甘肃甘南高原沼泽湿地6种土壤纤毛虫记述

本文记述了在甘南高原沼泽湿地中鉴定到的6种土壤纤毛虫,这些种类分别为:野生假膜虫(Notohymena selvatica)、布若雷亚尼瓦拉虫(Wallackia bujoreani)、水藓宽口虫(Steinia sphagnicola)、埃托拟突口虫(Condylostomides etoschensis)、粘游仆虫(Euplotes muscicola)和斯坦赭虫(Blepharisma steini),其中,野生假膜虫、布若雷亚尼瓦拉虫和水藓宽口虫这3种为中国土壤纤毛虫新纪录种。     

赭纤虫RNA聚合酶I基因片段的分析

赭纤虫被认为是一类进化过程较为原始的纤毛虫,本研究以赭纤虫基因组ＤＮＡ为模板,利用锚定ＰＣＲ技术,扩增出ＲＮＡ聚合酶Ｉ第二大亚基基因片段,并对扩增出的基因片段进行了克隆和序列分析,结果表明,由该基因片段导出的氨基酸序列中共有１０个半胱氨酸,均由通过密码子ＵＧＵ,ＵＧＣ编码,开放读框中不存在由ＵＧＡ转译为半胱氨酸这一非通过密码的现象。     

北京平原第四纪发生海浸的证据

北京地震地质会战第二专题综合组在进行北京平原地区钻井岩芯样品分析、鉴定工作中,1978年8月及11月相继在第四系下更新统发现大量有孔虫化石。经鉴定,浮游有孔虫占35％,底栖有孔虫占65％,以饰带透明虫最具代表性,可称饰带透明虫组合。其中之两侧平坦虫 Paromalina bilateralis 在我国是首次发现。饰带透明虫 Hyalineabalthica 在华北地区下更新统地层亦属首次发现。1972年8月国际第四纪研究联合会地层委员会决定以饰带透明虫化石的出现做为第四系更新统的底界。目前大多数国家都采用这一界线。北京地区饰带透明虫的发现为解决第四系与第三系的分界提供了重要的依据。     

一种线虫,棘头虫快速透明方法

从７０％酒精保存液中取出的纯虫、棘头虫标本直接入高氏洋红中染色,再在乳酸液中透明,结果：虫体透明时间只需３－５ｍｉｎ,虫体结构更为清晰。     

赭纤虫RNA聚合酶Ⅰ基因片段的分析

赭纤虫被认为是一类进化过程中较为原始的纤毛虫。本研究以储纤虫基因组DNA为模板,利用锚定PCR技术,扩增出RNA聚合酶I第二大亚基基因片段,并对扩增出的基因片段进行了克隆和序列分析。结果表明：由该基因片段导出的氨基酸序列中共有10个半胱氨酸,均由通用密码子UGU、UGC编码,开放读框中不存在由UGA转译为半眈氨酸这一非通用密码的现象。     

利用核糖体小亚基RNA基因序列对环须虫属,突口虫属及旋口虫属(原生动物,纤毛门,异毛纲)系统地位的探讨

在系统发育研究中,异毛纲纤毛虫普遍被认为是一个多源发生系.为进一步探讨纲中各科/属间的亲缘关系,新测定了隶属于异毛纲的2属4种的核糖体小亚基基因序列,并结合GenBank中迄今所知该类群的基因序列,利用最大似然法、贝叶斯法、最大简约法和邻接法构建了系统发生树.结果显示:1)所涉及的9个科中,赭纤虫科Blepharismidae、喇叭纤虫科Stentoridae、瓶囊虫科Folliculinidae和缘棘虫科Peritromidae为单源发生,爽口虫科Climacostomidae、旋口虫科spirostomidae和突口虫科Condylostomatidae为非单源发生;2)环须虫属Peritromus与爽口虫属Climacostomum两个属为姐妹类群;3)旋口虫属跏Spirostomum先于其它异毛类分化出去,与格鲁博虫属Gruberia亲缘关系较远;4)突喇叭虫属Condylostentor与突口虫属Condylostoma聚在一起并与夏通属Chattonidium具有更近的亲缘关系,而与喇叭虫属Stentor关系较远.     

基于28S rDNA基因序列研究十种臂尾轮虫的系统关系和分类地位

通过对角突臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫、剪形臂尾轮虫、方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、镰形臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和十指臂尾轮虫等10种臂尾轮虫以及透明囊足轮虫、大肚须足轮虫和晶囊轮虫等其他3种轮虫的28S rDNA序列分析,使用MAGE软件构建这13种轮虫系统发生树(NJ树、ME树、UPGMA树和MP树),探讨了臂尾轮属、须足轮属、晶囊轮属和囊足轮属之间以及10种臂尾轮虫之间的系统关系.结果表明,本研究所涉及的轮虫28S rDNA序列差异百分比均值为30.15%,可作为分子标记应用于轮虫属间和属内种间系统关系研究;系统树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫作为一个独立的支系从臂尾轮属中分离出来;裂足臂尾轮虫应隶属臂尾轮属;壶状臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫是两个独立的种;透明囊足轮虫与臂尾轮属亲缘关系较近.     

赭曲毒素A的危害及其检测方法研究进展

从赭曲毒素的产生、毒性、危害,及其检测方法和防治等几个方面综述了赭曲毒素的研究进展,对防止赭曲毒素中毒及其检测方法提出了自己的观点。对赭曲毒素中毒的预防最重要,而预防前最重要的工作是做好对赭曲毒素的监督检测工作。ELISA方法是目前最有前景的检测方法,值得进一步研究。     

异斑酷大蚕蛾幼虫、蛹和成虫的性别鉴定

本文描述了一种准确、快速鉴定异斑酷大蚕蛾末龄幼虫、蛹和成虫性别的方法。通过对蛹和成虫性别特征比较可知,雌虫生殖孔位于第8和第9腹节,且第8腹节不愈合,雄虫生殖孔仅位于第9腹节上,且生殖孔两侧有瘤状突起。雌性末龄幼虫头壳的蜕裂线附近浅色区域较多,雄性浅色区域较少,且雌性后唇基区域的颜色较雄性更浅。雌雄成虫差异较大,雄虫触角羽状,前翅一般无透明斑或透明斑很小;雌虫为近丝状的羽状触角,前翅有3个较大且连续排列的透明斑。经过对30对雌雄蛹的测量后,发现在蛹长、蛹宽与蛹重等体型数据上,雌雄蛹之间都存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。     

武汉东湖优势浮游动物元素含量分析

利用武汉东湖不同季节各种浮游动物优势种的高峰期,选取了枝角类中的透明溞和透明薄皮溞,桡足类中的特异荡镖水蚤,轮虫中的矩形龟甲轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫、矩形臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫,原生动物中的篮口虫及草履虫进行碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量分析,分别测出了上述各个种的C/N和C/P比值。就C、N、P的平均百分数看,原生动物所占的C、N、P的百分数最高,相反,其C/N与C/P比率则是最低的。透明薄皮溞所占的C％接近原生动物,特异荡镖水蚤和透明溞的C％相差不远。透明薄皮溞与特异荡镖水蚤的N％极为接近,而轮虫的N％和P％则仅低于原生动物。按实测数据计算的结果,东湖优势浮游动物的个体重(干)是其C含量的2.07—2.46倍。列举了各个种的个体碳、氮和磷量,并对一些较大个体给定了个体重与个体碳关系的回归方程式。     

The use of rRNA sequences and fluorescent probes to investigate the phylogenetic positions of the anaerobic ciliate Metopus palaeformis and its archaeobacterial endosymbiont.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify small-subunit ribosomal DNA from the anaerobic ciliated protozoon Metopus palaeformis, and from its uncultured endosymbiotic bacteria. This was accomplished directly from total DNA extracted from protozoa without prior isolation or enrichment for symbiont cells. The double-stranded amplification products were precipitated and directly sequenced using the linear PCR reaction. Fluorescent oligonucleotide probes were designed and used in whole-cell hybridizations to provide direct visual evidence that the sequences originated from the host ciliate and from the endosymbiont. Phylogenetic analysis of the Metopus palaeformis sequence consistently placed it as a deep-branching lineage near the root of the ciliate tree. However, the present data were insufficient to resolve the detailed relationship between Blepharisma and Metopus and thus to determine if the heterotrichs are mono- or paraphyletic. Phylogenetic analysis of the symbiont partial sequence clearly demonstrated that it is an archaeobacterium and that it is closely related to, but distinct from, Methanobacterium formicicum.     

Systematic and morphological diversity of endosymbiotic methanogens in anaerobic ciliates

The identities and taxonomic diversity of the endosymbiotic methanogens from the anaerobic protozoaMetopus contortus, Metopus striatus, Metopus palaeformis, Trimyema sp. andPelomyxa palustris were determined by comparative analysis of their 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. Fluorescent oligonucleotide probes were designed to bind to the symbiont rRNA sequences and to provide direct visual evidence of their origins from methanogenic archaea contained within the host cells. Confocal microscopy was used to analyze the morphology of the endosymbionts in whole cells ofMetopus palaeformis, Metopus contortus, Trimyema sp. andCyclidium porcatum. The endosymbionts are taxonomically diverse and are drawn from three different genera;Methanobacterium, Methanocorpusculum andMethanoplanus. In every case the symbionts are closely related to, but different from, free-living methanogens for which sequences are available. It is thus apparent that symbioses have been formed repeatedly and independently. Ciliates which are unrelated to each other (Trimyema sp. andMetopus contortus) may contain symbionts which are closely related, and congeneric ciliates (Metopus palaeformis andM. contortus) may contain symbionts which are distantly related to each other. This suggests that some of the symbiotic associations must be relatively recent. For example, at least one of the symbioses inMetopus must postdate the speciation ofM. palaeformis andM. contortus. Despite this,Metopus contortus, Trimyema sp., Cyclidium porcatum and their respective endosymbionts show sophisticated morphological interactions which probably facilitate the exchange of materials between the partners.     

Isolation and culturing of a most common anaerobic ciliate, Metopus sp

The study includes isolation of anaerobic ciliate, Metopus sp. from an anaerobic reactor and development of its monoculture under laboratory conditions. Separation by centrifugation followed by micromanipulatory isolation resulted in obtaining pure Metopus culture with less bacterial contamination. The isolated Metopus sp. had the mean dimensions of 32 x 123 microm with the generation time of 53 h. Among the different basal media tried, the ciliate mineral medium (CMV) with 1% wheat powder suspension was the most suitable one for Metopus growth. The temperature and pH ranges, for the best growth of Metopus, were 30-35 degrees C and 6-7, respectively. Higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) such as acetate, butyrate and propionate had adverse effect on Metopus growth and prevented its growth beyond 0.05 M concentration. Maximum COD removal was in CMV medium by the growth of anaerobic Metopus sp.     

Metopus, Cyclidium and Sonderia: ciliates enriched and cultured from sulfureta of a microbial mat community

Metopus contortus (Class Spirotrichea), Cyclidium borrori, Cyclidium sp., Sonderia tubigula, and two other species of Sonderia (Class Oligohymenophorea) were enriched from the sulfureta of microbial mat communities at Laguna Figueroa near San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico. The ability of some of these species to grow under anaerobic, high-sulfide conditions was demonstrated. The ultrastructural morphology of Metopus and Cyclidium revealed adaptations to anaerobic, high sulfide niches. Metopus lacks typical mitochondria and has structures which may be intracellular bacterial symbionts. Cyclidium borrori, when grown aerobically, has mitochondria with tubular cristae. When it is grown anaerobically in the presence of high amounts of hydrogen sulfide the number of mitochondria remains the same but the mitochondria dedifferentiate, becoming smaller with less well-defined cristae.     

The nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs from three ciliated protozoa.

The nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs from three ciliated protozoa, Paramecium tetraurelia, Tetrahymena thermophila and Blepharisma japonicum have been determined. All of them are 120 nucleotides long and the sequence of probable tRNA binding site of position 41-44 is GAAC which is characteristic of the plant 5S rRNAs. The sequence similarity percents are 87% (Paramecium/Tetrahymena), 86% (Paramecium/Blepharisma) and 79% (Tetrahymena/Blepharisma), suggesting a close relationship of these three ciliates.     

Two Anaerobic Ciliates (Ciliophora,Armophorea) from China: Morphology and SSU rDNA Sequence,with Report of a New Species,Metopus paravestitus nov. spec

The morphology and phylogeny of two metopid ciliates, collected from anaerobic habitats in China, were investigated using live observation, protargol staining method, and SSU rDNA sequencing. The new species Metopus paravestitus nov. spec. can be distinguished by a combination of the following features: oblong cell with densely arranged ectobiotic prokaryotes perpendicular to cell surface, filiform intracytoplasmic structures packed in the anterior portion of the cell. Our work also demonstrates the wide geographical distribution of Metopus es (Müller, 1776) Lauterborn, 1916. The order Metopida is consistently depicted as a paraphylum in SSU rDNA phylogeny. Metopus paravestitus nov. spec. is closely related to its marine congeners than to freshwater forms. The present study confirms once again the non-monophyly of the genus Metopus and genus Metopidae.     

Blepharisma seculum, sp. nov., a Member of the Subgenus (Compactum)

SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma seculum sp. nov. is described as a small-sized blepharisma with a compact, spheroid macronucleus and a distinct curvature of the body anteriorly. A comparison of this form with other species of the genus Blepharisma subgenus ( Compactum ) is given.     

Endosymbiotic Methanogenic Bacteria In Anaerobic Ciliates: Significance For the Growth Efficiency of the Host

ABSTRACT Endosymbiotic methanogenic bacteria of three species of anaerobic ciliates (Plagiopyla frontata, Metopus conforms , and M. palaeformis) were inactivated with the specific methanogen inhibitor 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid. the absence of endosymbiont methanogens reduced growth rate and growth yield by about 30% in P. frontata and M. contortus , while no significant change in fitness was observed in M. palaeformis. In Plagiopyla the growth rate constant is not affected by an artificially increased pH₂ neither in normal nor in methanogen-free ciliates. the energetic advantage conferred by endosymbiont methanogens in Plagiopyla and in Metopus contortus probably is due to excretion of organic material from the bacteria at the expense of bacterial reproduction. It is unlikely that the maintenance of a low pH₂ within the cells due to H₂-consumption by the bacteria is important to the ciliates.     

Chemosensory Response in Blepharisma. I. Accumulation of Cells in Products of Bacterial Metabolism

ABSTRACT. Blepharisma cells were attracted by a pellet of live bacteria (Enterobacter) which was separated from the Blepharisma suspension by a cellulose membrane (fractionation: M.W. 14,000). The cells, however, were not attracted by killed bacteria. Crude and heat-treated supernatants obtained from bacterial suspension also induced chemoaccumulation of cells. These results suggest that the cells of Blepharisma detect certain small molecules, produced by live bacteria, that can pass through the cellulose membrane and are stable to heat. From the live bacteria supernatant, several ninhydrin-positive substances were isolated by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Several of the spots contained substances that attracted the cells, indicating that certain ninhydrin-positive components, such as peptides or free amino acids (probably products of bacterial metabolism), may serve as a signal for food.