澳大利亚棉花黄萎病菌DNA多态性及其地理分布相关性研究

应用ＲＡＰＤ技术对澳大利亚东南部八个主要棉花种植区的９９个棉花花萎病菌菌株进行了ＤＮＡ多态性分析。结果表明用１０个筛选的随机引物对供试菌株的全基因组ＤＮＡ扩增,共获得９２条谱带,其中５５．４％的谱带为多态速,经类聚分析,供试菌株类聚为１５个ＲＡＰＤ遗传指纹相似组,其中１０个指纹相似组的菌株与其采集区域有明显相关性,其余５个指纹相似组的菌株为普通分布的指纹类型。     

华南瓜类疫霉的RAPD遗传多样性分析

为了解来自广东和广西的瓜类疫霉的遗传多样性,利用从180条RAPD引物中所筛选出的多态扩增性强、重复性好的12条引物,对分离自两省区的96株瓜类疫霉进行了全基因组DNA遗传多样性分析和指纹图谱构建。通过对供试菌株的RAPD-PCR扩增,共获得135条DNA标记谱带,其中124条为多态性谱带,多态检测率为91.9%。利用NTSYSpc Version2.1软件对供试菌株间的遗传距离进行聚类分析并构建系统树,以遗传相似系数0.81为阈值,将96个供试菌株划分为12个RAPD群,多数分离物之间遗传相似性较低,在DNA水平上存在显著的遗传变异,具有较丰富的遗传多样性。不同地区间菌株的遗传分化程度不同,分离自黄瓜的菌株遗传分化明显高于分离自冬瓜的菌株。RAPD群与菌株地理来源、分离寄主、致病力、交配型及甲霜灵抗性均无明显的相关性。     

澳大利亚棉花黄萎病菌DNA多态性及其地理分布相关性研究

应用ＲＡＰＤ技术对澳大利亚东南部八个主要棉花种植区的９９个棉花黄萎病菌菌株进行了ＤＮＡ多态性分析。结果表明用１０个筛选的随机引物对供试菌株的全基因组ＤＮＡ扩增,共获得９２条ＲＡＰＤ谱带,其中５５．４％的谱带为多态带。经类聚分析,供试菌株类聚为１５个ＲＡＰＤ遗传指纹相似组,其中１０个指纹相似组的菌株与其采集区域有明显相关性,其余５个指纹相似组的菌株为普通分布的指纹类型。     

澳大利亚棉花黄萎病菌DNA多态性及其地理分布相关性研究(英文)

应用ＲＡＰＤ技术对澳大利亚东南部八个主要棉花种植区的９９个棉花黄萎病菌菌株进行了ＤＮＡ多态性分析。结果表明用１０个筛选的随机引物对供试菌株的全基因组ＤＮＡ扩增,共获得９２条ＲＡＰＤ谱带,其中５５．４％的谱带为多态带。经类聚分析,供试菌株类聚为１５个ＲＡＰＤ遗传指纹相似组,其中１０个指纹相似组的菌株与其采集区域有明显相关性,其余５个指纹相似组的菌株为普通分布的指纹类型。     

稻瘟病菌群体的分子遗传学研究I.广东省1998~1999年稻瘟病菌的遗传多样性

从80个随机引物中筛选到带型清晰、多态性及重复性均好的10个引物,对采自广东省1998-1999年四个自然生态稻作区的101个稻瘟病菌菌株进行随机扩增多态性DNA (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, RAPD) 指纹分析。10个引物共扩增出113条多态性带,表明广东省稻瘟病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性;RAPD分析可为该菌的遗传多样性分析提供大量的分子标记。对菌株间相似性系数和应用加权算术平均组对法 (Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Average, UPGMA) 构建的聚类树状图进行分析,以相似性系数为0.62阀值时,可将101个菌株划分为14个遗传宗谱;其中宗谱1及宗谱2的菌株数占总数的80.2%,为优势宗谱; 其余的20个菌株分别归属于其他12个宗谱,由此说明广东省的稻瘟病病原菌群体既存在很突出的优势宗谱,又存在较多具遗传多样性的小宗谱。分析不同稻作生态区的菌株发现,每个稻作生态区既有共同的宗谱,又有其特异的宗谱;广东省稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性的组成在不同生态稻作区是相对地比较稳定的。分析不同年份和早晚稻生长季节采集的菌株发现,广东省稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性在年份和早晚稻生长季节之间也存在一定的特异性。     

海南和两广地区柱花草炭疽菌遗传多态性的RAPD分析

利用8个随机引物对来自海南、广东和广西的114个柱花草胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）的菌株进行了随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）分析,扩增谱带大小0．2-3．0kb。8个随机引物中以CW38114扩增的谱带重现性和稳定性最好,共扩增出786条谱带,其中多态性谱带558条。供试菌株扩增图谱在260-650bp处有3条明显的共同特征谱带,在650—3000bp之间的谱带显示较大的多态性差异。聚类结果表明：供试菌株主要分为四大遗传类型。其中第Ⅰ类和第Ⅲ类有两个亚类;三省区的菌株遗传多态性丰富程度依次为海南〉广西〉广东,并表现出地区性分布差异。研究结果还表明柱花草炭疽菌株表现出一定程度的专化寄生性。     

水稻品种多样性遗传分析与稻瘟病控制

以2个籼型杂交稻——汕优63(A)和汕优22(B)、2个地方糯稻品种——黄壳糯(C)和紫糯(D)和3个粳稻品种——合系41(E)、楚粳12(F)和8126(G)为材料进行抗病基因同源序列(Resistance Gene Analogue,RGA)遗传分析。结果表明,杂交稻品种间以及粳稻品种间的抗性遗传较为相似,其相似系数分别为0．86和0．84。糯稻品种间以及糯稻、杂交稻和粳稻间的抗性遗传差异较大,相似系数为0．45。聚类分析表明,RGA结果与品种的系谱来源相吻合,与品种的田间抗性基本一致。根据品种的抗性遗传差异、农艺性状和经济性状的不同,在云南籼稻区的建水和石屏县以及温暖粳稻区的泸西县分别选用5种(A／C、A／D、B／C、B／D和A／B)和2种(E／C和E／F／G)不同的品种组合进行品种多样性混合间栽控制稻瘟病田间试验,结果表明,抗性遗传差异大(相似性：0．45～0．77)的5个品种混合间栽组合对稻瘟病有极为显著的控制效果,尤其是在混合间栽中高度感病的优质地方稻品种稻瘟病的发病率、病情指数均有极显著的下降,防治效果达54．47％～92．18％;遗传差异较小(相似性：0．84～0．90)的2个混栽组合混栽对稻瘟病的控制效果不明显,稻瘟病的防治效果在15．12％～25．54％。此外,品种抗性遗传和株高差异大的品种组合具有显著的增产效果,与品种净栽相比,平均增产539．0～900．0kg／ha,增幅5．57％-10．38％;品种抗性遗传和株高相似的品种组合没有增产效果。     

稻瘟病菌群体的分子遗传学研究I.*广东省1998~1999年稻瘟病菌的遗传多样性

从80个随机引物中筛选到带型清晰、多态性及重复性均好的10个引物,对采自广东省1998-1999年四个自然生态稻作区的101个稻瘟病菌菌株进行随机扩增多态性DNA (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, RAPD) 指纹分析。10个引物共扩增出113条多态性带,表明广东省稻瘟病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性;RAPD分析可为该菌的遗传多样性分析提供大量的分子标记。对菌株间相似性系数和应用加权算术平均组对法 (Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Average, UPGMA) 构建的聚类树状图进行分析,以相似性系数为0.62阀值时,可将101个菌株划分为14个遗传宗谱;其中宗谱1及宗谱2的菌株数占总数的80.2%,为优势宗谱; 其余的20个菌株分别归属于其他12个宗谱,由此说明广东省的稻瘟病病原菌群体既存在很突出的优势宗谱,又存在较多具遗传多样性的小宗谱。分析不同稻作生态区的菌株发现,每个稻作生态区既有共同的宗谱,又有其特异的宗谱;广东省稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性的组成在不同生态稻作区是相对地比较稳定的。分析不同年份和早晚稻生长季节采集的…     

稻瘟病菌群体的分子遗传学研究Ⅰ——广东省1998—1999年稻瘟病菌的遗传多样性

从80个随机引物中筛选到带型清晰,多态性及重复性均好的10个引物,对采自广东省1998-1999年四个自然生态稳作区的101个稻瘟病菌菌株进行随机扩增多态性DNA（Random Amplified PolymorphicDNA,RAPD)指纹分析。10个引物共扩增出113条多态性带,表明广东省稻瘟病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性;RAPD分析可为该菌的遗传多样性分析提供大量的分子标记。对菌株间相似性系数和应用加权算术平均组对法（Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Average,UPGMA)构建的聚类树状图进行分析。以相似性系数为0.62阀值时,可将101个菌株划分为14个遗传宗谱;其中宗谱1及宗谱2的菌株数占总数的80.2%,为优势宗谱,其余的20个菌株分别归属于其他12个宗谱,收此说明广东省的稻瘟病病原菌群体既存在很突出的优势宗谱,又存在较多具遗传多样性的小宗谱,分析不同稻作生态区的菌株发现,每个稻作生态2区既有共同的宗谱,又有其特异的宗谱;广东省稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性的组成在不同生态稻作区相对地比较稳定的,分析不同年份和早晚稻生长季节采集的菌株发现,广东省稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性在年份和早晚稻生长季节之间也存在一定的特异性。     

云南稻瘟病菌系谱与致病型的关系

为探究稻瘟病菌无性世代DNA水平的变异,寻找云南稻瘟病菌谱系(genetic lineage,G)和致病型之间的对应关系,根据稻瘟病菌散布的重复序列Pot2(Pyricularia oryzac transposon),对云南水稻主产区稻瘟病菌菌株DNA进行了rep-PCR(repetitive polymerase chain reaction)扩增,获得rep-PCR指纹。聚类分析将134个稻瘟病菌代表菌株划分为G1～G8等8个谱系,揭示云南水稻主产区稻瘟病菌无性系丰富的遗传多样性。进一步接种分析了8个谱系的29个稻瘟病菌菌株对33个云南主产区水稻品种的亲和性,依其毒性谱,采用STATISTICAL5．0软件的UP-GMA程序进行聚类分析,将其划分为P1～P6等6个致病型群(pathotype group)。结果表明同一谱系的稻瘟病菌菌株多数对应2～3个致病型群,少数1个或4个致病型群;但G1～G8等8个谱系中的部分菌株都可对应致病型群P2。因此,云南水稻主产区稻瘟病菌谱系和致病型群之间属于复杂关系类型。此外,33个水稻品种中的合系16和京国92抗全部29个稻瘟病菌株,云粳20和合系30对全部供试菌株表现感病,这对云南水稻主产区品种布局提供了稻瘟病抗性方面的依据。因此,从育种应用和生产实际需要出发,水稻品种抗瘟谱测定仍然必要。     

Study on genetic diversity of Magnaporthe grisea using PCR and determination of the mating type alleles distribution in Mazandaran province, Iran

The population structure of Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of the rice blast, was analyzed in Mazandaran province, using DNA fingerprinting based on RAPD-PCR by means of three primers including "I", "D" and "H". Total DNA of 47 isolates was extracted and amplified according to a specific PCR program. As a result, variable length fragments were generated. Each isolate was subjected to DNA fingerprinting and clonal lineages were determined. Phenetic analysis differentiated three distinct fingerprint lineages. In order to study on fertility status and distribution of the mating type idiomorphs (alleles), 72 monoconidial isolates from Mazandaran province were paired with four standard fertile hermaphrodite isolates. The mating type of 36 isolates was determined as Mat 1-1. The others (36 isolates) did not form any perithecia in pairing with standard isolates     

Retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) markers for genetic diversity assessment of the rice blast pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea).

This present study is the first report of the application of the retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) technique in fungi. Genome fingerprinting has a major role in the characterization of population structure and in the analysis of the variability in fungi. Retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism assay was used in virulent isolates of a rice blast pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea) as a new assay system for genetic variability studies that overcomes the limitations of previous techniques. The high polymorphism observed in REMAP could be due to past or recent actions of retrotransposon in M. grisea. Retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism, with its superior marker utility, was concluded to be the marker of choice for characterizing M. grisea isolates.     

稻瘟病菌变异菌株的AFLP分析*

利用94对AFLP引物对3个起始菌株和9个致病性变异菌株进行分析,其中49对引物可以区别出不同菌株类型,辨别变异菌株与其起始菌株的关系,以及起始菌株间的亲缘关系。9个变异菌株中5个菌株的条带数减少1~3条,4个菌株条带数没有明显变化。结果还表明,致病性及其他特征变异似乎与条带数缺失多少相关联。     

稻瘟病菌变异菌株的AFLP分析

利用94对AFLP引物对3个起始菌株和9个致病性变异菌株进行分析,其中49对引物可以区别出不同菌株类型,辨别变异菌株与其起始菌株的关系,以及起始菌株间的亲缘关系。9个变异菌株中5个菌株的条带数减少1~3条,4个菌株条带数没有明显变化。结果还表明,致病性及其他特征变异似乎与条带数缺失多少相关联。     

稻瘟病菌AVR-pita等位基因的遗传多样性研究(简报)

由真菌Magnaporthe grisea引起的稻瘟病是我国水稻三大病害之一．也是遍及世界各水稻产区的重要病害．每年均有不同程度的发生．流行年份一般减产10％-20％．严重的达40％-50％．局部田块甚至颗粒无收。稻瘟病菌在进化过程中形成了遗传多样性和毒性易变的特性．是水稻品种抗病性容易丧失的主要原因之一。对稻瘟病系统研究的证据表明．水稻与稻瘟病菌之间的互作．符合“基因对基因”假说。也就是说．水稻有一抗病基因,稻瘟病菌中就会有相对应的无毒基因．     

Population structure and dynamics of Magnaporthe grisea in the Indian Himalayas.

The population genetics of Magnaporthe grisea, the rice blast pathogen, were analyzed in a center of rice diversity (the Uttar Pradesh hills of the Indian Himalayas) using multilocus and single-, or low-copy, DNA markers. Based on DNA fingerprinting with the multilocus probe MGR586 and single-locus probes, 157 haplotypes clustered into 56 lineages (at >/=70% MGR586 band similarity, each with unique single-locus profiles) and high diversity indices were detected among 458 isolates collected from 29 sites during 1992-1995. Most valleys sampled had distinct populations (73% of the lineages were site specific) with some containing one or a few lineages, confirming the importance of clonal propagation, and others were very diverse. Widely distributed lineages suggested that migration occurs across the region and into the Indo-Gangetic plains. Repeated sampling at one site, Matli, (170 isolates, 1992-1995) yielded 19 lineages and diversity significantly greater than that reported from similar samples from Colombia and the Philippines. Analysis of allelic associations using pairwise comparisons and multilocus variance analysis failed to reject the hypothesis of gametic phase equilibrium. The Matli population shifted from highly diverse in 1992 to almost complete dominance by one lineage in 1995. Such population dynamics are consistent with recombination followed by differential survival of clonal descendants of recombinant progeny. At another site, Ranichauri, population (n = 84) composition changed from 2 to 11 lineages over 2 yr and yielded additional evidence for equilibrium. Sexually fertile and hermaphrodite isolates of both mating types were recovered from rice in both Matli and Ranichauri. We demonstrate that Himalayan M. grisea populations are diverse and dynamic and conclude that the structure of some populations may be affected to some extent by sexual recombination.     

Detection of Magnaporthe grisea in infested rice seeds using polymerase chain reaction

AIM: To develop a diagnostic assay based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Magnaporthe grisea from infested rice seeds. METHODS AND RESULTS: Primers were designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the mif 23, an infection-specific gene of M. grisea. The primers amplified target DNA from genetically and geographically diverse isolates of the pathogen. The lowest concentration of template DNA that led to amplification was 20 rhog. No PCR product was detected when DNA from other fungi was used, indicating the specificity of the primers. With this PCR based seed assay, M. grisea was detected in rice seedlots with infestation rates as low as 0.2%. CONCLUSION: The PCR detection of M. grisea is simple, rapid, specific, sensitive and suitable for the routine detection of the pathogen in infested seeds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Introduction of the blast fungus into new areas where it has not been previously recorded could be avoided by the detection of infested seedlots. A PCR-based seed assay could facilitate risk assessment of naturally infested rice seeds; help design management programs and optimize fungicide use.     

江苏省稻瘟病菌有性态的研究*

用标准菌株对１９９７～１９９９年在江苏省吴江市,宜兴市、通州市、高邮市和赣榆县采集的３２５个猪瘟病菌单孢分离菌株的可育性和交配型进行了测定,结果表明江苏省稻瘟病菌菌株的育性较低,可交配率为２２．７７％,可育率仅为７．０８％。不同年份、不同地区采集的猪瘟病菌茵株的性亲和力和交配型有较大的差异,三年的交配率分别为２６．６１％、８．２６％和３３．６４％;温州地区和赣榆地区菌株的交配率相对较高,分别为２６．１５％和２５．４２％,宜兴地区菌株的交配率较低,只有１５．３８％。江苏省稻瘟病菌菌株的交配型在不同年份亦出现很大差别,１９９７年２９个可交配菌株中有２１个菌株表现为ＭＡＴ１－２ 交配型,而１９９９年３６个可交配茵株均为ＭＡＴ１－１交配型。用江苏省稻瘟病菌的可育菌株进行互交,２５个组合中只有６个组合能产生子囊壳和子囊,但均不产生子囊孢子,提示江苏省稻瘟病菌在田间产生健康有性后代的几率不大。对杂交后代的遗传学分析表明,菌株的交配型是受单基因控制的。