广东滩涂经济鱼类寄生吸虫──Ⅲ、单孔科、单脏科和八睾科吸虫的研究(复殖目)

本文对广东滩涂经济鱼类寄生复殖吸虫中的单孔科ＨａｐｌｏｐｏｒｉｄａｅＮｉｃｏｌｌ,１９１４,单胜科ＨａｐｌｏｓｐｌａｎｃｈｎｉｄａｅＰｏｃｈｅ,１９２６和八睾科ＯｃｔｏｔｅｓｔｉｄａｅＹａｍａｇｕｔｉ,１９７１吸虫进行研究,其中长尾亚科Ｅｌｏｎａｉｎｕｒｉｎａｅ和鲻长尾吸虫Ｅｌｏｎｇｉｎｕｒｕｓｍｕｕｇｉｌｕｓ分别作为单孔科的新亚科和新属新种;雄囊新单脏吸虫Ｎｅｏｈａｐｌｏｓｐｌａｎｃｈｎｕｓｃｉｒｒｕｓａｃｉ作为单脏科的新属新种;天竺鲷八睾吸虫Ｏｃｔｏｔｅｓｔｉｓａｐｏｇｏｎｉ作为八睾科、八睾吸虫属Ｏｃｔｏｔｅｓｔｉｓ（Ｗａｎｇ,１９６３）Ｙａｍａｇｕｔｉ,１９５１的新种。     

藏马鸡卵壳的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对我国特有珍禽──藏马鸡的卵壳进行了超微结构观察。电镜下显示：藏马鸡卵壳从内向外由壳膜层、锥体层、海绵层和表层等组成。壳膜层内层致密、含少量纤维,外层为纵横交错成网状的纤维结构,锥体层由许多乳头状突起密集排列组成,海绵层为似沉积岩层的层状结构,表层在卵壳最外面,上由具保护性的透明蛋白质薄膜覆盖。与同属的褐马鸡的卵壳进行比较,其超微结构存在差异。     

卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖You卵巢的周期发育研究

经组织学观察表明,褐菖Ｙｏｕ（Ｓｅｂａｓｔｉｓｃｕｓ ｍａｒｍｏｒａｔｕｓ）的卵巢由卵巢壁、卵巢绒毛和卵巢腔构成。贸巢壁的肌层较厚,卵巢上皮具分泌功能。卵巢绒毛位于卵巢腔中,呈树枝状。在卵巢绒毛上分布状滤泡。滤泡由卵母细胞和滤泡膜构成。滤泡膜包括内层的颗粒层和外层的鞘膜层。鞘膜层上有丰富的毛细血管。波泡靠滤泡柄县持在卵巢绒毛上,卵巢发育７个时期,成熟卵排放在卵巢腔中受粗。胚胎浸置在卵巢液中发育。卵     

孟山都公司将重组作物、食品的检测技术的开发销售权转让给SDI公司

《日经生物技术》１９９９年４月２６日第１５页报道：正在销售用基因重组技术开发的农作物和食品（ＧＭＯ：ＧｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｌｙＭｏｄｉｆｉｅｄＯｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓ）检测试剂盒的美国ＳｔｒａｔｅｇｉｃＤｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｓ（ＳＤＩ）公司宣布,４月１４日同美国孟山都公司签定了关于ＧＭＯ检测技术的开发及技术转让合同。按着合作协议,ＳＤＩ公司获得了使用孟山都公司所具有的技术开发ＧＭＯ检测试剂盒的权利。ＳＤＩ公司决定今后开发和销售面向食品加工企业和原料供给业者的ＧＭＯ检测试剂盒。日本和欧美有很多对食品原料进行Ｇ…     

柳叶芹化学成分的研究

从柳叶芹根的乙醇提取物中分得三种化合物,经理化性质、ＩＲ、ＭＳ等光谱分析定为十四碳酸（ＭｙｒｉｓｔｉｃＡｃｉｄ）、十八碳酸（Ｏｃｔａｄｅｃａｎｏｉｃａｃｉｄ）、β谷甾醇（βＳｉｔｏｓｔｅｒｏｌ）,以上三种成分均首次从该植物中分得。     

生物统计的各种检验方法和使用条件概述

生物统计的各种检验方法和使用条件概述房继明刘来福（北京师范大学生物学系,１００８７５）（北京师范大学数学系,１００８７５）ＡｎＯｕｔｌｉｎｅｏｆＴｅｓｔｉｎｇＭｅｔｈｏｄｓａｎｄＣｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｉｎＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ￥Ｆａｎ...     

豚鼠急性缺氧窒息后畸变产物耳声发射的改变

豚鼠急性缺氧窒息后畸变产物耳声发射的改变＊姜伟张敬人江平汪磊（海军总医院,北京１０００３７）畸变产物耳声发射（ＤｉｓｔｏｒｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｄｕｃｔＯｔｏａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃＥｍｉｓｉｏｎ,ＤＰＯＡＥ）是诱发性耳声发射中的一种,其来源于耳蜗已被研究者证实,为...     

鳗鲡肝肾病病原菌的研究

近年来,在广东潮州各养鳗场,每年３－５月和１０－１２月,广泛流行一种危害严重的鳗鲡肝肾病,给鳗鲡养殖业造成严重损失。本文记述了该病的症状,重点研究鳗肝肾病的病原菌。作者从患肝肾病的病鳗肝脏、肾脏和胃液中分离到１０株致病菌。根据分离株的形态、培养、生化特性,８株致病菌特性一致,鉴定为迟饨爱德华氏菌（ＥｄｗａｒｄｓｉｅｌｌａｔａｒｄａＥｗｉｎｇｅｔＭｃｗｈｏｒｔｅｒ）另外两株菌特性相同被鉴定为运动性Ａｅｒｏｎｌｏｎａｓｓｐ．。研究结果阐明了鳗鲡肝肾病主要是由Ｅ．ｔａｒｄａ引起的爱德华氏菌病,部分病例是由Ｅ．ｔａｒｄａ和运动性Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓ菌引起的并发症．Ｅ,ｔａｒｄａ是鳗鲡肝肾病的病原菌。     

关于窄膜棘豆（Oxytropis moellendorffii Bunge）（豆科）的分 …

作者对窄膜棘豆（Ｏｘｙｔｒｏｐｉｓ ｍｏｅｌｌｅｎｄｏｒｆｆｉｉ Ｂｕｎｇｅ）的分类学处理提出了新的观点：通过对原产地标本、资料的研究,认为五台山棘豆（Ｏ．ｗｕｔａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｔａｔｅｗａｋｉ ｅｔ Ｈｕｒｕｓａｗａ）实际上是窄膜棘豆（Ｏ．ｍｏｅｌｌｅｎｄｏｒｆｆｉｉ Ｂｕｎｇｅ）,对其变种（Ｏ．ｗｕｔａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｔａｔｅｗａｋｉ ｅｔ Ｈｕｒｕｓａｗａ ｖａｒ．ｇｌａｂｒａｔａ Ｔａｔｅｗ     

球壳孢目真菌个体发育研究I：壳二胞等四属

人工培养条件下,用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜以球壳孢目（Ｓｐｈａｅｒｏｓｉｄａｌｅｓ）的ＡｓｃｏｃｈｙｔａＰｈｙｌｌｏｓｔｉｃｔａＰｈｏｍｏｐｓｉｓ,Ｓｅｐｔｏｒｉａ四属进行个体发育研究,明确了其产孢方式：Ａｓｃｏｃｈｙｔａ和Ｐｌｙｈｈｏｓｔｉｃｔａ为内壁芽生瓶梗式：Ｐｈｏｍｐｓｉｓ为全壁芽生壁梗式,Ｓｅｐｔｏｒｉａ为全璧芽生合轴式,这一结果为属级分类提供了可靠的依据,产孢方式是属内共同具有的稳定     

大鸨(Otis tarda)两个亚种的遗传多样性与系统分化

大鸨（Otistarda）为中国Ⅰ级重点保护动物,分为两个亚种,即指名亚种（Otis tarda tarda）和东方亚种（Otis tarda dybowskii）。研究从代表母系遗传特征的mtDNA控制区和代表双亲遗传特征的核微卫星两方面对两个亚种的遗传多样性与系统分化进行了分析。指名亚种mtDNA控制区3段序列（CtrIaL/CtrIIoH、L438/H772和LCR2a/HCR8）的单倍型数、Л、δ和К都明显高于东方亚种,更显著高于松辽平原西北部繁殖区。东方亚种3个微卫星（Otmic08、Otmic16和Otmic26）的等位基因数、Ho和He明显低于指名亚种。因此东方亚种的遗传多样性都明显低于指名亚种,甚至低于Madrid种群。两个亚种存在于不同的系统分支,证实了两个亚种的系统关系,欧洲指名亚种存在更多的系统分支。     

大鸨东方亚种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为了探索东方亚种数量正在减少的原因和制定科学、有效的保护措施,利用微卫星DNA对大鸨东方亚种(Otistardadybowskii)的遗传多样性进行了研究。应用3个大鸨指名亚种的微卫星位点和13个波斑鸨的微卫星位点扩增了47个个体的基因组DNA,筛选出8个具有多态性的微卫星。其中有3个微卫星的多态性较低,其余5个微卫星的多态性较高。各位点的观察杂合度为0.0435-1.0000,平均杂合度(h)为0.6595;各位点多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0416-0.8520,平均为0.5497;有效等位基因数(E)为1.04-7.46,平均为3.61。4个位点符合HardyWeinberg平衡,4个位点偏离了HardyWeinberg平衡。多方面比较发现,大鸨东方亚种遗传多样性很低,且低于指名亚种,这可能由于其种群较小、历史遗传瓶颈作用、生境破碎化、分布地域紧缩等原因造成的。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the great bustard,Otis tarda

With the aim to study population genetics of the endangered great bustard, Otis tarda, dinucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated using an adapted hybrid‐capture enrichment protocol. This work reports the characterization of a set of six polymorphic microsatellite markers within the great bustard (n = 52). Results from cross‐species amplifications in several other members of the family Otididae demonstrate that five primer pairs also successfully amplified homologous loci outside the species Otis tarda.     

大鸨繁殖期觅食地的选择

2000年和2001年的4～7月,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部的草原地带,采用样方法研究了火烧地和非火烧地上繁殖期大鸨的觅食地选择.结果表明,在火烧地和非火烧地,大鸨觅食地的植株高度均为13cm左右,最高高度不超过30cm,植被结构上具有共性;植物种类丰盛密集,盖度较大,喜食的植物和昆虫丰富.但在喜食食物选择上,火烧对大鸨有一定影响.在非火烧地,大鸨多关注动物性食物的丰盛;而在火烧地则关注植物性食物的丰盛.     

笼养大鸨越冬行为的时间分配

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年冬季 ,在哈尔滨动物园 ,采用瞬时扫描法对 2 2只笼养大鸨 (Otistarda)进行全日制观察 ,研究结果表明 :笼养大鸨可以在北方安全越冬。笼养大鸨越冬期行为活动日节律、行为分配 :休息行为 (趴卧、静站 )所占比例最大 ,达到 78. 40 % ,而取食行为 (6. 1 5 % )、游走 (7. 3 5 % )、理羽 (4 . 3 5 % )、啄草雪(2 . 65 % )、打蓬 (1 .1 0 % )所占比例相对较少 ,且各行为时间分配差异显著 (P <0 . 0 5 )。大鸨在冬季不同时期内除取食、打蓬、啄草雪外 ,各行为时间分配差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。温度、天气的变化对笼养大鸨越冬行为时间分配也具有显著影响 (P <0 . 0 5 )。     

Alarming decline and range reduction of the highly threatened Great Bustard Otis tarda in Morocco

A Great Bustard Otis tarda survey carried out in spring 2015 in Morocco confirmed the decline of this highly endangered population. Bustards were only seen at two of the seven leks occupied ten years ago. The total number of birds counted was 40-44, which represents a 40% decline over the last decade. The sex-ratio was still strongly female-biased (1 male: 3 females), but less than in previous surveys, which suggests that trophy hunting has not been the major mortality cause in recent times. The productivity was 0.29-0.33 juveniles per female, the highest ever recorded in this population, suggesting that breeding success doesn’t represent the main problem for the survival of this population. Based on the recent development of the power line network at some areas, the main threat today is probably collision with power lines. Reducing this mortality cause should be considered a high conservation priority.     

白洋淀流域大鸨越冬栖息地的适宜性评价

基于大鸨越冬期生境选择的相关研究成果,结合专家意见和近年来白洋淀流域大鸨的分布点记录,选择3项一级指标和13项二级指标,用以表征影响大鸨越冬生境选择的关键因子,并通过构建适宜性评价模型,对白洋淀流域大鸨越冬生境的质量进行了评价.结果表明:2005年,白洋淀流域内大鸨越冬适宜栖息地面积11907.25 km2,占流域总面积的34.1%;其中,最适宜生境面积4596.25 km2,仅占流域总面积的13.2%.研究区最适宜生境的空间分布相对集中,主要位于流域东部的白洋淀自然保护区及其周边(I区)和流域西南部的行唐、曲阳2县(II区).I区和II区中最适宜生境面积之和达2803.55 km2,占流域内最适宜生境面积的61.0%.为保护流域内大鸨的越冬生境,须重点针对上述2个区域的特点,分别采取适当措施加以保护.     

An approach to sexing young Great Bustards Otis tarda using discriminant analysis and molecular techniques

Adult Great Bustards Otis tarda are sexually dimorphic, males weighing more than twice as much as females. However, there is no practical way to distinguish sex in chicks by their morphology. In this paper we describe a discriminant function, Tail Length/Weight, which correctly sexed 98.2% of 165 Great Bustard chicks at two study areas in Spain, the Wildlife Reserve of Lagunas de Villafáfila and the province of Madrid. The value for Tail Length/Weight separating the sexes was 0.099: Tail Length/Weight for males < 0.099 < Tail Length/Weight for females. We also show that the recently described PCR-based sex determination technique using genomic DNA is valid for the Great Bustard. Both approaches should be useful for sexing young Great Bustards in captive breeding programmes and studies on wild populations.     

Proximate and ultimate causes of natal dispersal in the great bustard Otis tarda

Between 1991 and 1997 we studied the offspring independenceand juvenile dispersal in a wild population of great bustards(Otis tarda). Young males were independent and began their juveniledispersal at an earlier age (6–11 months) than young females(8–15 months). The juvenile dispersal period was longerand the distances reached farther in males than in females.Natal dispersal distances were also longer in males, all ofwhich dispersed from their natal areas and established as adultsat 5–65 km from their natal nests. In contrast, most femaleswere strongly philopatric, settling at 0.5–5 km from theirnatal nests. These marked sex differences in offspring independenceand dispersal may have evolved originally to maintain geneticdiversity and are probably reinforced through male competitionfor mates. Young males that had fed at higher rates and receivedmore feedings from their mothers during the early maternal dependenceperiod became indepthdent and tended to disperse earlier. Theyalso integrated earlier into adult male flocks and settled earlierat their definitive leks, which were closer to their natal sites,in areas of higher adult male density. None of these correlationswas found among young females. These results suggest that enhancedfood intake and maternal care of male offspring are vitallyimportant in increasing their competitive ability during theimmature period and probably also in their fitness as breedingadults. These results are in accordance with the selective valueof large size in males and suggest how this species might havereached such a marked sexual dimorphism in size.     

大鸨的巢位选择研究

20 0 0年和 2 0 0 1年的 4～ 7月连续两年 ,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部草原上采用野外直接观测和样方法对繁殖期大鸨 (Otistarda)的巢位选择进行了研究 .结果表明 ,大鸨是一种营地面松散型群巢的大型鸟类 ,最近巢间距为 9m .大鸨在繁殖期对巢位具有明显的选择性 :首先表现在景观尺度上的选择 ,大鸨巢多筑在海拔 190～ 2 30m的草原岗坡的坡腰上 ,以偏南向的朝阳缓坡的坡腰上为多 ,最大坡度不超过 8° ,而且巢均筑在距车道不远的地方 ;其次表现在植被结构上的选择 ,大鸨倾向于选择枯草较厚、植被密度较高且多数植物高度在 15～ 35cm的地方营巢 ,但植被密度过高处却并不选择 .