抗肿瘤小分子多肽的来源及抗肿瘤机制

小分子多肽广泛存在于自然界,并可通过人工方法合成。目前对具抗肿瘤活性小分子多肽的研究日渐深入,它们可针对肿瘤发生发展的机制,特异性杀伤肿瘤细胞,由于具有分子小、活性高、毒性低的特点．在肿瘤的临床治疗上有重要的价值。     

浅议瘤背石磺酶解多肽开发前景

作为海洋活性物质的重要组成部分,多肽类化合物在人体降血压、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等诸多方面有着重要的作用。本文在阐述近些年来贝类酶解多肽研发的基础上,论述了瘤背石磺酶解多肽的开发前景。     

双靶向MMP-14和金属离子的结合肽筛选与分子模拟

以基质金属蛋白酶-14(MMP-14)催化结构域为靶标,通过噬菌体随机十二肽库 筛选和分子模拟、细胞免疫荧光、金属离子亲和层析以及体外细胞作用测定等技 术,进行了双靶向MMP-14和金属离子小分子结合多肽的筛选与研究.经4轮筛选, 噬菌体得到有效富集并获得13条不同的多肽序列.序列分析显示,可能的一致序列 有：AHQLH、HHXH、EI/LPLL/I.分子模拟与对接进一步确认一致序列AHQLH、HHTH 、LPLL与MMP-14催化结构域的氨基酸120~125区域良好分子对接并具有一定的专 一性,多条MMP-14结合肽不仅靶向MMP-14,同时结合金属离子.细胞生物学研究确 认,所测定的结合肽噬菌体对MMP-14诱导表达的MG63细胞具有良好的结合作用,揭 示结合肽对MMP-14的靶向结合特性,并且合成的AHQLH、LPLL一致序列多肽对MG63 细胞活力具有一定的抑制能力.这些新的和具有一定MMP-14专一性的一致序列可望 用于靶向MMP-14抗肿瘤药物的研发和利用.     

小分子活性肽筛选方法

小分子活性肽作为疫苗、诊断试剂、药物以及药物先导化合物已成为药物研究领域的新趋势。小分子活性肽有多种筛选方法：基于噬菌体展示肽库、蛋白质降解(酶法．化学法)、MHC-多肽复合物、蛋白质结构、蛋白质结构预测和反义同源盒原理,它们各具特点。基于蛋白质结构的活性肽分子筛选将成为多肽药物筛选的主要方向之一。     

重组抗菌肽生物作用和机制的研究进展

抗菌肽是一类具有生物活性的小分子多肽,具有多种杀菌和抗肿瘤的活性,本文将从抗菌肽的结构、理化性质、生物活性、作用机制等方面简要概述抗菌肽的研究现状,为抗菌肽的后续开发提供一些参考。     

应用SDS-PAGE显示小分子多肽技术的探讨

为探讨显示小分子多肽技术,应用SDSPAGE寻找更简单、快捷的分析小分子多肽的方法。采用8%T,3%C的丙烯酰胺浓缩胶和含6mol/L脲(或含24%的甘油)的16%T,6%C的丙烯酰胺分离胶的双层不连续SDSPAGE和三羟基甘氨酸电泳缓冲液显示蛋白分子量标准(2512～16949kD)和待测样品,并对蛋白分子量标准在这两种分离胶中进行了回归分析。结果表明在这两种条件下均能显示分子量小至2512kD的多肽;多肽样品在含脲和在含甘油的2LTSDSPAGE中均有较好的显带;蛋白分子量标准的直线回归系数分别为r=-0966和r=-0964。它们是显示小分子多肽和估测其相对分子质量及对多肽分子进行进一步分析的更为简便易行的方法。     

噬菌体展示技术及其在肿瘤研究中的应用

噬菌体表面展示技术是一项特异性多肽或蛋白的筛选技术,它将随机序列的多肽或蛋白片段与噬菌体衣壳蛋白融合表达而呈现于病毒表面,被展示的多肽能保持相对独立的空间结构,使其能够与配体作用而达到模仿性筛选特异性分子表位,从而提供了高通量高效率的筛选系统。近年来噬菌体展示技术已广泛应用于肿瘤抗原抗体库的建立、单克隆抗体制备、多肽筛选、疫苗研制、肿瘤相关抗原筛选和抗原表位研究、药物设计、癌症检测和诊断、基因治疗及细胞信号转导研究等。就近年来噬菌体展示技术在肿瘤相关研究中的运用作以综述。     

抗肿瘤多肽研究进展

近些年,具有抗肿瘤生物活性的人工合成多肽受到广泛的关注.尽管受技术条件的制约,目前多数抗肿瘤肽类药物的半衰期较短,但抗肿瘤肽类药物具有其独特的优势:它们分子量小、抗肿瘤特异性高、免疫原性低,并且易于合成和改造.目前,多种抗肿瘤肽及其衍生物已上市或进入临床研究,以肽为基础的治疗不仅高效低毒,还可以增加肿瘤对其他治疗方法的敏感度,对于肿瘤的临床治疗将具有重要价值.综述了诱发肿瘤坏死活性肽、细胞凋亡肽及功能阻断肽等几种新型天然抗肿瘤活性肽诱发肿瘤死亡的作用,并归纳其应用前景.     

噬菌体肽库的构建策略

目的多肽的筛选可通过亲和筛选直接得到富集,并具有繁殖性,目前已广泛应用于多肽药物的开发,蛋白分子结构与功能的研究,疫苗研制等多种领域,特别是对于抗原决定簇的精确定位,蛋白分子之间,蛋白与核酸分子之间相互作用的结合模型和生物活性小配体的获得以及在未知蛋白分子一级结构的情况下直接获取其空间结构方面是一个非常有效的研究工具。     

应用SDS—PAGE显示小分子多肽技术的探讨

为探讨显示小分子多肽技术,应用SDS－PAGE寻找更简单,快捷的分析小分子多肽的方法。采用8％,T,3％C的丙烯酰胺浓缩胶和含6mol/L脲（或含24％的甘油）的16％T,6％C的丙烯酰胺分离胶 的双层不连续SDS－PAGE和三羟基甘氨酸电泳缓冲液显示蛋白分子量标准（2．512－16．949KD）和待测样品,并对蛋白分子量标准在这两种分离胶中进行了回归分析。结果表明在这两种条件下均能显示分子量小至2．512KD的多肽;多肽样品在含脲和在含甘油的2L－T－SDS－PAGE中均有较好的显带,蛋白分子量标准的直线回归系数分别为r=-0.966和r=-0.964,它们是显示小分子多肽和估测其相对分 子质量及对多肽分子进行进一步分析和更为简便易行的方法。     

噬菌体肽库技术的应用

噬菌体肽库是由大量带有不同肽段的单个噬菌体组成的重组噬菌体库,通过分析筛选到的多肽的结构和序列,可以了解蛋白质分子之间的相互作用。随着生物技术的发展,噬菌体肽库技术在基因治疗、抗原表位定位、确定核酸结合蛋白、基因疫苗研究和药物筛选等方面得到广泛应用并取得了很大进展。     

抗肿瘤多肽的研究新进展

抗肿瘤多肽具有分子质量小、特异性高、免疫原性低、生物利用度高等优点,且易于合成和改造,其在肿瘤治疗领域的应用研究近 年来受到广泛关注。目前,已有多种抗肿瘤多肽及其衍生物上市或进入临床研究,对于肿瘤的临床治疗具有重要价值。综述抗肿瘤多肽在 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤新生血管生成、抑制肿瘤细胞生长和转移以及用作疫苗和药物载体等方面的研究新进展。     

In vitro system for high-throughput screening of random peptide libraries for antimicrobial peptides that recognize bacterial membranes.

Antibacterial peptides have been isolated from a wide range of species. Some of these peptides act on microbial membranes, disrupting their barrier function. With the increasing development of antibiotic resistance by bacteria, these antibacterial peptides, which have a new mode of action, have attracted interest as antibacterial agents. To date, however, few effective high-throughput approaches have been developed for designing and screening peptides that act selectively on microbial membranes. In vitro display techniques are powerful tools to select biologically functional peptides from peptide libraries. Here, we used the ribosome display system to form peptide-ribosome-mRNA complexes in vitro from nucleotides encoding a peptide library, as well as immobilized model membranes, to select specific sequences that recognize bacterial membranes. This combination of ribosome display and immobilized model membranes was effective as an in vitro high-throughput screening system and enabled us to identify motif sequences (ALR, KVL) that selectively recognized the bacterial membrane. Owing to host toxicity, it was not possible to enrich any sequence expected to show antimicrobial activity using another in vitro system, e.g. phage display. The synthetic peptides designed from these enriched motifs acted selectively on the bacterial model membrane and showed antibacterial activity. Moreover, the motif sequence conferred selectivity onto native peptides lacking selectivity, and decreased mammalian cell toxicity of native peptides without decreasing their antibacterial activity.     

膜片钳技术及其在抗菌肽作用机制研究中的应用

抗菌肽是广泛存在于自然界生物体内的一类具有抗微生物、抗肿瘤等活性的多肽,有关抗菌肽作用机理的研究是近年来的热点之一。膜片钳技术自发明以来演化出适合不同研究需要的多种记录模式,并成为现代膜生物学和电生理学研究的重要手段。利用该技术对跨膜离子电流的记录分析,可以对细胞膜离子通道、膜选择性通透以及通道调节机制等方面进行深入的研究。本文介绍了抗菌肽的分类、组成及理化性质,阐述了膜片钳技术在抗菌肽对细菌细胞膜作用机制研究中的应用及最新研究进展。     

Heat shock proteins and the antitumor T cell response

Heat shock proteins (HSP) have been shown to participate in the antitumor T cell response. First, HSP play a crucial role in the intracellular pathway for antigen processing where HSP can make complexes with a broad spectrum of cellular proteins and peptides through their chaperone functions. In this pathway, macrophages are required for processing the chaperoned peptides to make stable molecules with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, even when HSP-peptide complexes are exogenously administered. Through this pathway, vaccination with HSP-peptide complexes is thus able to elicit the response of CD8⁺ T cells specific for the chaperoned peptides. These findings suggest an essential role of HSP in ‘cross-priming’ and their usefulness for antitumor vaccination with tumor peptides. Second, HSP have been suggested to be expressed on the cell surface by transformation and, in addition, to function as antigen-presenting molecules for double negative T cells. Third, HSP derived from tumor cells have reportedly been recognized by T cells with either T cell receptor (TCR)-αβ or TCR-γδ. These lines of evidence therefore indicate that HSP may be potentially promising target molecules for antitumor T cell immunotherapy.     

家蝇蛆抗菌肽提取工艺研究

蝇蛆抗菌肽多有广谱抗菌、抗癌等功能,是很好的天然抗菌药物来源,但由于得率较低,目 前对其产品开发的研究较少。以家蝇Musca domestica干蝇蛆为原料,利用加热-层析法和海藻酸吸附法2种工艺提取蝇蛆抗菌肽。结果表明：加热-层析法快速、简便,抗菌肽提取得率达0.26％,是海藻酸吸附法提取抗菌肽得率的5.2倍。提取的家蝇抗菌肽主要是分子量6.2～17.2 kD、等电点5.59～5.91的弱酸性小分子多肽,其热稳定性高,能杀灭枯草杆菌Bacillus subtilis等多种革兰氏阳性菌。加热-层析法能有效去除外源性蛋白酶,保证肽类产品的稳定性,同时还能提取出非蛋白类的抗菌成分,提示其对开发具有高附加值的抗菌产品将会有良好的应用前景。     

Tripeptides with non-code amino acids as potential serine proteases inhibitors

Eight peptides of the general H-D-Ser-AA-Arg-OH formula, where AA?=?phenylglycine, phenylalanine, homophenylalanine, cyclohexylglycine, cyclohexylalanine, homocyclohexylalanine, α-methylphenylalanine and 1-aminocyclohexyl carboxylic acid were obtained and tested for their effect on the amidolytic activities of urokinase, thrombin, trypsin, plasmin, t-PA and kallikrein. We tested the hemolytic activity of the peptides against porcine erythrocytes and the antitumor activity against the human breast cancer cells, standard MCF-7 and estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231. The most active compounds were H-D-Ser-Chg-Arg-OH towards thrombin and H-D-Ser-Phg-Arg-OH towards plasmin with K_i value 5.02 μM and 5.7 μM, respectively.     

基于人HMGB1-B box的抑制性小肽筛选及其抗炎功能分析

目的从噬菌体构象型7肽库中筛选人HMGB1-Bbox的抑制性小肽。方法以重组人HMGB1-Bbox为靶分子对噬菌体构象型7肽库进行6轮亲和筛选,获得Bbox结合的克隆,并经ELISA验证。选取亲和力高的克隆进行DNA测序,并推导出呈现的多肽序列,通过IL-6 ELISA检测噬菌体呈现的小肽对人HMGB1-B box致炎功能的抑制作用。结果经过6轮亲和筛选,噬菌体的回收率增加,阳性克隆得到富集。挑选15个结合力强的克隆进行测序,推导出2个多肽序列。所获两个阳性噬菌体克隆能特异性地抑制人HMGB1-B box刺激THP-1细胞产生炎症因子的能力。结论获得了噬菌体呈现的能够抑制人HMGB1-B box的两个小肽。     

The effect of conjugation on antitumor activity of vindoline derivatives with octaarginine,a cell‐penetrating peptide

Some Vinca alkaloids (eg, vinblastine, vincristine) have been widely used as antitumor drugs for a long time. Unfortunately, vindoline, a main alkaloid component of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, itself, has no antitumor activity. In our novel research program, we have prepared and identified new vindoline derivatives with moderate cytostatic activity. Here, we describe the effect of conjugation of vindoline derivative with oligoarginine (tetra‐, hexa‐, or octapeptides) cell‐penetrating peptides on the cytostatic activity in vitro and in vivo. Br‐Vindoline‐(l )‐Trp‐OH attached to the N‐terminus of octaarginine was the most effective compound in vitro on HL‐60 cell line. Analysis of the in vitro activity of two isomer conjugates (Br‐vindoline‐(l )‐Trp‐Arg₈ and Br‐vindoline‐(d )‐Trp‐Arg₈ suggests the covalent attachment of the vindoline derivatives to octaarginine increased the antitumor activity significantly against P388 and C26 tumour cells in vitro. The cytostatic effect was dependent on the presence and configuration of Trp in the conjugate as well as on the cell line studied. The configuration of Trp notably influenced the activity on C26 and P388 cells: conjugate with (l )‐Trp was more active than conjugate with the (d )‐isomer. In contrast, conjugates had very similar effect on both the HL‐60 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells. In preliminary experiments, conjugate Br‐vindoline‐(l )‐Trp‐Arg₈ exhibited some inhibitory effect on the tumor growth in P388 mouse leukemia tumor‐bearing mice. Our results indicate that the conjugation of modified vindoline could result in an effective compound even with in vivo antitumor activity.     

Novel antimicrobial peptides identified from an endoparasitic wasp cDNA library

We screened an endoparasitic wasp (Pteromalus puparum) cDNA library for DNA sequences having antimicrobial activity using a vital dye exclusion assay. Two dozens of clones were isolated that inhibited the growth of host Escherichia coli cells due to expression of the cloned genes. Three peptides (PP13, PP102 and PP113) were synthesized chemically based on the amino acid sequences deduced from these clones and assayed for their antimicrobial activity. These peptides have net positive charges and are active against both Gram‐negative and ‐positive bacteria, but are not active against fungi tested. Their hemolytic activity on human red blood cells was measured, and no hemolytic activity was observed after 1‐h incubation at a concentration of 62.5 µM or below. A Blast search indicated that the three peptides have not been previously characterized as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Salt‐dependency studies revealed that the biocidal activity of these peptides against E. coli decreased with increasing concentration of NaCl. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination of PP13‐treated E. coli cells showed extensive damage of cell membranes. The CD spectroscopy studies noted that the enhanced α‐helical characteristics of PP13 strongly contribute to its higher antimicrobial properties. These results demonstrate the feasibility to identify novel AMPs by screening the expressional cDNA library. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.