表层阻力和环境因素对杨树(Populus sp.)人工林蒸散发的控制

在水资源短缺地区大面积栽植高耗水的人工林相比于低矮农作物会加剧地区的水分短缺,因而其可持续性正受到越来越多的关注。但是,在不同地域复杂的水、能量和气候条件下的人工林蒸散发的控制机制仍不清楚。基于涡度相关(EC)系统和微气象系统对北京市大兴区杨树(Populus euramerLcana CV."74/76")人工林生态系统与大气间水分交换的连续监测,(a)分析了2006-2009年生长季中生态系统蒸散发(ET)、表层阻力(R_s)、气候阻力(R_i)和空气动力学阻力(R_a)在干湿年份间的变化动态;(b)以偏相关分析法探讨了干旱和湿润年份中不同土壤水分条件下生物因素R_s和环境因素(R_i和R_a)对杨树人工林ET的直接控制作用。研究结果表明:在年际尺度上,干旱年份杨树人工林的日平均ET(2.23±1.30)mm/d低于湿润年份约17%,对应地,干旱年份的表层阻力(R_s:LAI)高于湿润年份(71.2 s/m)约50%,而R_i和R_a未表现出干湿年份间的差异。在季节尺度上,季节性的干旱胁迫显著影响杨树人工林的ET和R_s、R_i的变化,水分供应(降雨量与灌溉量之和)是该尺度上影响杨树人工林ET的主导因素,其解释了ET变化的71%(P0.01)。偏相关分析结果表明,除了在土壤水分严重胁迫(REW0.1)情况外,其他土壤水分条件下表层阻力R_s是日尺度上控制ET变化的主导因素,其与ET呈负相关关系,二阶相关系数(SOCC)变化范围为-0.518--0.293(P0.01),且干旱年份中R_s对ET的控制程度高于湿润年份;环境因素中气候阻力R_i和空气动力学阻力R_a各自对ET的控制作用远小于表层阻力R_s;相对土壤含水量(REW)只在干旱年份中干旱胁迫时段(REW0.4)直接影响ET(Pearson相关系数为0.217-0.323,P0.01),其他情况下则是通过影响表层阻力R_s、气候阻力R_i和空气动力学阻力R_a对ET的作用来间接影响ET的。另外,相比于偏相关分析,简单的相关性分析会对各因素对ET的控制作用造成估计偏差。     

长江滩地杨树林生态系统水分利用效率及影响因子

通过涡度相关设备监测湖南岳阳长江外滩地杨树人工林生态系统与大气间的碳、水交换,研究生态系统水分利用效率(WUE=FCO2/FH2O)的规律及其与环境因子的响应变化关系。测定了杨树林生态系统WUE不同季节10个晴朗日09:0016:00时半小时平均值的日变化,不同季节,WUE的变化不同。生态系统WUE受环境因子的影响较大,4 9月份,WUE随着温度升高有减小的趋势;10月到翌年3月份,系统WUE随着气温升高而升高。汛期林地土壤淹水的情况下,系统WUE随土壤体积含水量(SWC)增加而增大;林地没淹水情况下,生态系统WUE随着含水量的增加变化不规律。非讯期土壤热通量5d平均值与系统WUE的关系,随着土壤热通量的增加,WUE也增加。生态系统WUE与系统饱和水汽压差呈负相关。经主成分分析,土壤含水量与大气温度在杨树林生态系统WUE影响因子中占较大的特征比例。     

浅层地下水对华北地区河岸杨树林树干液流的影响

华北地区河岸杨树林生长季的用水特征对杨树人工林经营管理具有重要意义.本文以北京市潮白河畔的杨树人工林为研究对象,采用热扩散式探针(TDP)测定树干液流、管式TDR土壤含水量法测定土壤体积含水量、开路涡度相关系统测定环境因子数据,对2014年6—7月的杨树树干液流及其影响因素进行系统研究,以探究浅层地下水对树干液流的可能影响.结果表明: 杨树树干液流日变化随太阳辐射呈现单峰或双峰变化,在土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树树干液流密度明显减小,达到峰值的时间从14:00提前到12:30,但树干液流对太阳辐射的时滞效应没有明显变化.在表层土壤水分相对充足时,太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差是杨树树干液流变化的主导因子,但在表层土壤水分亏缺时,土壤水会成为杨树树干液流的限制因子;当表层土壤水分相对亏缺时,杨树单株耗水与100 cm土层土壤体积含水量呈显著负相关,与其余各土层体积含水量呈显著正相关.浅层地下水(相对稳定的150 cm及更深处)在土壤表层土壤水分含量相对亏缺时,可在毛管力作用下对上层土壤水进行补充,供给杨树生长需要.     

水分对胡杨幼苗光合及生长特性的影响

采用盆栽控制实验方法对不同水分条件下胡杨幼苗的光合日变化以及生长特性进行分析研究.结果显示:(1)不同水分条件下胡杨幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化曲线均呈单峰型,峰值时间均在12:00;当土壤含水量为21.6%～24.0%时,幼苗的水分利用效率(WUE)日变化曲线呈不明显的双峰型,峰值时间分别在8:00和18:00,其他处理均为单峰型,但峰值时段有差异;随着土壤含水量的减小,胡杨幼苗的Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr日均值逐渐降低,当土壤含水量为12.0%～19.2%时,幼苗的WUE日均值显著高于其他处理.(2)幼苗的株高、基径、各器官的生物量及总生物量均随土壤含水量的减小而降低,当土壤含水量为12.0%～19.2%时,幼苗地下生物量的降低程度大于地上生物量,且幼苗的根冠比也增大.研究表明,土壤含水量对胡杨幼苗的光合特性及其生长具有显著影响,当土壤含水量大于12.0%时,幼苗能够通过增大水分利用效率,改变根冠比提高抗旱性;当土壤含水量小于9.6%时,幼苗自我调节能力减弱,生长受到抑制.     

城市绿地冠层导度季节变化及其环境调控

冠层导度(canopy conductance,gc)是生态系统对环境响应的敏感性指标,探讨冠层导度对环境因素的响应模式对了解生态系统生产力的变化模式至关重要。城市绿地作为人为设计的复合生态系统,其冠层导度变化规律及其对环境因子的响应亟待明确。基于涡度相关方法,本研究调查了北京奥林匹克森林公园2012-2016年连续5年的冠层导度的季节动态变化及其对空气温度(Ta)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)以及土壤含水量(VWC)等环境因子的响应,利用统计回归方法分析了环境因子对冠层导度的影响,最后分析了冠层导度对总生态系统生产力(GEP)的影响。结果表明:2012-2016年的冠层导度依次为3.97、3.28、2.13、3.95和5.07 mm·s^-1,5年平均值为3.69±1.99 mm·s^-1;季节变化表现为从4月开始逐渐升高,在7、8月达到最大值后逐渐降低;在季节尺度上,VWC和Ta是影响冠层导度的主要环境因子,冠层导度随它们的增加而增大;而PAR和VPD对冠层导度的影响存在年际间的差异;5年间,GEP随着冠层导度的升高显著增大;城市绿地中,季节尺度上土壤水分的增加和气温的升高显著增加冠层导度,从而促进GEP。     

大棚甜瓜蒸腾规律及其影响因子

研究大棚甜瓜的蒸腾规律和影响因子,可以为大棚甜瓜水分优化管理提供理论依据。利用大棚盆栽试验,设定了4个水分梯度,定量分析了大棚甜瓜蒸腾规律及蒸腾量与植株生理特性、气象环境因子、土壤水分含量的关系。结果表明:(1)各水分处理条件下甜瓜蒸腾强度日变化曲线均呈"双峰型",有明显的"午休"现象。(2)甜瓜生理需水系数与叶面积指数、有效积温关系显著,分别呈线性和抛物线函数关系。(3)甜瓜全生育期累计蒸腾量呈现出"慢—快—慢"的变化规律,可以用Logistic函数进行模拟。(4)甜瓜叶面积指数、日平均空气温度、日平均空气相对湿度、日太阳辐射累积、土壤相对含水量均与单株日蒸腾量呈显著性相关关系;甜瓜叶面积指数对蒸腾的综合作用最大,是决策变量;土壤水分含量是限制变量,主要通过对其他因子的影响间接作用于蒸腾。(5)气象环境因子对甜瓜蒸腾量的影响力很大程度上取决于土壤水分含量;气象环境因子与蒸腾量的相关性随土壤水分含量的增大而增大,在土壤相对含水量为70%—80%范围内达到最高值,当土壤含水量接近田间持水量时,与各因子的相关系数逐渐下降。(6)甜瓜水分胁迫指数与土壤相对有效含水量关系显著,二者呈现线性关系。     

大气气溶胶对北京杨树人工林生态系统生产力的影响

大气气溶胶可以影响到达地面的太阳辐射，进而影响植物光合作用和生态系统生产力，乃至区域上的碳收支。为探究北京地区气溶胶对杨树人工林生态系统生产力的影响，利用2006—2009年北京大气气溶胶数据结合北京大兴杨树人工林涡度相关系统监测的辐射、碳通量等数据，分析了气溶胶对散射辐射、光能利用效率(LUE)、生态系统初级生产力(GPP)的影响，并利用通径分析方法探究了气溶胶和生态环境因子对GPP的直接和间接影响。结果表明，北京市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)具有明显的季节变化特征：春、夏两季大于秋、冬季，夏季气溶胶光化学厚度最大。大气气溶胶显著影响了地表辐射组分以及温度、湿度环境因子，随着AOD从0增大到3,总辐射减小了43.63%,散射辐射增加132.26%,散射辐射比例增大了2.55倍，而相对湿度增大48.52%,日温差增大3℃左右。当生态系统受水分胁迫时，气溶胶对生态系统生产力无显著影响，当生态系统处于非水分胁迫时，杨树人工林生态系统光能利用效率和生产力随着气溶胶浓度增大先增大后减小，当AOD为1.0—1.6时，GPP维持在较高的水平，当AOD>2.5时，GPP显著减小且小于背景气溶胶(A...     

华北落叶松冠层平均气孔导度模拟及其对环境因子的响应

冠层气孔导度是生态水文学研究中的一个重要参数,研究其对环境因子的响应,能为建立机理性的森林蒸腾模型提供理论依据.本文利用热扩散探针,于2005年5-9月,测定了六盘山叠叠沟小流域华北落叶松人工林树干液流及其同步的环境因子,计算了林分冠层平均气孔导度(gc)并构建了Jarvis形式的冠层平均气孔导度模型,分析了gc对光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气水汽压亏缺(DVP)和土壤相对有效含水率(REW)的响应.结果表明:该模型能有效地计算gc的日变化特征,计算与观测的gc决定系数R2为0.76 (n=952).gc对各环境因子有不同响应关系,并表现为非线性特征.其中PAR是gc的驱动因子,当PAR＜0.35 mmol·m-2·s-1时驱动作用明显,大于此值则驱动作用变小;DVP是gc的限制因子,随着DVP的增加gc降低;REW=41%是gc对土壤水分响应的一个关键阈值,当REW＞41%时,土壤水分对gc的影响较小,当REW＜41%时,土壤水分则成为gc的限制因子.     

水分胁迫对银中杨耗水特征与水分利用的影响

在不同供水条件下,采用LI-6400光合作用系统(LI-COR,1995,USA)和电子天平等仪器,对银中杨苗木气体交换、蒸腾耗水量和水分利用效率及其有关环境因子进行了测定。结果表明,在研究的诸环境因子中,土壤含水量是制约苗木蒸腾耗水的主导因子;苗木的蒸腾耗水量随土壤干旱胁迫的加重而减少,并且当土壤含水量低于田间持水量的50%时,气象因子对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响不再明显;土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%时,银中杨苗木的净光合速率和蒸腾速率下降不显著,而水分利用效率有所提高,为2.579μmol.mmol-1,在土壤含水量大于田间持水量的70%的水分条件下,银中杨苗木可以正常生长。     

共生期土壤水分对麦棉套种冬小麦比叶重、WUE和产量的影响

在麦棉套种的条件下,研究了共生期土壤水分对冬小麦旗叶比叶重(LSW)、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的影响,并对旗叶干物质衰减速率(DM DR)、叶绿素含量和旗叶的籽粒贡献率做了测定.试验结果表明,共生期土壤水分条件明显影响了比叶重的下降速度,土壤水分高时比叶重的下降速度较小.不同土壤水分条件的旗叶水分利用效率(LWUE)在共生期均经历了先上升后下降,接近成熟期又上升3个阶段.在共生后期,土壤含水量高的冬小麦具有较高的比叶重和叶绿素含量,但其产量和产量水平水分利用效率(YWUE)则显著下降(P<0.01).     

永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林蒸腾耗水特征及其环境响应

杨树是我国北方最常见的人工造林树种之一。一直以来在干旱、半干旱地区,速生杨树用材林和生态防护林的耗水问题备受关注。研究不同生长发育阶段杨树人工林蒸腾耗水及其对各环境因子的响应对于实现杨树人工林可持续经营具有重要价值。采用树干液流法结合微气象观测系统和土壤水分观测,在2010—2011年对位于北京南郊大兴林场、林龄为13a的杨树人工林林分蒸腾耗水和环境因子进行了同步观测,以期能够探究该林分的蒸腾耗水及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明,树干液流密度(Js)日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,单株样木耗水量随着胸径的增加而增大。在半小时尺度上,单株树木Js与浄辐射(Rn)、饱和水气压差(VPD)存在时滞,这种时滞现象随土壤水分条件不同而变化。林分蒸腾耗水总量在2010和2011年生长季内分别为113.7 mm和174.8 mm,占同期降雨的30.2%和36.9%,与该杨树人工林前期研究相比,随着林龄的增长2010—2011年的蒸腾量呈减小趋势。日尺度上,该人工林蒸腾耗水与净辐射(Rn)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和土壤体积含水率(SWC)显著相关,在不同土壤水分条件下Rn与林分蒸腾的相关关系发生变化,而VPD过高会对林分蒸腾产生抑制。林分月蒸腾和年总蒸腾主要取决于同期降雨量,因此,降雨年际差异较大时,蒸腾的年际变化也相应较大。     

Photosynthesis, water use efficiency and stable carbon isotope composition are associated with anatomical properties of leaf and xylem in six poplar species

Although fast‐growing Populus species consume a large amount of water for biomass production, there are considerable variations in water use efficiency (WUE) across different poplar species. To compare differences in growth, WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem and to examine the relationship between photosynthesis/WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem, cuttings of six poplar species were grown in a botanical garden. The growth performance, photosynthesis, intrinsic WUE (WUE_i), stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem were analysed in these poplar plants. Significant differences were found in growth, photosynthesis, WUE_i and anatomical properties among the examined species. Populus cathayana was the clone with the fastest growth and the lowest WUE_i/δ¹³C, whereas P. × euramericana had a considerable growth increment and the highest WUE_i/δ¹³C. Among the analysed poplar species, the highest total stomatal density in P. cathayana was correlated with its highest stomatal conductance (g_s) and lowest WUE_i/δ¹³C. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between WUE_i and abaxial stomatal density and stem vessel lumen area. These data suggest that photosynthesis, WUE_i and δ¹³C are associated with leaf and xylem anatomy and there are tradeoffs between growth and WUE_i. It is anticipated that some poplar species, e.g. P. × euramericana, are better candidates for water‐limited regions and others, e.g. P. cathayana, may be better for water‐abundant areas.     

华北低丘山地人工林蒸散的季节变化及环境影响要素

蒸散（ET）是生态系统水分平衡和能量平衡的重要组分,中国人工林对区域水分循环及平衡发挥着重要作用。本文基于2007—2008年涡度相关观测资料,分析了华北低丘山地近30年生栓皮栎-刺槐-侧柏人工林生态系统蒸散的变化特征及其环境影响要素。结果表明,2007—2008年实验区气候较常年偏暖、偏旱。ET表现出单峰季节变化特征,秋冬季节较低,春夏季节（4—9月）蒸散旺盛。全年最高值出现在每年5月份,日峰值出现于午后13时左右。2007—2008年平均蒸散量为546.1 mm,降水量为354.1 mm,夏季（7—8月）和冬季（12—1月）的日蒸散量分别为2.19 mm/d和0.44 mm/d。温度是驱动ET季节变化的主要环境因子,饱和差也是影响蒸散季节变化的重要环境要素。土壤含水量对ET季节变化的影响并不显著,有近1/3日数的土壤含水量为0.16—0.18 m3/m3,期间日蒸散量平均值为1.0 mm/d。年蒸散量均高于降水量,蒸散量高于降水量的部分来自深层土壤水分的供给。     

基于Biome-BGC模型的北方杨树人工林碳水通量对气候变化的响应研究

研究中国北方杨树人工林碳水通量对气候变化的响应,对于制定合理的经营管理措施以应对区域的气候变化具有重要意义。基于对杨树人工林碳水通量的连续监测数据和对Biome-BGC模型参数的校准,模拟分析杨树人工林碳水通量及水分利用效率(WUE)对气候变化(气温上升、降水变化和大气CO_2浓度上升)的响应规律。结果表明,Biome-BGC模型校准后显著提升了其对杨树人工林碳水通量的模拟精度,对GPP、ET模拟结果的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(NS)分别为0.69和0.63,各自提高了64.3%和80%,均方根误差(RMSE)则分别降低至1.94 g C m~(-2) d~(-1)和0.88 mm/d,分别下降了26.5%和25.4%。在未来气候变化情景中,单独的气温上升、降水增加和大气CO_2浓度上升分别造成GPP的降低、升高和升高,其中GPP对大气CO_2浓度上升的响应程度(28%—44%)远高于对气温上升(1%—5%)和降水变化(3%—10%)的,ET则主要受降水的影响,响应程度在5%—14%之间。GPP和ET对气候变化的响应则受不同水平的气温上升、降水变化和大气CO_2浓度上升三者综合作用的影响。基于GPP和ET对气候变化的响应,WUE随气温上升、降水增加表现为降低趋势,随降水减少和大气CO_2浓度升高则呈升高趋势;其对未来气候中大气CO_2浓度升高的响应程度为27.7%—43.6%,远高于对气温上升(1.2%—5.8%)和降水变化(1.2%—3.5%)的,说明未来气候变化中大气CO_2浓度上升是促进杨树生长的主要因素;其中相对于当前WUE(2.8 g C/kg H_2O),C2T2P1和C0T3P0情景下WUE的升高和降低幅度最大,分别为45.4%和5.8%。     

黑河中游春小麦需水量空间分布

合理估计春小麦的需水量(ET_c)是进行干旱区水资源配置的有效方法,利用黑河中游14个气象站1970-2009年的逐日气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式估算各站点的参考作物蒸散量,并根据春小麦生长期的作物系数,在地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下得出黑河中游春小麦需水量的空间分布及变化趋势。结果表明:1970-2009年黑河中游春小麦作物需水量整体分布具有从南向北递增的趋势,全生长期需水量在573-781 mm之间;高台、张掖、临泽、民乐、山丹、酒泉的春小麦需水量分别为731.26、686.88、598.24、728.89、719.77、713.59 mm,其中生长中期需水量最大,分别占全生长期的51.67%、51.11%、50.96%、51.24%、50.83%和50.77%;日平均气温、日照时数、风速、降水量、最小相对湿度和各因子的影响力由大到小分别占总影响力的57.29%、26.92%、15.15%、1.41%和0.78%。     

Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in two cultivars of upland rice during different developmental stages under three water regimes

A pot experiment was conducted in a glasshouse to clarify and quantify the effect of plant part, water regime, growth period, and cultivar on carbon isotope discrimination (CID), and to analyze the relationship between CID, stomatal behavior and water-use efficiency (WUE). The experiment was comprised of two upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars and three water regimes (100, 70, and 40% of saturation moisture) in a completely randomized design. Plants were harvested at tillering, flowering, and maturity. No significant cultivar differences in above-ground dry matter-based WUE (WUE_A) and total dry matter-based WUE (WUE_T) were observed. WUE_A (and WUE_T) increased with water stress up to tillering, but decreased with water stress after tillering. Significant cultivar differences in CID in all the analyzed plant parts were observed at all harvest times. Reduction in CID with water stress was greatest at tillering, and the effect was less pronounced at flowering and at maturity. At each harvest, the effect was most pronounced in newly developed plant parts. Root and grain tended to have the lowest CID values, and stem the highest, at all harvest times. A negative relationship was observed between CID measured at tillering and WUE_A (and WUE_T) measured over the period from seedling to tillering, whereas a reverse relationship was obtained between CID measured at flowering and WUE_A (and WUE_T) measured over the period from tillering to flowering, and an unclear relationship between CID measured at maturity and WUE_A (and WUE_T) measured over the period from flowering to maturity. The ratio of the intercellular and atmospheric concentration of CO₂ (C_i/C_a) were closely associated with CID throughout the water regimes when one cultivar was considered, however, cultivar differences in CID were not related to variations in C_i/C_a. The results indicate that significant cultivar difference existed in CID in all the analyzed plant parts at all harvest times, while corresponding difference in WUE_A (and WUE_T) between the cultivars was not necessarily consistent. Abbreviations: WUE – water-use efficiency; WUEi – instantaneous WUE (or leaf transpiration efficiency); ADM – above-ground dry matter; TDM – total dry matter; WUE_A– ADM-based WUE; WUE_T– TDM-based WUE} CID – carbon isotope discrimination; NL – the newest leaves; FEL – recently fully expanded leaves; FL – flag leaves; P – photosynthesis rate; g – leaf stomatal conductance to water vapor; C_i– intercellular CO₂ concentration; C_a– atmospheric CO₂ concentration; T – transpiration rate; gs – total conductance of CO₂     

Inter- and under-canopy soil water, leaf-level and whole-plant gas exchange dynamics of a semi-arid perennial C4 grass

It is not clear if tree canopies in savanna ecosystems exert positive or negative effects on soil moisture, and how these might affect understory plant carbon balance. To address this, we quantified rooting-zone volumetric soil moisture (??_25?cm), plant size, leaf-level and whole-plant gas exchange of the bunchgrass, bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri), growing under and between mesquite (Prosopis velutina) in a southwestern US savanna. Across two contrasting monsoon seasons, bare soil ??_25?cm was 1.0?C2.5% lower in understory than in the intercanopy, and was consistently higher than in soils under grasses, where ??_25?cm was similar between locations. Understory plants had smaller canopy areas and volumes with larger basal diameters than intercanopy plants. During an above-average monsoon, intercanopy and understory plants had similar seasonal light-saturated leaf-level photosynthesis (A _net-sat), stomatal conductance (g _s-sat), and whole-plant aboveground respiration (R _auto), but with higher whole-plant photosynthesis (GEP_plant) and transpiration (T _plant) in intercanopy plants. During a below-average monsoon, intercanopy plants had higher diurnally integrated GEP_plant, R _auto, and T _plant. These findings showed little evidence of strong, direct positive canopy effects to soil moisture and attendant plant performance. Rather, it seems understory conditions foster competitive dominance by drought-tolerant species, and that positive and negative canopy effects on soil moisture and community and ecosystem processes depends on a suite of interacting biotic and abiotic factors.     

喀斯特槽谷典型植物水分利用效率对隧道建设的响应

隧道工程建设对喀斯特槽谷地区地下水循环系统的破坏,引起地下水位下降,可能影响周围生态环境。依托重庆中梁山喀斯特槽谷,对旱、雨两季隧道影响区与无隧道影响区不同深度土层(0—20 cm、20—40 cm)土壤含水量以及典型植物(常绿乔木、常绿灌木)瞬时水分利用效率(InstantaneousWater Use Efficiency,WUE_(inst))进行对比分析,探究植物水分利用效率对隧道建设的响应。结果表明:在不同影响区,主要由蒸发与降水引起土壤含水量在垂直和季节变化上的趋势相似,但隧道影响区土壤含水量在旱、雨两季均显著高于无隧道影响区;不同影响区植物WUE_(inst)存在明显的季节差异,旱季各植物种WUE_(inst)显著高于雨季。而旱、雨两季隧道影响区植物叶片WUE_(inst)显著高于无隧道影响区;此外,植物WUE_(inst)与土壤含水量相关性分析结果表明,不同影响区植物WUE_(inst)与土壤含水量均呈显著负相关关系,但相对于无隧道影响区,隧道影响区植物WUE_(inst)对土壤含水量的变化更加敏感。以上结果表明,隧道建设导致地下水资源漏失,土壤含水量减少,进而改变了植物水分利用特性,使隧道影响区植物种应对一定程度的水分胁迫时采取更保守的水分利用策略。     

Water use efficiency, transpiration and net CO2 exchange of four alfalfa genotypes submitted to progressive drought and subsequent recovery

The predicted worldwide increase in arid areas and water stress episodes will strongly affect crop production. Plants have developed a wide diversity of physiological mechanisms for drought tolerance. A decline in photosynthesis and thus yield production is a common response to drought, as are increases in the water use efficiency of photosynthesis (WUE_ph) and productivity (WUE_p). The aim of our study was to determine the physiological effects (especially WUE_ph and WUE_p) of progressive drought and subsequent recovery in three cultivars adapted to a Mediterranean climate [Tafilalet (TA), Tierra de Campos (TC), and Moapa (MO)], and another representative from an oceanic climate (Europe (EU)). The accuracy of the relationships between WUE_ph or WUE_p and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ ¹³C) in shoots was also investigated as a function of water stress intensity. Mild drought (7 days of water withholding) decreased the net CO₂ exchange (A), leaf conductance to water (g) and transpiration in EU leading to an increased WUE_ph. Δ ¹³C was correlated with WUE_p but not with WUE_ph, probably due to a late decrease in g. After moderate drought (14 days), A and g decreased in all cultivars, increasing WUE_ph. In this period WUE_p also increased. Both WUE parameters were correlated with Δ ¹³C, which may indicate that the g value at the end of moderate water stress was representative of the growing period. After 21 days, TA was the most productive cultivar but under severe drought conditions there was no difference in DM accumulation among cultivars. After the recovery period, leaf area was increased but not total DM, showing that leaves were the most responsive organs to rewatering. Severe water stress did not decrease WUE_ph or WUE_p, and Δ ¹³C did not increase after recovery. This absence of a response to severe drought may indicate significant effects on the photosynthetic apparatus after 21 days of withholding water. As for mild drought, WUE_p but not WUE_ph was correlated with Δ ¹³C, supporting the view that WUE_p is a more integrative parameter than WUE_ph.     

Mesophyll CO2 conductance and leakiness are not responsive to short‐ and long‐term soil water limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor

Breeding economically important C₄ crops for enhanced whole‐plant water‐use efficiency (WUE_plant) is needed for sustainable agriculture. WUE_plant is a complex trait and an efficient phenotyping method that reports on components of WUE_plant, such as intrinsic water‐use efficiency (WUE_i, the rate of leaf CO₂ assimilation relative to water loss via stomatal conductance), is needed. In C₄ plants, theoretical models suggest that leaf carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C), when the efficiency of the CO₂‐concentrating mechanism (leakiness, ?) remains constant, can be used to screen for WUE_i. The limited information about how ? responds to water limitations confines the application of δ¹³C for WUE_i screening of C₄ crops. The current research aimed to test the response of ? to short‐ or long‐term moderate water limitations, and the relationship of δ¹³C with WUE_i and WUE_plant, by addressing potential mesophyll CO₂ conductance (g_m) and biochemical limitations in the C₄ plant Sorghum bicolor. We demonstrate that g_m and ? are not responsive to short‐ or long‐term water limitations. Additionally, δ¹³C was not correlated with gas‐exchange estimates of WUE_i under short‐ and long‐term water limitations, but showed a significant negative relationship with WUE_plant. The observed association between the δ¹³C and WUE_plant suggests an intrinsic link of δ¹³C with WUE_i in this C₄ plant, and can potentially be used as a screening tool for WUE_plant in sorghum.