修建黑麋峰水电站对库区底栖动物影响的研究

2003年10月、2004年4月对黑麋峰水电站建库前底栖动物资源进行了系统调查,结果表明,黑麋峰库区及其周边水域计有底栖动物41种,隶属于3门6纲27科33属.介绍了黑糜峰的自然环境,对该地区底栖动物的群落组成、种群数量、区系及生态分布特点等进行了分析,预测和评价了建库后对底栖动物群落的影响.     

三峡成库后香溪河库湾底栖动物群落演变及库湾纵向分区格局动态

水库生态系统演替是水库生态学研究及水库管理过程中都比较关注的问题。三峡水库自2003年6月成库以来,有关水库生态系统演替的研究却鲜见报道。以三峡水库香溪河库湾底栖动物为研究对象,分析了自2003年8月—2010年7月3个不同蓄水阶段底栖动物群落的演变状况,并对库湾纵向分区格局的动态变化进行了探讨。结果表明,水库蓄水后,摇蚊科和颤蚓科成为第一批定殖者,并以摇蚊科为主;随后,颤蚓科中的霍甫水丝蚓逐渐成为优势类群;直到2004年4月仙女虫科的肥满仙女虫与霍甫水丝蚓共同主导群落。一期蓄水后约1a,底栖动物密度和物种数呈现出明显的增长趋势,空间上呈现出"中间高、两头低"的格局。库湾总体密度于2006年4月达到最高值,高达24146个/m2。二期蓄水导致底栖动物总密度显著降低,而三期蓄水后则变化相对较小。随着时间的增长,库湾底栖动物偶见种出现的频率逐渐降低,群落逐渐趋于稳定。基于TWINSPAN(two-way indicator species analysis)的分析,一期蓄水后期,香溪河库湾纵向上底栖动物群落结构呈现出稳定的分区格局,库湾中部区域呈现出相同的群落类型,无季节变化;而自二期蓄水开始,库湾纵向上大部分样点的群落类型发生改变,表明二期蓄水的干扰较强;之后呈现出季节性波动,此种格局与水位的季节波动相关联,表明三峡水库底栖动物逐渐适应水库周期性的调度,群落结构呈现稳定的季节性周期波动。     

长江干流宜昌-安庆段大型底栖动物群落结构及环境分析

为系统了解目前长江中下游干流大型底栖动物群落结构现状, 于2016年5—6月和10—12月对长江干流宜昌-安庆段进行2次调查。共记录大型底栖动物96种, 水生昆虫种类数最多, 占总数的49.0%。大部分物种(58.7%)的出现频率都较低(<1%), 且各江段种类组成差异较大。大型底栖动物密度为(213±58) ind./m2, 生物量为(0.202±0.066) g/m2。大型底栖动物群落结构汛前汛后差异显著, 汛后种类数和现存量均明显下降。与建坝前资料相比, 大型底栖动物群落结构发生较大改变, 种类数增加, 现存量下降。环境分析表明影响大型底栖动物分布的主要因素是流速, 底质和水质的影响不大。大型底栖动物现存量下降与建坝后干流冲刷加剧有关, 针对底栖动物保护, 建议开展水沙调节、营造缓流生境并加强洲滩保护。     

三峡水库蓄水后香溪河库湾底栖动物群落结构的变化

2003年8月到2004年8月对长江三峡水库香溪河库湾的底栖动物进行了定量研究。共采到底栖动物26种,隶属4门6科,总平均密度为276ind./m2,总平均生物量为0.301g/m2,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和前突摇蚊幼虫。与其他同类型的水库比较香溪河库湾的现存量相对较低。研究结果同时显示随着蓄水时间的延长,底栖动物的现存量在逐渐增加。霍甫水丝蚓和前突摇蚊幼虫等耐污种发展为优势种,表明水质有恶化的趋势,寡毛类的平缓发展说明目前香溪河库湾的沉积情况尚不严重。     

丹江口水库秋季底栖动物群落状态和空间分布及其与环境因子的关系

为探讨丹江口水库底栖动物群落状态和空间分布及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2013年秋季（11月）对丹江口水库底栖动物进行了详细调查,共检出底栖动物35种,常见种为霍甫水丝蚓和苏氏尾鳃蚓,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和正颤蚓。调查结果表明,丹江口水库底栖动物群落结构存在空间差异,现存量处于较高水平,未见明显衰退现象。就底栖动物群落状态（ⅡCS）而言,汉江库区要好于丹江库区,库峡要稍好于库区和库湾。为揭示主要物种的环境偏好以及对底栖动物分布具有重要影响的环境因子,采用协惯量分析（Co-inertia Analysis,CIA）和典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）。CCA的分析结果表明,水温、浊度、电导率、溶解氧、叶绿素a、锑、总氮、钼、高锰酸盐指数和硼对物种分布具有重要的影响。偏最小二乘法（Partial Least Square,PLS）的分析结果表明,pH、电导率、总氮、硼、钼、锑、钡和钒能很好地预测ⅡCS分值,是底栖动物群落发展的制约因素。结合CCA和PLS分析结果来看,对底栖动物具有重要影响的环境因子主要为电导率、总氮、硼、钼和锑。     

草海底栖动物初步调查

根据1983年的调查结果,列出寡毛类12种、软体动物9种、甲壳类2种、水生昆虫27属和其他底栖动物2种名录;对各类底栖动物的现存量,在不同季度和一年的变动情况及分布形式进行了分析;并估算了全湖底栖动物资源的蕴藏量。以底栖寡毛类动物的密度,从水质生物监测的角度,对草海湖区污染程度作了初步评价。讨论了底栖动物在渔业和鸟类上的合理利用问题。测算了湖中底栖动物的供饵供食能力。     

安徽南漪湖大型底栖动物群落结构

2002年7月至2004年7月,对安徽南漪湖12个采样点的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查研究,共获得大型底栖动物39种,隶属于3门28属。大型底栖动物的现存量在2003年冬季出现最高值,密度最低值出现在2004年夏季。软体动物的现存量占绝对优势,其优势种为河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)、铜锈环棱螺(B.aeruginosa)和长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef多样性指数和Pielou指数的年均值分别为0.83、0.51和0.77。南漪湖西部物种数、物种多样性、现存量均较东部高。建闸蓄水后,南漪湖的环境发生了很大的改变,随水深增加,大型底栖动物的现存量呈明显下降的趋势。     

高原深水湖泊抚仙湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

云南抚仙湖是我国典型的高原深水湖泊,20世纪80年代以来,随着人类活动的加剧,其水体营养水平不断提高,生态系统发生了显著变化。为揭示该湖底栖动物的群落特征及其对生态系统变化的响应,2005年正7月对大型底栖动物群落进行了调查。在抚仙湖18个断面110个样点中共采集大型底栖动物19属27种,大型底栖动物出现率为97.3％,平均密度为855ind．／m^2,平均生物量为58．01g／m^2。在密度组成上软体动物（50．3％）〉摇蚊幼虫（32-3％）〉寡毛类（17．4％）,优势种为花纹前突摇蚊（Procladius choreus）、长角涵螺（Alocinma tongicornis）和方形环棱螺（Bellamya quadrata）,三者共占总密度的51．4％。寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫全湖性分布,而软体动物主要分布在沿岸区,各类群优势种均呈聚集分布。底栖动物在沿岸区生物量显著大于湖心区（P〈0．01）,但两者之间密度差异不显著（P〉0．05）;南区和北区之间的密度（P〉0．05）和生物量（P〉0．05）差异均不显著。相关分析表明,表层沉积物总有机碳、底层水体溶解氧是影响底栖动物密度分布的关键理化因子,而底层水体溶解氧是影响底栖动物生物量分布的关键理化因子。抚仙湖大型底栖动物群落的Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及改进的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0．74、2．88、0．87、2．40和20．84。沿岸区底栖动物多样性明显高于湖心区,主要是由于沿岸区分布有各种沉水植物,提高了底栖动物生境的异质性。与1980年调查结果相比,抚仙湖底栖动物多样性呈上升趋势,这与水体营养水平不断提高,沉水植物分布面积扩大有关。     

深圳侨城湿地底栖动物对生态修复响应的研究

为揭示深圳侨城湿地中底栖动物对于湿地生态修复过程的响应,对侨城湿地进行了为期2年的底栖动物取样调查。调查过程中具有典型样点如进水中和湖中心地区底栖动物生物量、物种多样性等指标均有所增加,但不同样点增加速度不一致。底栖动物各项系数显示出与生态修复过程相对应的变化,体现出生态修复中环境变化是底栖动物群落变迁的关键因素。     

东、黄海典型站位底栖动物粒径谱研究

对东、黄海典型站位底栖动物粒径谱进行了首次研究 ,得出 Sheldon粒径谱呈典型的双峰模式 ,两个峰形分别对应着大型底栖动物和小型底栖动物的生物量分布。小型底栖动物峰值出现在粒级 6～ 10 ,大型底栖动物峰值在 13～ 14。两峰值之间的波谷位置在粒级 10～ 11,是大型、小型底栖动物的过渡带 ,生物量主要由大型动物的幼龄个体构成。E3站大型动物幼龄个体大量出现 ,使该站的过渡粒级上出现峰值 ,粒径谱呈单峰形。同时构建了正态化粒径谱 ,在此基础上对不同生态系统的比较进行了初步尝试。     

长春南湖底栖动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

1　引　　言城市湖泊由于人类活动的强烈影响 ,大多已处于富营养化状态 ,严重降低了湖泊价值 .作为水生态系统中重要的组成部分 ,底栖动物是某些经济鱼类的饵料生物 ,而且其群落结构与水体环境有着密切的关系 ,水质的好坏直接或间接影响到底栖动物的生长、繁殖和种类分布 .国外多年前就已经使用底栖大型无脊椎动物 ,尤其是摇蚊科 (Ｃｈｉｒｏｎｏｍｉｄａｅ)幼虫和寡毛类的分布格局来作为湖泊营养状态和污染程度的指标[1,3 ,5] .近年来 ,我国在这方面也进行了一些研究[2 ,4 ,6,7] .研究底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系 ,可为湖泊…     

沉积型海底微生物燃料电池构建及其影响因素研究

海底微生物燃料电池具有底物丰富、可长期运行、维护成本低和环境友好等特点,具有很好的研究价值和广阔的发展前景。但由于其低的功率密度输出和长期运行的不稳定性,使海底微生物燃料电池尚未得到广泛地实际应用。选取海底沉积泥用于实验室构建的海底微生物燃料电池装置中,比较了在不同阳极材料、阴阳极面积比、阳极修饰、阳极泥下深度条件下海底微生物燃料电池的功率密度输出及其电化学性能,得出最佳的海底微生物燃料电池阳极材料为碳毡;阴极及电极最佳面积比为1∶1;最佳阳极修饰为氨水浸渍;最佳阳极泥下深度为2 cm。     

Late Quaternary paleoceanography as recorded by benthonic foraminifera in Strait of Sicily sediment sequences

At specific times during the late Quaternary, a widespread low-salinity surface water layer was produced over the eastern Mediterranean which created stagnant conditions and associated deposition of sapropelic muds in the deep basins. The Strait of Sicily has been positioned above the anoxic deeper water masses and is therefore devoid of sapropel deposits. Sediment sequences in the region contain a valuable record of upper bathyal (200–1000 m) benthonic foraminiferal change during times of deep-basin stagnation.Quantitative examiniation of benthonic foraminiferal assemblages in Strait of Sicily Quaternary cores generally reveals changes coeval with sapropels S1, S2, S4, S5, and S6. The benthonic foraminiferal expression is seen as increases in frequency ofGlobobulimina affinis, Globobulimina pseudospinescens, Chilostomella mediterranensis, Bolivina dilatata, and otherBolivina species during intervals corresponding to the episodic abyssal stagnation events. Some cores also display a decrease inCassidulina carinata and an increase inArticulina tubulosa.Similar assemblage changes have been previously documented to be closely associated with the sapropel layers in the deep basins of the eastern Mediterranean (the actual sapropel layers usually do not contain benthonic foraminifera). However, in the Strait of Sicily area, the species exhibit less drastic changes than in the deep eastern basins because of the less severe anoxic conditions. In the deep eastern basins, benthonic foraminifera almost totally disappeared in sapropel layers; at the same time, there was a general reduction in foraminiferal numbers in the shallower Strait area.     

Deep-sea benthonic foraminiferal faunal turnover near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary

Eocene-Oligocene deep-sea benthonic foraminifera in D.S.D.P. Site 277 in the southwest Pacific have been analyzed to determine the benthonic foraminiferal response to the development of the psychrosphere near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Biostratigraphic ranges of 41 taxa show that 23 taxa are found throughout the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene sequence, while 18 taxa exhibit first or last occurrences. Comparison of the faunal changes in Site 277 with a benthonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope record shows that the development of the psychrosphere did not have a profound effect upon the benthonic foraminifera, and the overall faunal change preceding and subsequent to the bottom-water circulation event occurred gradually. The inferred water-mass event affected the relative abundance of one species, Epistominella umbonifera. The lack of major faunal changes at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in Site 277 probably reflects either wide environmental tolerances of the benthonic foraminifera, or a bottom-water temperature change less than 3°C.Examination of previously published benthonic foraminiferal biostratigraphic data from D.S.D.P. Sites 167, 171, 357, 360, 363, and 400A, and deep-sea ostracode data from D.S.D.P. Leg 3 show faunal changes occurred during discrete intervals in the Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene. The faunal patterns from these data and from Site 277 show that the Eocene/Oligocene cooling event did not cause rapid, catastrophic changes of the benthonic faunas of the open ocean, although significant faunal changes are associated with the water mass event in Sites 167, 171 and 400A.The benthonic faunal changes in Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene time are consistent with the gradual decrease of inferred bottom-water temperatures, based on previously published oxygen isotopic data. The δ ¹⁸O Eocene/Oligocene enrichment of 0.76‰ is a major event in the Southern Ocean oxygen isotopic record, but is considerably less in magnitude than the 1.75-2.00‰ change that occurred gradually from mid-Early Eocene to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. The benthonic foraminiferal and isotopic data indicate that bottom-water circulation may have developed during the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene interval, with the 3°C bottom-water cooling near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary representing part of this development.     

Ecology of the Ogun River estuary,Nigeria

The distribution of benthonic communities (particularly Foraminifera) were studied from fourteen samples obtained from the Ogun River estuary and environs. Ten species of benthonic Foraminifera were identified; two of these constitute over 90% of the total foraminiferal population.Two broad biofacies are recognisable, namely the upper estuarine facies of Ammobaculites and the lower estuarine facies comprising arenaceous and calcereous forms with a preponderance of Ammonia beccarii (Linnaeus).Large populations of few species occur in the lower estuary, an area of weakly saline water with marked salinity fluctuations. The upper estuary on the other hand is sparsely populated and contains tests mainly of arenaeous Foraminifera. A few species are distinctive of particular facies but some are distributed throughout the estuary. Substrate is not a causal ecological factor, because sediments are similar in physical attributes throughout the estuary. Salinity and rate of sedimentation are among the more important factors affecting the distribution of all species. The low-energy nature of the environment is established by the abundance of faecal pellets and the fragility of the tests of the arenaceous Foraminifera.     

The late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event in the western Anglo‐Paris basin and southeast Danish‐Polish trough: Survival strategies of and recolonisation by benthonic foraminifera

Prolonged dysaerobic conditions probably caused the extinctions recorded within many of the late Cenomanian marine benthonic foraminiferal community. The surviving low diversity assemblage contains morphotypic associations that may be recognised over a wide geographical area. Environmental pressure selected for low oxygen tolerant infaunal forms and others that could readily adapt to this mode of life. The recolonisation by the benthonic foraminifera was very slow, in the western Anglo‐Paris Basin and in the southeast Danish‐Polish Trough, in contrast to the planktonic foraminifera. This may be a result of several influences: low migration rates of benthonic foraminifera, appreciably deeper water, the persistance of oxygen‐poor water at depth and/or changes in substrate induced by the radically different Turonian carbonate facies.     

Changes in quaternary oceanographic bottom conditions as documented by foraminifera in sediment cores from the slope of the exmouth plateau (off Western Australia)

Benthonic foraminifera from 15 surface- and 70 core-sediment samples (three cores) from the Western Australian continental margin (Exmouth Plateau) were quantitatively investigated. As far as possible, the occurrences of the species were correlated with the recent oceanographic conditions especially as related to water depths. The sampled sites are separated from the Australian Shelf by the Montebello Trough so that the taphocoenoses cannot become adulterated by foraminifera from the shelf. Only 1% or less of the foraminifera are benthonic species. The benthonic foraminiferal faunas of the surface sediment samples from 3800 to 1700 m are composed of about the same deep-water species as described from southeastern Indian Ocean basins by Corliss (1979a). They differ from one another only because different species dominate the faunas dependent on different water depth and/or water mass. Above 1700 m the character of the benthonic foraminiferal fauna is slowly changing from abyssal to bathyal. Downcore the benthonic foraminifera show marked changes in abundance patterns, which partly parallel the changes which can be observed with the “cool” and “warm” indicating planktonic foraminifera, partly show regular phase displacement with these changes. The different abundances of the same species in a core from, for instance, 3000 m or from 2000 m water depth, respectively, prevent a direct correlation between the cores. It also proved impossible to correlate the changes in the frequency patterns of certain species to certain paleo-oceanographic conditions. Examples for this are given.     

Late pleistocene pteropod-rich sediment layer in the northeast atlantic and protoconch variation of Clio pyramidata Linné 1767

Sediment samples from the northeastern Atlantic are compared with recent plankton samples from the same area. Special attention is given to the protoconch variation in the pteropod Clio pyramidata. The dominance/diversity ratio of pteropods and the variation in volume of protoconchae of Clio pyramidata prove that the upwelling off NW Africa in the Late Würm is present in the same region as today, and that temperatures were 4–6°C lower in this period than during recent times. Possible reasons for the formation of the thin sediment layer rich in pteropods, synchronous from Portugal to Senegal, are discussed. As an hypothesis, red tides are proposed to be responsible for mass mortality of pteropods (and benthonic molluscs), thus forming the pteropod-rich sediment layer.     

Climate change and nesting behaviour in vertebrates: a review of the ecological threats and potential for adaptive responses

Nest building is a taxonomically widespread and diverse trait that allows animals to alter local environments to create optimal conditions for offspring development. However, there is growing evidence that climate change is adversely affecting nest‐building in animals directly, for example via sea‐level rises that flood nests, reduced availability of building materials, and suboptimal sex allocation in species exhibiting temperature‐dependent sex determination. Climate change is also affecting nesting species indirectly, via range shifts into suboptimal nesting areas, reduced quality of nest‐building environments, and changes in interactions with nest predators and parasites. The ability of animals to adapt to sustained and rapid environmental change is crucial for the long‐term persistence of many species. Many animals are known to be capable of adjusting nesting behaviour adaptively across environmental gradients and in line with seasonal changes, and this existing plasticity potentially facilitates adaptation to anthropogenic climate change. However, whilst alterations in nesting phenology, site selection and design may facilitate short‐term adaptations, the ability of nest‐building animals to adapt over longer timescales is likely to be influenced by the heritable basis of such behaviour. We urgently need to understand how the behaviour and ecology of nest‐building in animals is affected by climate change, and particularly how altered patterns of nesting behaviour affect individual fitness and population persistence. We begin our review by summarising how predictable variation in environmental conditions influences nest‐building animals, before highlighting the ecological threats facing nest‐building animals experiencing anthropogenic climate change and examining the potential for changes in nest location and/or design to provide adaptive short‐ and long‐term responses to changing environmental conditions. We end by identifying areas that we believe warrant the most urgent attention for further research.     

深海钻探计划(DSDP)31航次296站晚新生代介形类

本文研究了深海钻探(DSDP)31航次296站晚新生代介形类动物群的性质及其古海洋学意义.此站钻孔上部上新统至全新统以超微浮游生物软泥和粘土为主的16块岩芯中,共分析获得介形类化石8属11种,计有:Poseidonamicus major Benson, P. anteropunctatus Whatley et al., P. punctatus Whatley et al., Pennyella dorsoserrata (Brady), Henryhowella sp., Pterygocythere mucronalatum (Brady), Abyssocythere sp., Abyssocythereis sulcatoperforata (Brady), Pelecocythere sp., Krithe sp. 1和Krithe sp.2.这些介形类属种均为冷海域深海区介形类分子.由此表明,西北太平洋边缘地区在晚新生代曾为一深海区.在第四纪,其深度可能和现今296站的深度大致相当;在上新世,其深度可能更深一些.研究结果证实,深海底栖介形类属种的分布具全球性;在相当长的地质时期内,介形类属种的形态和壳饰都非常稳定,无明显变化.同时,进一步证实,介形类个体大小变化与深度相关,同一种介形类壳体随水域深度加深而增大.