中国特有濒危植物翅果油树的SSR引物开发及特性（英文）

翅果油树是中国特有的濒危植物,利用磁珠富集法开发适用于翅果油树的SSR引物,并在2个翅果油树群体进行多态性验证。结果表明,筛选的20对引物中有19对是多态且选择中性的SSR引物,其中引物CGY19表现单态,仅有一个位点显示Hardy-Weinberg平衡的偏离(P0.01),在2个群体中均未检测到连锁不平衡现象;每个位点的等位基因数为1~9个,平均为4.225个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度的变化范围分别为0~0.900和0~0.847。利用开发的19对多态性SSR引物对2个翅果油树自然群体的遗传多样性水平分析结果表明,其平均遗传多样性水平为97.37%,说明翅果油树濒危的原因并不是遗传多样性水平丧失;遗传分化系数FST为0.033 1,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内,这可能是由于种群之间的基因流(Nm=32.081 8)较大的结果,这也是2个翅果油树种群遗传相似度高的原因。这些特异性引物的开发和遗传多样性的研究将对翅果油树的交配系统、遗传结构的研究起到重要的作用,并为翅果油树种质资源的取样策略、保护和利用提供有效的信息。     

濒危植物翅果油树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用微卫星（SSR）标记对来自山西和陕西两省的7个翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollisDiels）种群进行遗传多样性和遗传结构研究。10对SSR标记共检测到126个位点,其中多态位点114个。在物种水平上,平均多态位点百分率为90.79%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.6072、0.3166、0.4603;在种群水平上,多态位点百分率为61.99%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）、Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.5445、0.2683、0.3815。遗传分化系数GST为0.2074,表明了翅果油树种群的遗传变异主要存在于种群内。基因流Nm为1.9111〉1,说明种群间基因交流可以阻止由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化。聚类结果表明,翅果油树种群间的遗传距离与地理距离有一定的相关性,经Mantel检验,种群的地理距离与遗传距离之间呈正相关,但未达到显著水平（p〉0.05）。结果表明,遗传多样性水平与物种本身特性和不同干扰生境有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

中国特有濒危植物翅果油树的SSR引物开发及特性

翅果油树是中国特有的濒危植物,利用磁珠富集法开发适用于翅果油树的SSR引物,并在2个翅果油树群体进行多态性验证。结果表明,筛选的20对引物中有19对是多态且选择中性的SSR引物,其中引物CGY19表现单态,仅有一个位点显示Hardy-Weinberg平衡的偏离(P<0.01),在2个群体中均未检测到连锁不平衡现象;每个位点的等位基因数为1~9个,平均为4.225个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度的变化范围分别为0~0.900和0~0.847。利用开发的19对多态性SSR引物对2个翅果油树自然群体的遗传多样性水平分析结果表明,其平均遗传多样性水平为97.37%,说明翅果油树濒危的原因并不是遗传多样性水平丧失;遗传分化系数F_ST为0.033 1,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内,这可能是由于种群之间的基因流(N_m=32.081 8)较大的结果,这也是2个翅果油树种群遗传相似度高的原因。这些特异性引物的开发和遗传多样性的研究将对翅果油树的交配系统、遗传结构的研究起到重要的作用,并为翅果油树种质资源的取样策略、保护和利用提供有效的信息。     

稀有濒危植物翅果油树种群黄酮类化合物多样性研究

以稀有濒危植物翅果油树叶中黄酮类化合物为标记,探索翅果油树种群与其生境的相互关系。通过对濒危植物翅果油树的主要分布区,山西省的乡宁、翼城、平陆等三种群及环境的调查,并采集三个种群的24个样品。用水提法、甲醇提法,经聚酰胺薄层层析法分离,并将层析结果作I／O的二元数据化处理,用于聚类分析和PCA排序。结果表明：1)翅果油树叶中黄酮类化合物的种类比较稳定,可以作为研究种群分化的标记物;2)聚类分析表明乡宁、翼城、平陆三个种群间所含的黄酮类化合物已有分化,乡宁种群与翼城种群之间的相异性较小,在截取值为20时,乡宁与翼城种群首先聚为一支,当截取值为25时,平陆种群归并,表明平陆种群与其他种群的相异性较大;3)各种群内个体间的共享率有明显的差异4)PCA分析表明：不同种群内的黄酮类化舍物的差异与其地理位置、温度、地形地貌及土壤养分等因子有关。     

翅果油树群落主要物种空间分布格局及其关联性

以山西省翅果油树自然保护区翅果油树(Elaeagnus mollis)种群为研究对象,采用点格局分析中的O-ring统计方法,利用Programita软件对翅果油树群落中主要物种翅果油树、荆条(Vitex negundo var.heterophylla)和黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina)种群的分布格局及其相互关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)各种群在相对小的尺度上聚集分布特征明显,随尺度增加各种群主要表现出随机分布特征;(2)各树种间的空间关联性主要表现在小尺度范围,随尺度加大空间关联性逐渐不明显;(3)翅果油树种群径级I、II和III在较小尺度时存在明显的聚集分布,径级IV、V和VI在所有尺度上均呈现随机分布;(4)翅果油树种群径级I和II与径级IV、V和VI存在正关联,同时径级I与VI,径级II与V在一定尺度上表现出空间负关联,相邻径级在空间分布上相关性不显著。     

翅果油树群落优势种群生态位分析

应用Shannon-Weaver指数和Petraitis的方法,研究了山西翅果油树群落21个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位普遍重叠和特定重叠,结果表明：翅果油树和黄刺玫的生态位宽度最大,这主要是由于它们具有广泛的适应性。翅果油树在其它种群上的特定重叠远远小于其余20种植物在翅果油树群种上的特定重叠值。21个优势种群之间并不存在完全的普遍重叠。主要与它们对水分和光照不同的适应性有关。草本植物之间的特定重叠大于灌木。21种植物仅有4个种对(本氏针茅和野古草、野古草与本氏针茅、本氏针茅与多花枸子木和金花忍冬与白刺花)之间存在完全的特定重叠。     

濒危植物翅果油树种群传粉生物学研究

对山西省南部平陆、乡宁和翼城3个翅果油树(Elaeagnus mollisDiels)种群分别进行了传粉生物学观察.结果表明:(1)翅果油树花期一般为8~12 d,单花花期3~4 d,结实率仅为0.42%;(2)访花者多属于膜翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目昆虫,蜂类是有效的传粉者;(3)翅果油树依靠芳香气味、花蜜、花粉和适度紧缩的生殖枝吸引访花昆虫;(4)昆虫的访花活动主要集中在11:00~16:00,访花活动易受气象因素影响;(5)自然条件下,翅果油树平均每日每花被访问的频次为(1.93±1.64)次,人工放蜂可显著增加传粉强度;(6)交配系统属居群内的异花传粉,仍属于广义的自花传粉范畴.传粉昆虫少,传粉效率低是翅果油树致濒的重要因素之一.     

山西翅果油树的适生区预测及其对气候变化的响应

研究濒危物种生境在气候变化下的响应对保护物种多样性和保持生态系统功能完整性具有重要意义.本文选取我国特有濒危植物翅果油树为研究对象,以该物种73个野外调查数据和35个环境因子为基础,应用最大熵模型对山西翅果油树当前的适生分布区进行预测;进而结合政府间气候变化专门委员会第五次评估报告发布的气候模式数据,探讨未来不同气候情景下山西翅果油树分布格局的变化趋势.结果表明:受试者工作特征曲线分析法的AUC值为0.987,表明模型的模拟精度很好且预测可靠性高;刀切法检验结果显示,降水量季节变化、温度年变化范围、年均温、等温线、表层土p H值和年降水量是影响翅果油树分布的主要环境因子,其累积贡献率达到了94.8%;当前,山西翅果油树的适生区主要集中在山西省吕梁山南部和中条山地带;未来不同气候情景下,到21世纪70年代翅果油树适生区面积均有不同幅度的缩减,低浓度情景(RCP 2.6)下呈先增后减趋势,中高浓度情景(RCP 4.5和RCP8.5)下响应较敏感且呈先减后增趋势.两个不同适生区的空间分布格局对气候变化也有不同的响应,吕梁山南部表现出纬度方向的轻微波动,而中条山地带则是海拔方向的迁移.     

稻纵卷叶螟地理种群的比较研究

本文应用实验种群生命表技术,比较了三个地区不同世代(南宁五代、衡阳四代、南京三代,三地各相距4—6个纬度)和同是第二世代稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee)种群的发育、存活、繁殖、内禀增长力等参数的差异.结果表明,三个地区不同世代的种群,除个别温度外,南京种群的存活率、平均产卵量、内禀增长力、繁殖价大于衡阳种群;衡阳种群大于南宁种群,形成明显的纬度梯度.而同是第二世代,则三个地区种群这些参数差异不显著.对发育历期进行裂区试验的方差分析,种群间均无显著差异.可以用一个公共的发育速率模型.文中分析和讨论了形成种群间这些差异的原因,可能是种群的同型交配效应或迁飞的自然选择效应.     

我国特有珍稀植物翅果油树濒危原因分析

翅果油树是我国特有种,为国家2级珍稀濒危保护植物,主要分布于山西南部的低山和丘陵区以及陕西秦岭北麓的户县。翅果油树分布区的生态环境特征是：热量充足,降水量较少,立地条件较差。翅果油树濒危的主要原因有（1）果实形态结构特殊,不利于传播和萌发,（2）果实结实率较低,（3）种子寿命短,发芽率低,（4）翅果油树幼苗缺乏竞争力和（5）人力破坏严重。此外,针对翅果油树的濒危现状和原因,还提出了科学保护对策。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.