阿特拉津降解菌株的分离和鉴定*

从农药厂废水中分离到６株能以除草剂阿特拉津为唯一氮源生长的细菌，即假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕ－ｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐｐ．）ＡＤ１、ＡＤ２和 ＡＤ６，土壤杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ　ｓｐ．）ＡＤ４，黄单胞菌（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ．）ＡＤＳ，欧文氏菌（Ｅｒｗｉｎｉａ ｓｐ．）ＡＤ７。ＡＤ１菌株能使无机盐培养基中的 ０．３ｇ／Ｌ阿特拉津在７２ｈ内降解９９，９％。当以ＡＤ１、ＡＤ２、ＡＤ４、ＡＤ５、ＡＤ６和ＡＤ７菌株的总ＤＮＡ为模板进行ＰＣＲ扩增时，除Ａ     

青藏高原毛茛科3种特有植物核型和进化研究

对青藏高原高山冰缘地区毛茛科３种特有植物的核型进行了分析。它们的核型公式（Ｋ）、染色体相对长度组成（Ｃ．Ｒ．Ｌ．）和核型不对称系数（Ａｓ．Ｋ％）分别为：青藏金莲花Ｔｒｏｌｉｕｓｐｕｍｉｌｕｓｖａｒ．ｔａｎｇｕｔｉｃｕｓ：Ｋ（２ｎ）＝６ｍ＋８ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ,Ｃ．Ｒ．Ｌ．＝４Ｌ＋４Ｍ２＋４Ｍ１＋４Ｓ,Ａｓ．Ｋ％＝６３．５７,核型属２Ｂ型;甘青乌头Ａｃｏｎｉｔｕｍｔａｎｇｕｔｉｃｕｍ为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝６ｍ＋１０ｓｍ,Ｃ．Ｒ．Ｌ．＝４Ｌ＋８Ｍ１＋４Ｓ,Ａｓ．Ｋ％＝６２．５４,２Ｂ型;单花翠雀花Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎｉｕｍｃａｎｄｅｌａｂｒｕｍｖａｒ．ｍｏｎａｎｔｈｕｍ为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝６ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ,Ｃ．Ｒ．Ｌ．＝４Ｌ＋４Ｍ２＋４Ｍ１＋６Ｓ,Ａｓ．Ｋ％＝６４．３４,属３Ｂ型。经同相关近缘种核型资料比较,青藏金莲花核型不对称性和进化程度比金莲花Ｔ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ低;甘青乌头的核型不对称性和进化程度在其近缘类群（乌头组Ｓｅｃｔ．Ａｃｏｎｉｔｕｍ）已报道的种之内最低;单花翠雀花核型不对称性和进化水平比翠雀组（Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎａｓｔｒｕｍ）已报道的展毛翠雀花Ｄ．ｋａｍａｏｅｎｓｅｖａｒ．ｇｌａｂｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ、     

苏云金芽胞杆菌YBT1520杀虫晶体蛋白基因的属性

通过Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交发现高毒力苏云金芽胞杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）ＴＢＴ－１５２０菌株含有两个杀虫晶体蛋白基因片段,其５’＝末端所在ＨｉｎｄⅢ片段分别为６．８ｋｂ和４．６ｋｂ,它们对应的基因分别命名为ｃｒｙ２１８和ｃｒｙ４．６。经ＰＣＲ鉴定,该菌含有ｃｒｙ１Ａａ、ｃｒｙ１Ａｂ和ｃｒｙ１Ａｃ基因,以及ｃｒｙ２基因,其中ｃｒｙ２１８属于ｃｒｙ１Ａｃ。分析了ｃｒｙ１Ａｃ基因     

东北产苍术属植物的细胞学研究

报导了中国东北产三种苍术属植物的核型资料,核型公式分别为;北苍术「Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（ＤＣ．）Ｋｏｉｄｚ．」Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝１２ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ（４ＳＡＴ）,关苍术「Ａ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ Ｋｏｉｄｚ．」（２ｎ）＝２４＝１４ｍ＋１０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）朝鲜苍术「Ａ．ｋｏｒｅａｎａ（Ｎａｋａｉ）Ｋｉｔａｍ．」Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝１０ｍ＋１４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,三者核型对称性均为２Ｂ     

利用AABBDDDD八倍体培育小麦一簇毛麦二体附加系的研究

对普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）－节节麦（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｓｑｕａｒｒｏｓａ）八倍体（２ｎ＝８ｘ＝５６,ＡＡＢＢＤＤＤＤ）与硬粒小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ｄｕｒｕｍ）－簇毛麦９Ｈａｙｎａｌｄｉａ ｖｉｌｌｏｓａ）六倍体（２ｎ＝６ｘ＝４２,ＡＡＢＢＶＶ）杂交后,将所得七倍体杂种（ＡＡＢＢＤＤＶ）进行连续自交,在Ｆ４代中利用Ｃ－分带鉴定出可能的簇毛麦６Ｖ二体附加系９５－７和２Ｖ二体附加     

液氮保存疫霉属菌种存活期检测

对Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ和Ｐｅｒｏｎｏｐｈｙｔｈｏｒａ所属１２个种２９株菌在液氮中保存５年零８个月至６年零３个月后检测证明有６８．９％的菌种存活下来。但有些未能存活,这些种有Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ ｃｏｌｏｃａｓｉａｅ（ＸＨ３０）,Ｐ．ｄｒｅｃｈｓｌｅｒｉ（ＡＴＣＣ１５４２８）,Ｐ．ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｓｅｐｔｉｃａ（ＡＴＣＣ３６３０２）与Ｐｅｒｏｎｏｐｈｙｔｈｏｒａ ｌｉｔｃｈｉｉ（ＡＴＣＣ３５９     

两株真降解菜籽饼中植酸的研究

利用选择性培养基从土壤中分离到两株能降解植酸的丝状真菌。这些菌株能利用肌醇作为唯一的碳源和能源而生长。在液态发酵中植权的降解率分别为７４．４％和９５．０％;在固太发酵中植酸的降解率为４０％左右。某些金属离子对菌株的降解率的提高具有一定的促进作用。对温度、ｐＨ和水分等影响因了也进行了初步的探讨。经初步鉴定,这两株菌中有一株为拟青霉（Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｓｐ）,另一株为青霉（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕ     

孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿早二叠世孢粉组合的初步研究

研究的孢粉组合获自孟加拉国巴拉曾库利亚煤矿ＣＳＥ－９号钻孔。该组合含孢子６属８种、花粉３４属６５种（含２新种）,主要由Ｆａｕｎｉｐｏｌｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ（８％－２６．５％）,Ｓｔｒｉａｔｏｐｏｄｏｃａｒｐｉｔｅｓ（３％－７．５％）与Ｓｃｈｅｕｒｉｎｇｉｐｏｌｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ（７．２％－９．６％）等两气囊花粉组成。该孢粉组合的特征可与印度下冈瓦纳巴拉卡尔组孢粉植物群比,并与其上部组合最为接近,时代为早二叠     

新疆的刺球座属、穴壳属及普氏腔孢属

本文报道了新疆腔菌纲座囊菌目刺球座属（Ｌａｓｉｏｂｏｔｒｙｓ）、穴壳属（Ｄｏｔｈｉｏｒａ）和普氏腔孢属（Ｐｌｏｗｒｉｇｈｔｉａ）的六种子囊菌,即：忍冬刺球座菌（Ｌ．ｌｏｎｉｃｅｒａｅ）、花揪穴壳菌（Ｄ．ｓｏｒｂｉ）及其无性阶段花揪疡壳孢（Ｄｏｔｈｉｃｈｉｚａ ｓｏｒｂｉ）、茶Ｂｉａｏ子普氏腔孢菌（Ｐ．ｒｉｂｅｓｉａ）、小檗普氏腔孢菌（Ｐ．ｂｅｒｂｅｒｉｄｉｓ）、沙棘普氏腔孢菌（Ｐ．ｈｉｐｐｏｐｈａ     

我国仓贮昆虫病原芽孢杆菌的研究

对９５１个样品分离鉴定,有７４７个样品含芽孢杆菌,有菌率为７８．５５％．共分离得到芽孢杆菌１１３８株,其中苏云金杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ,简称Ｂ．ｔ）１４３株,占１２．５％;球形芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃｕｓ,简称Ｂ．ｓ）１１株,占０．９７％;其他芽孢杆菌９８４株,占８６．４０％．从芽孢杆菌中选出产生晶体、苏云金素或磷酸酯酶Ｃ（ＰｈｏｓｐｈａｌｉｐａｓｅＣ,简称ＰＬＣ）的毒素菌株１６８株,其中Ｂ．ｔ占１４３株,Ｂ．ｓ有５株,其他芽孢杆菌１０株．在产毒素菌株中,经测定有１２０株菌对供试昆虫毒性达标．占７７．９２％．不同菌株的杀虫毒素、杀虫范围和毒力各异,认为这种差异取决于毒素和虫种两方面的特异性．     

Bioremediation of DDT in soil by genetically improved strains of soil fungus Fusarium solani

Bioremediation of DDT in soil by genetically improved recombinants of the soil fungus Fusarium solani was studied. The parent strains were isolated from soil enriched with DDD or DDE (immediate anaerobic and aerobic degradation products of DDT), as further degradation of these products are slow processes compared to the parent compound. These naturally occurring strains isolated from soil, however, are poor degraders of DDT and differed in their capability to degrade its metabolites such as DDD, DDE, DDOH and DBP and other organochlorine pesticides viz. kelthane and lindane. Synergistic effect was shown by some of these strains, when grown together in the medium containing DDD and kelthane under mixed culture condition. No synergism in DDE degradation was observed with the strains isolated from enriched soil. DDD-induced proteins extracted from individual culture filtrate (exo-enzyme) when subjected to SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed complementary polypeptide bands in these strains i.e., each strain produced distinct DDD degrading polypeptide bands and the recombinant or hybrid strains produced all of the bands of the two parents and degraded DDD better than the parental strains. Recombinant hybrid strains with improved dehalogenase activity were raised by parasexual hybridisation of two such complementary isolates viz. isolate 1(P-1) and 4(P-2) showing highest complementation and are compatible for hyphal fusion inducing heterokaryosis. These strains are genetically characterised as Kel⁺Ben^RDBP^-Lin^- and Kel^-Ben^rDBP⁺Lin⁺ respectively.Recombinants with mixed genotype, i.e., Kel⁺Ben^RDBP⁺Lin⁺ showing superior degradation quality for DDT were selected for bioremediation study. Recombination was confirmed by polypeptide band analysis of DDD induced exo-proteins from culture filtrate usingSDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) and RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) of genomic DNA using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique. SDS-PAGE showed combination of DDD induced polypeptide bands characteristic of both the parents in the recombinants or the hybrids. PCR study showed the parent specific bands in the recombinant strains confirming gene transformation.     

除草剂二甲戊灵的真菌降解及其特性研究

富集分离了除草剂二甲戊灵降解真菌,并研究了其降解特性,结果表明,真菌可以降解二甲戊灵,利用富集培养的方法从环境中分离到16株能降解二甲戊灵的真菌。其中10株真菌5d内对100mg·L^-1二甲戊灵的降解率大于60％,以其中3株生理耐受能力强、降解能力高的真菌为例,研究了外加碳源浓度、初始pH值、二甲戊灵浓度和培养温度对真菌生长量和降解能力的影响,此3株真菌经鉴定分别属于土生曲霉组(Aspergillus terreus)、长梗串孢霉属(Monilochaetes)和烟色曲霉组(Aspergillus furnigatus),在外加碳源浓度为0．5％～1．0％的范围内,真菌生长量和降解率达到最大;在中性培养液中,3株真菌的生长量大,降解能力强;在浓度为100mg·L^-1时降解率和生长量都比较大,而绝对去除量随二甲戊灵浓度的提高而增加,在500mg·L^-1时达到最大;真菌的生长和降解需要适宜的温度,20～30℃培养时,降解率和生长量最大,可为农药污染治理及生产污水处理提供理论依据。     

Biodegradation of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Achromobacter xylosoxidans</Emphasis> strain C8B in broth medium

Endosulfan is one of the most widely used wide spectrum cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide. In environment, endosulfan can undergo either oxidation or hydrolysis reaction to form endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan diol respectively. Endosulfan sulfate is as toxic and as persistent as its parent isomers. In the present study, endosulfan degrading bacteria were isolated from soil through selective enrichment technique using sulfur free medium with endosulfan as sole sulfur source. Out of the 8 isolated bacterial strains, strain C8B was found to be the most efficient endosulfan degrader, degrading 94.12% α-endosulfan and 84.52% β-endosulfan. The bacterial strain was identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain C8B on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence similarity. Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain C8B was also found to degrade 80.10% endosulfan sulfate using it as sulfur source. No known metabolites were found to be formed in the culture media during the entire course of degradation. Besides, the bacterial strain was found to degrade all the known endosulfan metabolites. There was marked increase in the quantity of released CO₂ from the culture media with endosulfan as sulfur source as compared to MgSO₄ suggesting that the bacterial strain, Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain C8B probably degraded endosulfan completely through the formation of endosulfan ether.     

Degradation of contrasting pesticides by white rot fungi and its relationship with ligninolytic potential

The capacity of nine species of white rot fungus from a variety of basidiomycete orders to degrade contrasting mono-aromatic pesticides was investigated. There was no relationship between degradation of the dye Poly R-478, a presumptive test for ligninolytic potential, and degradation of the highly available pesticides diuron, metalaxyl, atrazine or terbuthylazine in liquid culture. However, there were significant positive correlations between the rates of degradation of the different pesticides. Greatest degradation of all the pesticides was achieved by Coriolus versicolor, Hypholoma fasciculare and Stereum hirsutum. After 42 days, maximum degradation of diuron, atrazine and terbuthylazine was above 86%, but for metalaxyl less than 44%. When grown in the organic matrix of an on-farm "biobed" pesticide remediation system, relative degradation rates of the highly available pesticides by C. versicolor, H. fasciculare and S. hirsutum showed some differences to those in liquid culture. While H. fasciculare and C. versicolor were able to degrade about a third of the poorly available compound chlorpyrifos in biobed matrix after 42 days, S. hirsutum, which was the most effective degrader of the available pesticides, showed little capacity to degrade the compound.     

Accumulation and degradation of organochorine pesticides in shellfish culture environment in Xiamen sea area

By using GC-ECD, the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the shellfish culture environment (sea water, sediments, and culture-shellfishes) in Xiamen sea area were analyzed, and the accumulation and degradation patterns of the HCH and DDT were preliminarily approached. In the sea area, there existed remarkable differences in the accumulation and degradation of HCH and DDT among different shellfish culture environments, being mostly associated with the habitation environment and physiological life habits of shellfish. The accumulated HCH isomers (Rx > 1) were mainly beta-HCH, delta-HCH, and gamma-HCH, whereas the degraded HCH isomers (Rx < 1) were mainly alpha-HCH. The ratio of alpha-HCH to gamma-HCH was less than or equal to 1.0, suggesting that the HCH was come from industrial HCH and lindane, most of the HCH had remained in the culture environment for a longer time, and a small amount of lindane was imported. The DDT in the sea water was aerobically degraded, its main degradation product was DDE, and the ratios of (DDD+DDE) to DDTs (p,p-DDE+p,p-DDD+o,p-DDT+p,p-DDT) was less than 0.5, whereas the DDT in sediments and shellfishes was anaerobically degraded, its main degradation product was DDD, and the ratios of (DDD+DDE) to DDTs was greater than 0.5, suggesting that there was a small amount of DDT newly imported in the sea water, and most DDT in sediments and shellfishes were already degraded and transformed into DDD and DDE. There were definite differences in the degradation rates of HCH isomers in the culture environment, suggesting the conformational change of HCH in its transformation processes in the shellfish culture ecosystem.     

Enrichment of linear alkylbenzenesulphonate (LAS) degrading bacteria in continuous culture

Enrichment experiments were carried out in continuous-flow units using a mineral medium with commercial linear alkylbenzenesulphonate (LAS) as the limiting carbon- and energy-source. The mixed bacterial culture originating from the waste water of a detergent plant consisted of five strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and two strains each of the genera Achromobacter and Acinetobacter. The cultivation conditions corresponding to dilution rates of 0.025-0.1 h^-1 and LAS concentrations of 20–50 mg/1 were examined. During the experiments the composition of mixed cultures and the kinetics of LAS biodegradation were followed. Continuous-flow enrichment experiments resulted in the selection of six bacterial cultures with different compositions of individual species and capability to utilize LAS. From the original seven strains at lower dilution rates (0.025 and 0.05 h^-1) six were selected, excluding Pseudomonas sp. 3, while at the highest dilution rate (0.1/h^-1) five strains were selected after eliminating Pseudomonas sp. 5 and Achromobacter sp. 1. All enriched mixed cultures were more efficient in primary than in ultimate LAS degradation. Two of the culture strains were able to achieve primary LAS degradation ( Pseudomonas sp. 1 in mineral medium with LAS as the sole carbon- and energy-source and Acinetobacter sp. 3 in medium supplemented by yeast extract and nutrient broth).
None of the strains could degrade LAS completely, which indicates that many types of interactions based on combined metabolic attack as well as those based on provision of specific nutrients, may exist between culture members during the complete LAS bio-oxidation.     

Degradations of 4-cholesten-3-one and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione by cholesterol-degrading bacteria

Degradations of 4-cholesten-3-one and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, which are intermediates of microbial conversion of cholesterol, by cholesterol-degrading bacteria (12 strains of the genus Rhodococcus isolated from food of animal origin and 12 culture collection strains) were examined. All strains had the ability to degrade 4-cholesten-3-one without necessarily being able to degrade cholesterol. On the other hand, the bacteria were divided into three groups with little or no (0-10%), intermediate (10-70%) and high (70-100%) degradation abilities for 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione.     

Biodegradation of Maya crude oil fractions by bacterial strains and a defined mixed culture isolated from Cyperus laxus rhizosphere soil in a contaminated site

Ten bacterial strains were isolated by enrichment culture, using as carbon sources either aliphatics or an aromatic-polar mixture. Oxygen uptake rate was used as a criterion to determine culture transfer timing at each enrichment stage. Biodegradation of aliphatics (10,000 mg L(-1)) and an aromatic-polar mixture (5000 mg L(-1), 2:1) was evaluated for each of the bacterial strains and for a defined culture made up with a standardized mixture of the isolated strains. Degradation of total hydrocarbons (10,000 mg L(-1)) was also determined for the defined mixed culture. Five bacterial strains were able to degrade more than 50% of the aliphatic fraction. The most extensive biodegradation (74%) was obtained with strain Bs 9A, while strains Ps 2AP and UAM 10AP were able to degrade up to 15% of the aromatic-polar mixture. The defined mixed culture degraded 47% of the aliphatics and 6% of the aromatic-polar mixture. The defined mixed culture was able to degrade about 40% of the aliphatic fraction and 26% of the aromatic fraction when grown in the presence of total hydrocarbons, while these microorganisms did not consume the polar hydrocarbons fraction. The proposed strategy that combines enrichment culture together with oxygen uptake rate allowed the isolation of bacterial strains that are able to degrade specific hydrocarbons fractions at high consumption rates.     

Co-metabolism of the Ixodicide Amitraz

Bacteria capable of degrading the ixodicide amitraz were isolated from cattle dipping tanks by the enrichment culture technique. The conditions for amitraz degradation were characterized and the bacteria identified as Pseudomonas and Achromobacter spp. The bacteria degraded amitraz without utilizing the ixodicide as a substrate or energy source. The degradation of amitraz by bacteria is an example of co-metabolism with yeast extract or an ingredient of yeast extract acting as the co-metabolite. Bacteria were unable to degrade amitraz at pH >11.5. Although bacteria can degrade amitraz, it is giving excellent tick control under practical field conditions.     

Degradations of 4-cholesten-3-one and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione by cholesterol-degrading bacteria

Degradations of 4-cholesten-3-one and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, which are intermediates of microbial conversion of cholesterol, by cholesterol-degrading bacteria (12 strains of the genus Rhodococcus isolated from food of animal origin and 12 culture collection strains) were examined. All strains had the ability to degrade 4-cholesten-3-one without necessarily being able to degrade cholesterol. On the other hand, the bacteria were divided into three groups with little or no (0–10%), intermediate (10–70%) and high (70–100%) degradation abilities for 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione.