水稻微核心种质氮素利用率相关性状的鉴定评价及其相关分析

以中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,在低氮水平下进行了水稻氮素利用率相关性状的鏊定评价,分析了产量和氮素利用率相关性状的相关关系.结果表明,秸秆舍氮率和单株秸秆含氮量变幅分别为0.56%～1.85%和0.04～0.61 g,子粒舍氮率和单株子粒舍氮量变幅分别为1.28%～3.23%和0.02～1.04 g,植株舍氮量变幅为0.10～1.30 g,氮素子粒产量利用率和氮素生物产量利用率变幅分别为3.85～57.52 s/g和17.56～104.02 g/g,氮素收获指数变幅为7.05%～88.58%.氮素利用率相关性状在品种闻存在较大的差异.秸秆合氮率与舍氮量、子粒含氮率与含氮量和植株含氮量在粳稻和籼稻亚种间没有显著差异;氮素生物产量利用率籼稻略大于粳稻,但差异不显著;氮素子粒产量利用率与氮素收获指数在粳稻和籼稻亚种间存在较明显的差异.氮素子粒产量利用率、氮素收获指数与结实率、单株子粒重和单株有效穗数均呈板显著正相关;认为在低氮水平下,结实率、单株子粒重和单株有效穗数可以作为耐低氮与氮高效水稻种质的筛选指标.     

氮肥处理对氮素高效吸收水稻根系性状及氮肥利用率的影响

2011—2012年在土培条件下,以氮素吸收效率差异较大的15个常规籼稻为供试材料,研究氮肥运筹对不同氮效率品种根系性状、成熟期吸氮量及氮肥利用率的影响,分析影响氮高效水稻氮素吸收的主要根系性状。结果表明:(1)各氮肥处理下,成熟期吸氮量均表现为氮高效品种氮中效品种氮低效品种。适量增施氮肥及基肥+促花肥处理有利于氮高效品种吸氮量的增加,氮素吸收受品种、氮肥处理的显著影响。(2)在施氮量处理下,氮高效品种单株不定根数、单株根干重、单株不定根总长大或较大,单株根活力在常氮(N2)、高氮(N3)处理下有一定的优势;在施氮时期处理下,氮高效品种单株不定根数、单株不定根总长、单株根干重、单株根系总吸收面积、单株根系活跃吸收面积、抽穗期冠根比多数处理有优势;增施氮肥有利于促进氮高效品种单株不定根总长和单株根活力的提高,适量施氮有利于单株不定根数、单株根干重增加,前期施氮可促进不定根的发生和伸长,后期施氮有利于不定根的充实和根系生理性状的提高。此外,增施氮肥可提高各类品种冠根比;(3)在常氮、高氮处理下,氮高效品种氮肥利用率大于氮中效、氮低效品种。(4)提高单株不定根数、单株不定根总长、单株根活力及抽穗期冠根比有利于各类品种吸氮量的提高,增加根干重对氮高效品种吸氮量的提高也有显著的促进作用。结合相关分析与通径分析结果,抽穗期冠根比及单株不定根数、单株根活力、单株不定根总长、单株根干重是影响氮高效品种吸氮能力的主要根系性状。     

施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响

在苏南太湖地区开展田间试验,研究了施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响.结果表明:施氮对水稻产量、各生育时期植株累积吸氮量、阶段氮累积量和花后氮素转运量具有显著的促进作用(P＜0.01),当施氮量高于200 kg·hm-2时,增施氮肥的增产效应不显著(P＞0.05);花后氮素转运率和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低.施用肥料添加剂可进一步提高水稻产量、累积吸氮量、花后氮素转运量和氮肥利用率,且该效应在高施氮量( ≥200 kg·hm-2)条件下表现更明显.本试验条件下不施用肥料添加剂时,施氮150kg·hm-2可同时获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率.     

施氮量和每穴苗数对双季杂交早稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

研究施氮量和每穴栽插苗数对双季杂交早稻产量、产量构成及氮肥吸收利用率的影响,可为双季杂交早稻的高产高效栽培提供理论基础。采用完全随机区组试验设计,设5个施氮水平(0、120、150、180和210 kg·hm~(-2),以N_0、N_1、N_2、N_3和N_4表示)和3种每穴栽插苗数(2、3和4根苗每穴,以M_1、M_2和M_3表示),在成熟期对干物质、叶面积指数和产量及产量构成进行测定,并分析氮肥吸收利用等指标。结果表明:施氮量和每穴栽插苗数对双季早稻产量具有显著影响;产量各因子相关性分析表明,有效穗数、每穗粒数与产量呈显著正相关,结实率和千粒重与产量呈显著负相关;随着施氮量的增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥收获指数降低,氮肥吸收利用率和产量则呈先上升后下降的趋势;增加每穴栽插苗数,氮肥农学利用率呈下降趋势,适量增苗能增加总生物量和产量可提高氮肥利用率;与其他处理相比,施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2)和每穴栽插3~4根苗的组合产量均较高,同时可获得较高的氮肥吸收利用率。适宜的施氮量和每穴栽插苗数组合可显著增加有效穗数、产量和氮积累量,建议双季杂交早稻栽培中采用施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2)、每穴栽插苗数为3~4根苗的组合。     

机插超级粳稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率对氮肥的响应

在大田机插条件下,以5个超级粳稻品种为材料,设置0、150、187.5、225、262.5、300、337.5 kg·hm-2等7种施氮水平,研究氮肥用量对超级粳稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响,并比较机插条件下各超级粳稻最高产施氮量与经济最佳施氮量的差异.结果表明:随氮肥用量的增加,超级粳稻产量均先增加后下降,5个超级稻品种均在300 kg·hm-2施氮条件下获得最高产量,达10.33~10.60 t·hm-2.产量的增加主要取决于较高的群体颖花量,在300 kg·hm-2施氮条件下,各超级粳稻品种的群体颖花量均达到最大值.随氮肥用量的增加,5个超级粳稻品种的糙米率、精米率、整精米率及蛋白质含量均增加,337.5 kg·hm-2氮肥处理比不施氮处理分别高3.3%~4.2%、2.9%~6.0%、4.4%~33.7%和23.8%~44.3%;直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和食味值均下降,337.5 kg·hm-2氮肥处理比不施氮处理分别低12.4%~38.9%、10.3%~28.5%和20.3%~29.7%;垩白度呈现先增加后下降的趋势,而垩白率的变化因品种不同略有差异.随氮肥用量的增加,5个超级粳稻品种的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥生理利用率下降,而籽粒吸氮量显著增加.根据水稻产量与氮肥用量的效应方程,5个超级稻的理论最高产量为9.99 t·hm-2,对应的施氮量为299 kg·hm-2;如果考虑氮肥的投入成本,则经济最佳施氮量为275.68 kg·hm-2,对应的产量为9.97 t·hm-2.因此,对于现有的超级水稻生产,可根据高产、优质、高效和低投入等不同目标分类进行氮肥的综合管理.     

不同耕作方式下水稻品种吉优716产量及氮素吸收利用对氮肥运筹的响应

研究在不同耕作方式和氮肥运筹模式下水稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特点,为不同耕作方式下水稻氮肥的合理运筹提供理论依据。以吉优716为试验材料进行大〖JP2〗田试验,研究常耕与免耕2种耕作方式下3种施氮量（N0、N1、N2）和两种施氮方式（F1、F2）水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的变化。结果表明:免耕水稻和常耕水稻产量、干物质积累量和氮素积累利用对施氮水平运筹的响应基本一致,但对施氮方式运筹响应呈现不一致。随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量、干物质积累量和氮素积累量也随之升高,而干物质生产效率和氮肥农学利用率下降,穗部干物质比例随着施氮量的增加有减少的趋势;免〖JP〗耕和常耕下,重施穗肥有利于提高干物质积累量和氮素积累量;产量响应表现相反,免耕下重施穗肥有利于产量的提高,而常耕下重施基蘖肥有利于产量的提高。     

花期渍水逆境下氮素对油菜产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

温室盆栽试验条件下,设置渍水和对照2个水分处理,每个水分处理下设置3个施氮水平(0.05、0.2、0.3 g N·kg^-1土),研究了花后渍水逆境下氮素营养对两个氮高效基因型‘Monty’、‘湘油15’和两个氮低效基因型‘R210’、‘Bin270’油菜产量、产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,花后渍水处理显著降低了油菜的单株角果数、千粒重、每角粒数和籽粒产量.在适宜水分条件下,增施氮肥显著增加了油菜籽粒产量,而在渍水逆境处理下,增施氮肥对油菜籽粒产量的形成贡献不大.氮高效基因型较氮低效基因型对花后渍水逆境下的籽粒灌浆充实具有一定的促进作用.在同一水分处理下,花后渍水明显降低了油菜氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮收获指数,渍水显著影响了不同基因型油菜的氮素吸收利用能力,而氮高效基因型在渍水逆境下较氮低效基因型更有利于将氮素转运、再分配到角果中,提高籽粒生产效率.油菜产量性能参数存在显著的水氮互作效应,水分、氮肥及水氮互作对油菜籽粒产量和产量性能参数的影响因基因型的不同而异.     

甘蔗/大豆间作减量施氮对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究了减量施氮对广州地区不同甘蔗/大豆间作模式下甘蔗产量、品质、生物量动态变化及甘蔗群体经济效益的影响.结果表明:氮肥和种植模式对甘蔗产量、品质均无显著影响,各处理甘蔗产量、品质均无显著差异.不同施氮水平的甘蔗/大豆间作系统较单作甘蔗提高了土地利用率,其土地当量比(LER)为1.36～2.12.各处理甘蔗总生物量的动态积累随生育期的推进均符合"S"型生长曲线,低氮水平下问作甘蔗的生物量动态积累特征参数最协调,高氮水平下,甘蔗生长高峰期提前,快速生长最大持续期缩短,甘蔗产量下降,因此,可以通过调整氮素的投入量来改善生物量的增长参数,从而获得高产.低氮处理甘蔗/大豆间作系统经济效益比高氮处理高3.2%～26.3%,说明减量施氮可有效提高群体经济效益.甘蔗/大豆1∶2间作模式的经济效益最好.     

水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响

在高肥力条件下,大田试验采用裂区设计,主区为不同灌水频次(0～3次),裂区为不同施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2),结合15N微区示踪技术,研究了水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥的吸收利用及生育后期土壤硝态氮累积迁移的影响.结果表明,在一定氮肥水平下,不灌水处理的氮肥利用率高于各灌水处理,各灌水处理的氮肥利用率随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势;增加灌水次数,氮肥耕层残留量和残留率显著降低,氮肥损失量和损失率则明显增加.在一定的灌溉水平上,随施氮量(0～240 kg/hm2)增加,植株总吸氮量、氮肥吸收量、氮肥耕层残留量、氮肥损失量以及损失率均呈上升趋势,而氮肥利用率和耕层残留率呈下降趋势.氮肥水平一定时,在灌0至灌2水范围内,籽粒产量随灌水次数增加呈上升趋势,灌3水处理中施氮处理(N168、N240)的籽粒产量较灌2水处理显著降低;灌水生产效率随灌水次数增加显著下降.在一定灌溉水平上,施氮量由168 kg/hm2增至240 kg/hm2,氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率显著降低,各灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均无显著变化,不灌水处理的生物产量、籽粒产量显著降低.灌水促进了施氮处理(N168,N240)中土壤硝态氮向下迁移,从开花到收获0～100 cm土层中部分硝态氮迁移到了100～200 cm土层.灌水次数是导致收获期0～100 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素;水氮互作效应是决定收获期100～200 cm土层残留NO-3-N累积量变化的主导因素,且灌水效应大于施氮效应.     

有机肥替代部分化肥对水稻光合速率、氮素利用率和产量的影响

农业生产中合理施用有机肥对实现化肥零增长、提高土壤肥力和保证粮食稳产高产至关重要。本试验在辽宁省沈阳市稻田以‘沈农9816’为供试材料,设置7种不同处理,分别为不施氮肥(CK)、低氮150 kg·hm^-2(LN)、中氮240 kg·hm^-2(MN)、高氮330 kg·hm^-2(HN)、中氮有机肥替代10%(OMN₁₀)、中氮有机肥替代20%(OMN₂₀)、中氮有机肥替代30%(OMN₃₀),研究施肥对水稻光合速率、氮素吸收、氮素利用率和产量等的影响,以探寻最佳有机肥配施方案。结果表明: 提高施氮肥水平能够提高水稻光合速率、生物量和产量,但显著降低了氮肥利用效率。与中氮处理相比,灌浆期OMN₁₀和OMN₂₀处理光合速率显著提高22.9%和9.9%;OMN₂₀处理水稻增产3.8%,差异显著,氮肥农学利用率提高8.1%,氮肥生理利用率提高13.3%。与高氮处理相比,OMN₂₀处理氮肥农学利用率和生理利用率分别提高27.2%和37.2%。有机肥替代处理可以在减少化学氮肥施用的同时,维持土壤肥力,实现高产高效,尤其是有机肥替代20%处理最优,为推荐施肥方式。     

日光温室采光面三效率计算模式及其优化选择研究

本文针对日光温室常见的3种采光面（圆弧面、椭圆和抛物面）,给出了各自采光效率、土地使用率和保温效率（简称三效率）的理论计算模式,并通过分析得出,各个高效采光面上的采光效率均随纬度增加而降低,随距冬至的日数而增加,随作物高度而降低,随高跨比增加而增加。在三种采光面中,无论时间、地点、高跨比和种植高度怎样变化,均以圆弧面的采光效率为最高,椭圆面次之,抛物面最低。另一方面,从土地使用效率来看,椭圆面最高,但它的保温效率最低。因此,采光面形状的选择应因使用对象而宜,本文给出了最佳选择建议。     

Revised algorithm of ecosystem water use efficiency for semi-arid steppe in the Loess Plateau of China

Aims We evaluated the applicability of different measures of water use efficiency through analyzing the coupled dynamics of GPP and evapotranspiration in the semi-arid steppe in the Loess Plateau of China. Our objective is to explore the applicability of two quantitative measures of ecosystem water use efficiency—inherent water use efficiency (IWUE) and underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) —for the semi-arid steppe and to endeavor necessary modifications.Methods The consistency and stability of three indices of water use efficiency formulations (i.e. WUE, IWUE, uWUE) were calculated and compared at hourly, daily and annual time scales before proposing an optimal water use efficiency (oWUE). These indices were additionally used to quantify their importances in modeling the diel change of gross primary production (GPP). The yielded-accuracy of the prediction was used for justifying their uses.Important findings IWUE and uWUE appeared suitable for examining the coupled water-carbon characteristics of vegetation at hourly and daily scales, whereas WUE was more plausible on the annual and interannual scales. The optimized water use efficiency index did not improve the prediction of the coupled water-carbon characteristics as compared with uWUE, but it improved the prediction of GPP and its dynamics. oWUE and uWUE improved the predictions of GPP in the peak growing period, while WUE predicted the GPP better at the early and late growing season. Interestingly, we found that IWUE was not suitable for predicting GPP and its dynamics. The results will be of great importance in modeling the effects of climate change on the carbon assimilation and water cycle for the future.     

中华鳖（Trionyx sinensis）幼体能量转换的初步研究

在突验室内,对中华鳖幼体的能量转换进行了初步研究。结果表明：１）温度结中华鳖幼体对食物的同化效率无显著影响,但影响总转化效率和生长效率。二者在２２℃左右最高,２６—３２℃温度范围内各温度组之间元显著差异,３５℃则显著下降。２）体重与同化效率的关系为：ＡＥ＝９４．１８６＋２．７６０ｌｇＷ,而生长效率和总转化效率在各体重组间无显著变化;３）中华鳖幼体能量收支方程为：１００Ａ＝７４Ｒ＋２６Ｇ,并认力中华鳖将较多能量（７４％）投入代谢,而将较少能量（２６％）投入生长是适应其生态习性的缘故。     

Nutritional properties of four marine microalgae for albino rats

The nutritive value of the marine microalgaeTetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, Dunaliella tertiolecta andChlorella stigmatophora was studied in diets given to rats. Biological assays were carried out in order to determine the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and the Food Conversion Efficiency (FCE). Each dried microalga was fed to weaning Wistar albino rats as the sole protein source at a protein level of 12%. Control rats were given diets containing 12 % casein. Food consumption was similar in all groups. PER values obtained were 1.14 withT. suecica diet, 1.13 withI. galbana diet, 2.07 withD. tertiolecta diet and 1.13 withC. stigmatophora diet (casein, 2.50). FCE values followed a similar pattern. The data showed that the marine microalgaD. tertiolecta is a source of protein of good quality. Its PER is quite high, compared to vegetable and cereal proteins, and compares favourably with other microbial protein sources, such as yeasts or different freshwater microalgae. Haematological tests showed no significant differences among the groups in haemoglobin levels, red and white blood cell counts, differential count and mean corpuscular volume. Different blood parameters were also determined and a significant decrease in triglycerides levels appeared with all the microalgal diets, whereas a significant decrease in cholesterol appeared inD. tertiolecta andC. stigmatophora diets.     

Practical application of ligand efficiency metrics in lead optimisation

The use of composite metrics that normalise biological potency values in relation to markers of physicochemical properties, such as size or lipophilicity, has gained a significant amount of traction with many medicinal chemists in recent years. However, there is no consensus on best practice in the area and their application has attracted some criticism. Here we present our approach to their application in lead optimisation projects, provide an objective discussion of the principles we consider important and illustrate how our use of lipophilic ligand efficiency enabled the progression of a number of our successful drug discovery projects. We derive, from this and some recent literature highlights, a set of heuristic guidelines for lipophilicity based optimisation that we believe are generally applicable across chemical series and protein targets.     

不同小麦品种的根系生理特性,磷的吸收及利用效率对产量影？…

不同小麦品种的分蘖数、叶片数、干物量与根系总吸收面积及活跃吸收面积呈正相关,在低磷处理的相关性均达到显著水平。此各品种收获得期的干物量及籽粒产量亦与株吸磷量及利用效率呈正相关。通过各因素的比较,鉴定出在低磷条件下可获较高产量的品种。     

Data envelopment analysis of cities – Investigation of the ecological and economic efficiency of cities using a benchmarking concept from production management

To better understand the economic performance of cities and the accompanying social and environmental implications, one focus of research has been on ways to quantify performance advantages of growth and size while considering the impact of economies of scale. An important aspect of the current discussion is the introduction of the merely environmental driven concept of resource efficiency, defined as minimizing resource consumption while enhancing the quality of life. However, as yet there is no commonly agreed method on how best to measure efficiency. In order to contribute to this debate, an approach is described here of applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to study the resource efficiency of cities. Originating in the field of economics, DEA is a non-parametric, deterministic method to measure the efficiency of economic production, specifically the relative efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs).Here we test the usefulness of DEA to analyze urban efficiency by applying it to an investigation of 116 cities throughout Germany. This entailed the development of two separate economic and ecological models in order to allow more precise identification of the relevance of individual parameters during the evaluation process. The results allow a ranking of cities as well as an estimation of the ratios of economic and ecological efficiencies of the investigated cities, realized with the aid of a nine-field matrix (portfolio).DEA is at the same time a promising heuristic tool to help draw the basic outlines of a resource efficient city and to shed light on the underlying factors that boost or reduce efficiency. We recommend a three-step approach. First, two separate models should be defined (ecological, economic) and used to feed the DEA computation. Second, the results are spread in a portfolio to give an overview of the ecological and economic efficiency scores. This provides a basic overview of the DEA results for the selected cities following a basic and abstract model without determination of causal relationships between these values. Third, the field-dependent commonalities between the cities are considered. Additional indicators that also characterize the selected cities (but which were not selected as inputs to the algorithm) can now be examined. In this way, it is possible to understand the common factors that determine the level of efficiency as well as to learn about the qualitative difference and specific features of cities in the particular matrix quadrants.     

Effects of steroid hormones in fetal bovine serum on plating and cloning of human cells in vitro

Summary Fetal bovine sera from each of three different commercial sources were tested for their ability to support cloning of human fibroblastoid cells in vitro. Cloning efficiencies varied according to serum source. Serum (10 samples) from company A did not support growth, while sera (10 samples) from companies B and C provided adequate to excellent conditions for cloning and growth. Cells from neonatal foreskin or embryonic lung responded to each serum similarly. Bovine serum albumin type H7 from company C supported cell growth in media without serum. Sera containing 1.0 ng per ml or more of progesterone inhibited growth, whereas sera containing less than 1.0 ng per ml supported cloning and growth. In the low progesterone sera, the concentration of 17-β-estradiol exceeded 100 pg per ml. Growth supporting sera could be made non-supportive by adding 0.1 μg per ml of progesterone. The addition to non-supportive sera of 0.1 μg per ml of 17-β-estradiol or hydrocortisone made these sera supportive of cell growth. Addition of estrogen or hydrocortisone to a culture medium that inhibits growth, with subsequent reversal of the inhibitory effect, implies that these hormones competitively regulate growth of responsive cells in vitro. Supported in part by NIH-NCI-EC2074.