶林林下)的荆条的叶片进行取样研究,通过对光合作用光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光、叶绿素含量、叶片氮磷含量以及叶片形态的测量,来反映荆条对不同光环境的表型可塑性。研究结果表明,荆条叶片对于野外不同的光环境具有很好的适应机制,叶片功能性状受到结构性状的调节。低光下通过高的比叶面积(SLA)、单位质量叶绿素含量、光系统II最大量子产量,低的暗呼吸速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、叶绿素a,b的比值来提高对光能的利用效率,维持生长;高光下则通过与SLA有关的叶片结构的变化对光合作用进行调节。大多数的叶性状只受到日光照总量的影响,SLA的大小与日最高光强有关,可以对不同日变化模式的光照做出迅速的响应,是适应不同光照的敏感指标。尽管光照是不同光环境下影响荆条叶性状的主要环境因子,土壤养分含量同样会对叶性状产生影响,高土壤养分下的高叶长与叶柄长的比值体现了植物对资源获取和支撑结构之间分配的权衡。     

宝山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)镉胁迫下的光合作用

利用荧光成像技术研究了自然生长状态下宝山堇菜、紫花地丁镉含量与光合作用间的关系。野外调查表明,宝山堇菜、紫花地丁镉含量差异显著,地上部分镉含量分别为867mg／kg和2mg／kg,相差近450倍;镉转运系数、富集系数,宝山堇菜均大于1,紫花地丁均小于1。叶绿素荧光参数,宝山堇菜Fm、Ik、Pm均显著低于紫花地丁（p=0．05）;两种植物间Fo、Fv/Fm、α均无显著差异。紫花地丁地上部分镉含量与叶绿素荧光参数的相关性较低,宝山堇菜地上部分镉含量与Fm、Pm、Ik达到极显著负相关。Fv／Fm,宝山堇菜、紫花地丁均在0．8左右,与镉的相关性较低,表明其光合作用没有受到镉胁迫。但是,宝山堇菜Fm显著低于紫花地丁,而且与镉呈负相关,表明宝山堇菜叶片Fm会随镉含量的增加而降低,预示镉可能会造成宝山堇菜光系统Ⅱ叶绿素结构破坏或者抑制其电子传递。参数Ik和Pm在两种植物间差异显著及其与宝山堇菜地上部分镉含量显著负相关反映宝山堇菜光耐受能力和电子传递能力在镉胁迫下逐渐减弱。初始斜率α始终维持在较高水平,说明镉胁迫并未对宝山堇菜捕光系统造成显著伤害。结合Fm值的变化和快速光曲线中荧光参数的变化推断镉最有可能会造成宝山堇菜电子传递能力的减弱。     

Light inside sponges

Sponges are the most basal metazoan organisms. As sessile filter feeders in marine or freshwater habitats, they often live in close association with phototrophic microorganisms. Active photosynthesis by the associated microorganisms has been believed to be restricted to the outer tissue portion of the sponge hosts. However, phototrophic microorganisms have also been detected in deeper tissue regions. In many cases they are found around spicules, siliceous skelettal elements of demosponges and hexactinellids. The finding of phototrophic organisms seemingly assembled around spicules led to the hypothesis of a siliceous light transmission system in sponges. The principle ability to conduct light was already shown for sponge derived, explanted spicules. However it was not shown until now, that in deed sponges have a light transmission system, and can harbour photosynthetically active microorganisms in deeper tissue regions.Here we show for the first time, that, as hypothesized 13 year ago, sponge spicules in living specimens transmit light into deeper tissue regions. Our results demonstrate that in opposite to the actual opinion, photosynthetically active microorganisms can also live in deeper tissue regions, and not only directly beneath the surface, when a light transmission system (spicules) is present.Our results show the possibility of massive or globular sponges being supplied with photosynthetic products or pathways throughout their whole body, implying not only a more important role of these endobioses. Our findings also elucidate the in-situ function of a recently more and more interesting biomaterial, which is unique not only for its mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Biosilica is of special interest for the possibility to produce it enzymatically under environmental conditions.     

Light Harvesting Dendrimers

Tree-like dendrimers with decreasing number of chromophores from periphery to core is an attractive candidate for light-harvesting applications. Numerous dendritic designs with different kinds of light-collecting chromophores at periphery and an energy-sink at the core have been demonstrated with high energy transfer efficiency. These building blocks are now being developed for several applications such as light-emitting diodes, frequency converters and other photonic devices. This review outlines the efforts that are based on both conjugated and non-conjugated dendrimers.     

Light responses ofBeggiatoa

Studies on nativeBeggiatoa demonstrated diel vertical migration into, and out of, sediments at the bottom of warm spring pools. Laboratory experiments withBeggiatoa in natural sediments suggested that high light was the cause of the downward movement. The nature of this presumed photomotion was clarified by microscopic observation of individual filaments of nativeBeggiatoa at light/dark boundaries where the light was varied in intensity and quality. Using white light, a negative photo-response was demonstrated, and a dose-response curve was constructed which indicates an increasing response to light over three orders of magnitude of intensity. A coarse action spectrum implicated a pigment with a peak in the blue region as the receptor. Pure culture studies showed the negative response to be a step-up phobic one. The light intensity increase necessary to invoke reversals was a smaller percentage of the initial intensity for higher initial intensities. The light intensity levels and gradient strengths necessary to evoke reversals in single filaments were consistent with the hypothesis that the step-up response accounts for the disappearance in the field. This response has adaptive significance since full sunlight was completely inhibitory toBeggiatoa growth, even when filaments were aggregated in tufts. Dilute suspensions were also inhibited by as little as 5000 lux (fluorescent lamps).     

Experiments with Light

This article describes an unlikely collaboration between a high school chemistry teacher and a high school English teacher who attempted to teach scientific concepts through poetry. Inspired by poet John Updike's (1960) "Cosmic Gall," these two teachers crafted writing tasks aimed at teaching science content through literary devices. The result was an inspiring account and unlikely marriage of academic disciplines.