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1.
Ⅱ型硫脂酶(type Ⅱ thioesterases,TEⅡ)属于α/β水解酶,含有保守的催化三元件(Ser-His-Asp),广泛存在于非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetases,NRPS)和聚酮合成酶(polyketide synthases,PKS)系中。与Ⅰ型硫脂酶(type Ⅰ thioesterases,TEⅠ)不同,TEⅡ作为一个独立的蛋白质行使硫脂键水解功能。以往的数据研究发现,合成途径中TEⅡ基因缺失导致聚酮(polyketides,PK)或非核糖体肽(nonribosomal peptide,NRP)的产量显著降低。本文通过对硫酯酶(thioesterases,TE)的聚类分析,显示序列同源性方面TE聚类成两个不同的进化枝,一个含有所有TEⅠ,第二个包含所有TEⅡ。对TEⅡ的多序列比对及结构分析,结果显示TEⅡ序列中的标记序列"GHSMG"为保守序列,结构的差异性导致TEⅡ功能的差异性,综合前期相关数据研究,对TEⅡ在生物合成中的功能途径进行了概括性论述,并对其今后在次生代谢物合成研究中的应用进行了展望,以期加深对TEⅡ的认识和理解。  相似文献   

2.
原晓龙  华梅  陈剑  王娟  杨宇明  王毅 《广西植物》2018,38(9):1146-1154
为了研究牛樟芝中PKS基因与化合物之间的关系,该研究通过对牛樟芝基因组分析获得牛樟芝聚酮合酶基因,以此序列为模板设计含有起始密码子和终止密码子的特异引物并以牛樟芝c DNA为模板克隆获得一个高度还原型PKS(HR-PKS)基因全长,命名为AcPKS2;对AcPKS2基因进行生物信息学分析,并比较该基因在不同培养基上的表达量。结果表明:AcPKS2全长7 842 bp,有24个内含子,其外显子共编码2 613个氨基酸,该蛋白的相对分子质量为293.5 kDa,理论等电点pI为5.78。用CDD分析其结构域显示,该基因属于HR-PKS,其结构域组织排列为KS-AT-DH-MT-ER-KR-ACP-TE,8个结构域其活性位点分别为β-酮基合成酶(DTACSSSL)、酰基转移酶(GHSIGETA)、脱水酶(RNDGSTSPL)、甲基转移酶(SFDIITAFDV)、烯酰还原酶(HAGVSSPAA)、酮基还原酶(GSPGQANYTAA)、酰基转移酶(YGLDSLTSVRL)、硫酯酶(KQPNGPY)。系统发育树显示AcPKS2与其他化合物未知的HR-PKS蛋白聚为一支,结构域和系统进化树分析显示该基因可能编码一种新的含TE结构域高度还原型聚酮合酶;表达分析结果显示葡萄糖和果糖能够诱导该基因的表达。  相似文献   

3.
I型聚酮合酶(PKSI)的模块型分子结构组织方式非常适合于组合生物合成研究.结构域和模块通过二级组织方式构成了PKSI的催化单元,其它结构多肽则作为“支架”.在“支架”上对结构域和模块两个水平进行突变、替换、插入、缺失等基因操作形成重组PKS,可以理性设计并获得复杂多样的新活性或高活性的聚酮化合物.利用PKSI进行组合生物合成以期获得新聚酮化合物的研究迄今已有约25年,但是目前仍不能够对PKS进行完美的理性设计,快速合成目标活性的新聚酮化合物.PKS中的酰基转移酶结构域的研究在PKS的组合生物合成研究中一直发挥着重要作用.本文结合本课题组的研究基础,对AT结构域的结构、功能及在组合生物合成研究中的最新研究成果作以分析总结.  相似文献   

4.
王浩  刘宁  黄英 《微生物学报》2010,50(10):1293-1304
【目的】通过分析模块型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)的系统进化关系,阐明酮基合成酶(ketosynthase,KS)和酰基转移酶(acyltransferase,AT)序列与聚酮产物之间的关系,为放线菌天然产物的筛选提供指导。【方法】从PKSDB数据库的20个模块型PKS基因簇中调取所有KS(190个)和AT(195个)氨基酸序列,利用MEGA 4.0软件分别构建KS、AT、KS+AT 3种序列模式的系统发育树,并计算KS序列的簇内和簇间平均进化距离。设计了一对KS结构域的引物,通过PCR方法对20株活性放线菌分离菌株进行了筛选,测定了阳性菌株的KS序列,和已知的相关KS序列构建系统发育树,并对阳性菌株进行了发酵培养和代谢产物分析。【结果】放线菌来源的同一PKS的KS序列倾向于聚成一个进化枝,且按照其产物结构聚类;同一PKS的KS簇内平均进化距离小于0.300,不同PKS的KS簇间平均进化距离一般大于0.300。AT系统发育树按照其底物特异性聚成两个大的分枝;同一PKS的部分AT分别处于两个分枝,其余AT散在分布。KS+AT系统发育树则综合了KS树和AT树的拓扑结构特点。获得13株KS阳性分离菌株,它们的多数KS序列按照菌株分别聚类,其中4株菌的大部分KS各自聚成独特的簇,5株菌的大部分KS分别处在已知PKS进化枝内。从3株阳性菌中分离到预期的聚酮类产物。【结论】放线菌中KS的进化方式以垂直进化为主,而AT则以水平进化为主;KS序列与产物结构相关,且KS簇间平均进化距离可作为不同PKS的判定标准;相对于AT和KS+AT,KS系统发育组学分析更适用于指导放线菌聚酮类产物的筛选。  相似文献   

5.
利玛原甲藻中聚酮合酶基因克隆与分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨聚酮合酶 (polyketide synthase, PKS)基因与藻毒素合成的关系,揭示PKS基因在赤潮毒素合成中的作用,采用兼并引物,通过PCR技术获得利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)可能存在的I型PKS基因;并对所获得PKS基因的同源性进行了分析,构建了基于PKS氨基酸序列的系统进化树;采用RT-PCR技术分析了PKS基因在利玛原甲藻中的表达状况;并通过多聚腺苷酸RNA的扩增、细菌的分离鉴定、限制性内切酶酶切、Southern blotting等技术对PKS基因进行了分析.结果表明,利玛原甲藻中PKS基因与海洋原甲藻聚为一支,在利玛原甲藻中有显著表达;以Oligo(T)引物进行RT-PCR扩增时,可出现18S rRNA和PKS基因相应条带;限制性内切酶酶切和Southern blotting结果显示,该基因中存在明显的甲基化;16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,从利玛原甲藻培养液中分离到的细菌与海洋放线菌假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)基因序列同源性达到99%,该菌株中并不存在PKS基因.结果显示,所获得的PKS基因是利玛原甲藻聚酮合酶基因,基因序列已提交GenBank (EF521601);PKS可能在腹泻性贝毒合成中起着关键作用.  相似文献   

6.
聚酮化合物(polyketides)是一类庞大的次级代谢家族,聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)是介导聚酮化合物生物合成的关键酶。通过巢氏简并PCR与染色体步行的方法,获得了草菇中的编码PKS的基因vv-alb的全长序列,并通过荧光实时定量RT-PCR方法对vv-alb基因在草菇不同生长阶段与不同部位的表达情况进行了初步分析,为进一步研究PKS在草菇和其他食用真菌生物代谢过程中的作用奠定了一定的基础。  相似文献   

7.
一个可介导链霉菌PKS基因 向植物转化的杂合质粒的构建   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
抗生素FR-008是由链霉菌FR-008所产生的一种七烯大环内酯类抗真菌抗生素。胡志浩等已克隆了长达约105kb的FR-008聚酮合酶(PKS)基因簇,对该基因簇中相邻于pabAB基因下游的3.8kbDNA进行序列分析,找到一个多功能聚酮合酶基因的起点,与数据库中蛋白质序列的比较分析揭示出一个尚未结束的大型开读框架的存在,它与抗细菌大环内酯类抗生素-红霉素生物合成所需的Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS)基因中的乙酰转移酶(AT)和β-酮酰合酶(KS)的功能结构域显示出了高度的同源性,从分子水平上证实了FR-008抗生素由Ⅰ型PKS所合成。本实验将3.8kb中的编码聚酮合酶的部分开读框架通过基因工程的方法插入植物表达载体WRG2410上,从而成功构建了表达性质粒pHZ321。  相似文献   

8.
基于皱皮软海绵宏基因组的PKS基因筛选的研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
提取皱皮软海绵及其共附生微生物的宏基因组总DNA,使用聚酮合酶(PKS)基因的酮酰合酶(KS)域引物PCR扩增PKS基因片段获得一条671bp的片段,以pUCm-T vector为载体将该基因片段克隆到大肠杆菌中,从阳性克隆中分离出PKS基因片段,测序推导出氨基酸序列。通过BLAST比对发现此氨基酸序列与红细菌目的Rhodobacterales bacterium PKS基因KS域的氨基酸序列有96%的同源性。通过基于氨基酸序列的系统发育分析,推测此筛选得到的PKS基因属于trans-AT型。本文首次证实了皱皮软海绵中存在细菌来源的PKS基因。  相似文献   

9.
可培养海绵共附生微生物的PKS基因筛选   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用PCR技术对21株分离自我国南海澳大利亚厚皮海绵的放线菌及9株分离自贪婪倔海绵的芽孢杆菌进行了聚酮合酶(PKS)基因筛选。从芽孢杆菌C89中获得了一条669bp片段,BLAST比对结果表明该基因对应的氨基酸序列和枯草芽孢杆菌I型聚酮合成酶基因(PKS)KS域的相似性达96%。通过系统发育分析推测芽孢杆菌C89PKS基因属于trans-AT型。首次证明了贪婪倔海绵共附生微生物中存在PKS基因,这为海绵活性物质的微生物来源假说提供了证据;同时也为可以产生聚酮类化合物的微生物筛选以及聚酮类化合物的发酵制备奠定了基础。  相似文献   

10.
植物Ⅲ型聚酮合酶基因家族的分子进化分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Ⅲ型聚酮合酶(type Ⅲ polyketide synthase,PKSⅢ)广泛存在于细菌、真菌和植物中,目前数据库中已积累了大量的序列资料。为了进一步了解植物Ⅲ型聚酮合酶基因家族的分子进化,以及其作为系统进化研究材料的可能性,选取了75条来自不同植物物种包括苔藓类植物、蕨类植物、裸子植物、单子叶植物和双子叶植物的PKSⅢ蛋白序列,用CLUSTAL X软件对其氨基酸序列进行了比对,并用邻位相接法构建了系统进化树。结果表明,尽管不同来源的PKSⅢ序列表现了很大的差异,但保守结构域CHS-like所包含的主要功能位点半胱氨酸(Cys184)、苯丙氨酸残基(Phe236和Phe286)、组氨酸残基(His335)、天冬酰氨残基(Asn369)在各植物物种中具有很好的保守性;同时发现,在植物PKSⅢ序列中多数的Cys位点均具有较好的保守性,而且蕨类植物PKSⅢ和单子叶植物PKSⅢ在Cys保守位点有很好的相似性;进一步构建分子进化树表明,PKSⅢ基因基本上首先根据功能而聚类,明显地划分为CHSs和non-CHSs两类,其次按照不同的植物物种聚类。  相似文献   

11.
Yuzawa S  Kapur S  Cane DE  Khosla C 《Biochemistry》2012,51(18):3708-3710
The role of interdomain linkers in modular polyketide synthases is poorly understood. Analysis of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) has yielded a model in which chain elongation is governed by interactions between the acyl carrier protein domain and the ketosynthase domain plus an adjacent linker. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the conserved residues of this linker in DEBS module 3 led to the identification of the R513A mutant with a markedly reduced rate of chain elongation. Limited proteolysis supported a structural role for this Arg. Our findings highlight the importance of domain-linker interactions in assembly line polyketide biosynthesis.  相似文献   

12.
Lau J  Cane DE  Khosla C 《Biochemistry》2000,39(34):10514-10520
The priming of many modular polyketide synthases is catalyzed by a loading acyltransferase-acyl carrier protein (AT(L)-ACP(L)) didomain which initiates polyketide biosynthesis by transferring a primer unit to the ketosynthase domain of the first module. Because the AT(L) domain influences the choice of the starter unit incorporated into the polyketide backbone, its specificity is of considerable interest. The AT(L)-ACP(L) didomain of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Coexpression of the Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase from Bacillus subtilis in E. coli leads to efficient posttranslational modification of the ACP(L) domain with a phosphopantetheine moiety. Competition experiments were performed with the holo-protein to determine the relative rates of incorporation of a variety of unnatural substrates in the presence of comparable concentrations of labeled acetyl-CoA. Our results showed that the loading didomain of DEBS can accept a surprisingly broad range of substrates, although it exhibits a preference for unbranched alkyl chain substrates over branched alkyl chain, polar, aromatic, and charged substrates. In particular, its tolerance toward acetyl- and butyryl-CoA is unexpectedly strong. The studies described here present an attractive prototype for the expression, analysis, and engineering of acyltransferase domains in modular polyketide synthases.  相似文献   

13.
14.
The assembly‐line architecture of polyketide synthases (PKSs) provides an opportunity to rationally reprogram polyketide biosynthetic pathways to produce novel antibiotics. A fundamental challenge toward this goal is to identify the factors that control the unidirectional channeling of reactive biosynthetic intermediates through these enzymatic assembly lines. Within the catalytic cycle of every PKS module, the acyl carrier protein (ACP) first collaborates with the ketosynthase (KS) domain of the paired subunit in its own homodimeric module so as to elongate the growing polyketide chain and then with the KS domain of the next module to translocate the newly elongated polyketide chain. Using NMR spectroscopy, we investigated the features of a structurally characterized ACP domain of the 6‐deoxyerythronolide B synthase that contribute to its association with its KS translocation partner. Not only were we able to visualize selective protein–protein interactions between the two partners, but also we detected a significant influence of the acyl chain substrate on this interaction. A novel reagent, CF3‐S‐ACP, was developed as a 19F NMR spectroscopic probe of protein–protein interactions. The implications of our findings for understanding intermodular chain translocation are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
Ascomycin (FK520) is a structurally complex macrolide with immunosuppressant activity produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The biosynthetic origin of C12-C15 and the two methoxy groups at C13 and C15 has been unclear. It was previously shown that acetate is not incorporated into C12-C15 of the macrolactone ring. Here, the acyl transferase (AT) of domain 8 in the ascomycin polyketide synthase was replaced with heterologous ATs by double homologous recombination. When AT8 was replaced with methylmalonyl-CoA-specific AT domains, the strains produced 13-methyl-13-desmethoxyascomycin, whereas when AT8 was replaced with a malonyl-specific domain, the strains produced 13-desmethoxyascomycin. These data show that ascomycin AT8 does not use malonyl- or methylmalonyl-CoA as a substrate in its native context. Therefore, AT8 must be specific for a substrate bearing oxygen on the alpha carbon. Feeding experiments showed that [(13)C]glycerol is incorporated into C12-C15 of ascomycin, indicating that both modules 7 and 8 of the polyketide synthase use an extender unit that can be derived from glycerol. When AT6 of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase gene was replaced with ascomycin AT8 and the engineered gene was expressed in Streptomyces lividans, the strain produced 6-deoxyerythronolide B and 2-demethyl-6-deoxyerythronolide B. Therefore, although neither malonyl-CoA nor methylmalonyl-CoA is a substrate for ascomycin AT8 in its native context, both are substrates in the foreign context of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase. Thus, we have demonstrated a new specificity for an AT domain in the ascomycin polyketide synthase and present evidence that specificity can be affected by context.  相似文献   

16.
Murugan E  Liang ZX 《FEBS letters》2008,582(7):1097-1103
The polyketide synthase associated with the biosynthesis of enediyne-containing calicheamicin contains a putative phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) domain. By cloning and expressing the C-terminal region of the polyketide synthase and in vitro phosphopantetheinylation assay, we found that the PPTase domain exhibits preferred substrate specificity towards acyl and peptidyl carrier proteins in fatty acid and non-ribosomal peptide synthesis over its cognate partner. We also found evidence suggesting that the PPTase domain adopts a pseudo-trimeric structure, distinct from the pseudo-dimeric structure of type II PPTases. The results revealed a novel type of PPTase with unique structure and substrate specificity, and suggested that the polyketide synthase probably acquired the PPTase domain from a primary metabolic pathway in evolution.  相似文献   

17.
Kim JA  Hong SG  Cheong YH  Koh YJ  Hur JS 《Mycologia》2012,104(2):362-370
Lichens produce unique polyketide secondary metabolites including depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans and depsones. The biosynthesis of these compounds is governed by polyketide synthase (PKS), but the mechanism via which they are produced has remained unclear until now. We reported the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-MSAS) type of PKS gene, which is a member of the fungal-reducing PKSs. A cultured mycobiont of Cladonia metacorallifera was employed in the isolation and characterization of a polyketide synthase gene (CmPKS1). The complete sequence information for CmPKS1 was acquired via the screening of a Fosmid genomic library with a 456 bp fragment corresponding to part of the acyl transferase (AT) domain as a probe. CmPKS1 contains β-ketoacyl synthase (KS), AT, dehydratase (DH), ketoreductase (KR) and phosphopantetheine attachment site (PP) domains.: The domain organization of CmPKS1 (KS-AT-DH-KR-PP) is a typical 6-MSAS-type PKS, and the results of phylogenetic analysis showed that CmPKS1 grouped with other fungal-reducing PKSs. Quantitative real time PCR analyses showed that CmPKS1 was expressed preferentially in the early growth stage of the axenically cultured mycobiont. Furthermore CmPKS1 expression was found to be dependent on the carbon sources and concentrations in the medium.  相似文献   

18.
Pks13 is a type I polyketide synthase involved in the final biosynthesis step of mycolic acids, virulence factors, and essential components of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis envelope. Here, we report the biochemical and structural characterization of a 52-kDa fragment containing the acyltransferase domain of Pks13. This fragment retains the ability to load atypical extender units, unusually long chain acyl-CoA with a predilection for carboxylated substrates. High resolution crystal structures were determined for the apo, palmitoylated, and carboxypalmitoylated forms. Structural conservation with type I polyketide synthases and related fatty-acid synthases also extends to the interdomain connections. Subtle changes could be identified both in the active site and in the upstream and downstream linkers in line with the organization displayed by this singular polyketide synthase. More importantly, the crystallographic analysis illustrated for the first time how a long saturated chain can fit in the core structure of an acyltransferase domain through a dedicated channel. The structures also revealed the unexpected binding of a 12-mer peptide that might provide insight into domain-domain interaction.  相似文献   

19.
Cassette replacement of acyltransferase (AT) domains in 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) with heterologous AT domains with different substrate specificities usually yields the predicted polyketide analogues. As reported here, however, several AT replacements in module 4 of DEBS failed to produce detectable polyketide under standard conditions, suggesting that module 4 is sensitive to perturbation of the protein structure when the AT is replaced. Alignments between different modular polyketide synthase AT domains and the Escherichia coli fatty acid synthase transacylase crystal structure were used to select motifs within the AT domain of module 4 to re-engineer its substrate selectivity and minimize potential alterations to protein folding. Three distinct primary regions of AT4 believed to confer specificity for methylmalonyl-CoA were mutated into the sequence seen in malonyl-CoA-specific domains. Each individual mutation as well as the three in combination resulted in functional DEBSs that produced mixtures of the natural polyketide, 6-deoxyerythronolide B, and the desired novel analogue, 6-desmethyl-6-deoxyerythronolide B. Production of the latter compound indicates that the identified sequence motifs do contribute to AT specificity and that DEBS can process a polyketide chain incorporating a malonate unit at module 4. This is the first example in which the extender unit specificity of a PKS module has been altered by site-specific mutation and provides a useful alternate method for engineering AT specificity in the combinatorial biosynthesis of polyketides.  相似文献   

20.
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a 19-carbon polyketide antibiotic made by Streptomyces rimosus. The otcC gene encodes an anhydrotetracycline oxygenase that catalyzes a hydroxylation of the anthracycline structure at position C-6 after biosynthesis of the polyketide backbone is completed. A recombinant strain of S. rimosus that was disrupted in the genomic copy of otcC synthesized a novel C-17 polyketide. This result indicates that the absence of the otcC gene product significantly influences the ability of the OTC "minimal" polyketide synthase to make a polyketide product of the correct chain length. A mutant copy of otcC was made by site-directed mutagenesis of three essential glycine codons located within the putative NADPH-binding domain. The mutant gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and biochemical analysis confirmed that the gene product was catalytically inactive. When the mutant gene replaced the ablated gene in the chromosome of S. rimosus, the ability to make a 19-carbon backbone was restored, indicating that OtcC is an essential partner in the quaternary structure of the synthase complex.  相似文献   

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