花同源异型MADS-box 基因在被子植物中的功能保守性和多样性

MADS-box基因家族成员作为转录调控因子在被子植物花发育调控中发挥关键作用。本文以模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) 和水稻 (Oryza sativa)为例, 综述了近10年来对被子植物(又称有花植物)两大主要类群——核心真 双子叶植物和单子叶植物花同源异型MADS-box基因的研究成果, 分析MADS-box基因在被子植物中的功能保守性和多样性,同时探讨双子叶植物花发育的ABCDE模型在多大程度上适用于单子叶植物。     

MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能的多样性

基因的重复(duplication)及其功能的多样性(diversification)为生物体新的形态进化提供了原材料。MADS-box基因在植物(特别是被子植物)的进化过程中发生了大规模的基因重复事件而形成一个多基因家族。MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用,在调控开花时间、决定花分生组织和花器官特征以及调控根、叶、胚珠及果实的发育中起着广泛的作用。探讨MADS-box基因家族的进化历史有助于深入了解基因重复及随后其功能分化的过程和机制。本文综述了MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能分化式样的研究进展。     

MADS-box 基因家族基因重复及其功能的多样性

基因的重复(duplication)及其功能的多样性(diversification)为生物体新的形态进化提供了原材料。MADS-box基因在植物(特别是被子植物)的进化过程中发生了大规模的基因重复事件而形成一个多基因家族。MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用, 在调控开花时间、决定花分生组织和花器官特征以及调控根、叶、胚珠及果实的发育中起着广泛的作用。探讨MADS-box基因家族的进化历史有助于深入了解基因重复及随后其功能分化的过程和机制。本文综述了MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能分化式样的研究进展。     

植物MADS-box基因的研究进展

MADS-box基因是一类重要的转录调控因子,在动物、植物、真菌中都有分布。在植物中从根、茎、叶到花的发育,果实的成熟MADS-box基因都起作用,尤其是在开花植物中花的发育,开花时间的控制等方面起着重要的作用。综述了MADS-box基因的分类、进化、结构、以及MADS-box基因在植物花器官发育,开花时间的控制,果实的成熟等方面的作用。     

被子植物花器官发育的模型演变和分子调控

基于模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和金鱼草(Antirrhinum majus)花器官突变体研究提出的四聚体模型揭示了花同源异型蛋白的相互作用方式;进一步提出的核小体拟态模型,解释了花同源蛋白四聚体调控目标靶基因的分子机理。被子植物花器官形态多样化与MADS-box基因的表达模式和功能分化密切相关。多年生被子植物花发育的高通量转录组分析表明,多种基因参与调控花器官发育过程。本文重点综述了被子植物花器官发育的模型演变、MADS-box基因结构和基因重复、miRNA调控以及相关转录组分析的最新研究成果,并对花器官发育的研究前景进行了展望。     

MADS-box基因在植物发育中的功能

MADS-box基因是一类序列特异的调节基因家族,是同源异型基因。它编码的蛋白质是一类转录因子,在植物的发育尤其在花器官的发育调控中起作用。文章介绍MADS-box基因调控植物开花的作用模式、MADS-box基因间的相互调控以及MADS-box基因功能的研究进展。     

双子叶植物和单子叶植物的基本区别

被子植物是植物界进化最高级、种类最多、适应性最强的类群。全世界约有20—25万种,超过植物界总种数的一半。我国被子植物种类繁多,据不完全统计,约近3万种。被子植物通常分为双子叶植物和单子叶植物两个主要类群。根据粗略的估计,已描述的双子叶植物大约有165000种,单子叶植物55000种。在中学植物学教材中曾多次讲到双子叶植物和单子叶植物。所谓双子叶植物就是种子具有两片子叶的植物;单子叶植物就是种子具有一片子叶的植物。除此之外,双子叶植物和单子叶植物还有哪些基本区别呢?     

花发育调控基因的研究进展

花发育调控基因的研究进展聂亭,马诚（中国科学院发育生物学研究所．北京１０００８０）白书农白书农所在单位为中国科学院植物研究所花的发育是植物生长过程的一个重要阶段。九十年代初,随着植物分子生物学研究方法的逐步发展和模式植物的建立,在花发育调控基因方面的研究已经取得了一些结果,它们主要集中在拟南芥菜,金鱼草及单子叶的玉米等材料。本文特对这些工作做如下简扼的介绍。     

水稻花器官特征决定以及数量控制的分子机制

继双子叶模式植物拟南芥之后, 单子叶模式植物水稻的生殖发育研究受到广泛的重视。随着水稻正向和反向遗传学研究的不断深入, 人们发现了一些调控水稻花器官特征以及花器官数量的重要基因, 使得对水稻花器官发育的调控机制有了更多的了解。本文着重概述和讨论水稻花器官特征决定以及花器官数量控制分子机理研究的最新进展。     

水稻花器官特征决定以及数量控制的分子机制

继双子叶模式植物拟南芥之后,单子叶模式植物水稻的生殖发育研究受到广泛的重视。随着水稻正向和反向遗传学研究的不断深入,人们发现了一些调控水稻花器官特征以及花器官数量的重要基因,使得对水稻花器官发育的调控机制有了更多的了解。本文着重概述和讨论水稻花器官特征决定以及花器官数量控制分子机理研究的最新进展。     

The MADS-box floral homeotic gene lineages predate the origin of seed plants: Phylogenetic and molecular clock estimates

Flower development in angiosperms is controlled in part by floral homeotic genes, many of which are members of the plant MADS-box regulatory gene family. The evolutionary history of these developmental genes was reconstructed using 74 loci from 15 dicot, three monocot, and one conifer species. Molecular clock estimates suggest that the different floral homeotic gene lineages began to diverge from one another about 450–500 mya, around the time of the origin of land plants themselves. Received: 31 January 1997 / Accepted: 9 April 1997     

A short history of MADS-box genes in plants

Evolutionary developmental genetics (evodevotics) is a novel scientific endeavor which assumes that changes in developmental control genes are a major aspect of evolutionary changes in morphology. Understanding the phylogeny of developmental control genes may thus help us to understand the evolution of plant and animal form. The principles of evodevotics are exemplified by outlining the role of MADS-box genes in the evolution of plant reproductive structures. In extant eudicotyledonous flowering plants, MADS-box genes act as homeotic selector genes determining floral organ identity and as floral meristem identity genes. By reviewing current knowledge about MADS-box genes in ferns, gymnosperms and different types of angiosperms, we demonstrate that the phylogeny of MADS-box genes was strongly correlated with the origin and evolution of plant reproductive structures such as ovules and flowers. It seems likely, therefore, that changes in MADS-box gene structure, expression and function have been a major cause for innovations in reproductive development during land plant evolution, such as seed, flower and fruit formation.     

The floral genome: an evolutionary history of gene duplication and shifting patterns of gene expression

Through multifaceted genome-scale research involving phylogenomics, targeted gene surveys, and gene expression analyses in diverse basal lineages of angiosperms, our studies provide insights into the most recent common ancestor of all extant flowering plants. MADS-box gene duplications have played an important role in the origin and diversification of angiosperms. Furthermore, early angiosperms possessed a diverse tool kit of floral genes and exhibited developmental 'flexibility', with broader patterns of expression of key floral organ identity genes than are found in eudicots. In particular, homologs of B-function MADS-box genes are more broadly expressed across the floral meristem in basal lineages. These results prompted formulation of the 'fading borders' model, which states that the gradual transitions in floral organ morphology observed in some basal angiosperms (e.g. Amborella) result from a gradient in the level of expression of floral organ identity genes across the developing floral meristem.     

Expression of floral MADS-box genes in basal angiosperms: implications for the evolution of floral regulators

The ABC model of floral organ identity is based on studies of Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum, both of which are highly derived eudicots. Most of the genes required for the ABC functions in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum are members of the MADS-box gene family, and their orthologs are present in all major angiosperm lineages. Although the eudicots comprise 75% of all angiosperms, most of the diversity in arrangement and number of floral parts is actually found among basal angiosperm lineages, for which little is known about the genes that control floral development. To investigate the conservation and divergence of expression patterns of floral MADS-box genes in basal angiosperms relative to eudicot model systems, we isolated several floral MADS-box genes and examined their expression patterns in representative species, including Amborella (Amborellaceae), Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae) and Illicium (Austrobaileyales), the successive sister groups to all other extant angiosperms, plus Magnolia and Asimina, members of the large magnoliid clade. Our results from multiple methods (relative-quantitative RT-PCR, real-time PCR and RNA in situ hybridization) revealed that expression patterns of floral MADS-box genes in basal angiosperms are broader than those of their counterparts in eudicots and monocots. In particular, (i) AP1 homologs are generally expressed in all floral organs and leaves, (ii) AP3/PI homologs are generally expressed in all floral organs and (iii) AG homologs are expressed in stamens and carpels of most basal angiosperms, in agreement with the expectations of the ABC model; however, an AG homolog is also expressed in the tepals of Illicium. The broader range of strong expression of AP3/PI homologs is inferred to be the ancestral pattern for all angiosperms and is also consistent with the gradual morphological intergradations often observed between adjacent floral organs in basal angiosperms.     

花器官发育的分子机制研究进展

经典的ABC模型成功地解释了模式植物拟南芥和金鱼草因同源异型基因突变而引起的植物花器官的变异。随后,大量花器官特征基因和新突变体的研究不断完善和发展了ABC模型。该文综述了近年来花器官发育分子模型及花器官同源基因的调控机理等方面的最新研究成果,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为深入了解花发育的分子机理和遗传机制奠定基础。