半滑舌鳎血淋巴细胞体外培养及其染色体制备在性别鉴定中的应用

研究建立了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gnther)外周血淋巴细胞体外培养及染色体制备方法,确定了最佳条件为:在24℃的环境中半滑舌鳎血淋巴细胞在添加20%胎牛血清的MEM培养基中,用终浓度为0.3 mg/mL的LPS为刺激源培养72h,在结束培养前3h加入终浓度0.08g/mL秋水仙素,可获得较多、较好的染色体分裂相。利用这种方法对半滑舌鳎遗传性别进行了鉴定,同时与生理解剖观察、性腺切片、性腺细胞培养、雌性特异标记等方法进行了比较,确定了适宜各阶段不同类型鱼的性别鉴定方法,丰富了半滑舌鳎活体遗传性别鉴定的方法。       

绒毛滋养层细胞直接制备染色体方法

本方法对绒毛滋养层细胞直接制备染色体作了改进。分别将制片手法,低渗液配制,秋水仙素浓度与固定时间等方面给以改良。后三者不同于Simoni及国内报道,作者认为低渗液成分,秋水仙素浓度与固定时间是不可分割与相互影响的。此法所得分裂相中,染色体形态及分散良好和显带清晰,方法稳定,有利于孕早期诊断的染色体结构分析。     

林麝染色体制备方法及核型与G-带带型研究

以林麝外周血淋巴细胞为实验材料,在培养基中加入植物血球凝集素PHA和伴刀豆球蛋白ConA,由此建立了适合其增殖的培养体系。培养75h后,用空气干燥法制备染色体,确定林麝核型是2N=58,且全都是端着丝粒染色体。实验结果还表明,通过获得较晚的中期分裂相,可以确定染色体是端着丝粒不是亚端着丝粒类型。同时首次应用染色体G-带技术,研究了林麝染色体的G-带带型。     

草鱼和团头鲂染色体G带带型的研究

本文报道了经改进的胰酶一步法和放线菌素D(AMD-BSG)法所显示的鱼类染色体G带。采用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)的血淋巴细胞和肾细胞进行短期培养。血淋巴细胞的空气干燥制片,用胰酶一步法处理,显示出细致清晰的染色体G带。培养的肾细胞在收集前1-1.5h,1.5—2h,2.5—3h,用最终浓度为2μg/ml的AMD(actiomycin D)处理,其气干制片在HCI和Ba(OH)_2中处理,经2×SSC温育,Giemsa染色,获得了良好的染色体G带。在前中期或早中期的一个细胞单倍体组的染色体显带能达200多条带纹,结果较稳定,反差明显,图象清晰。根据实验结果初步绘制了草鱼和团头鲂的G带模式图。     

双壳贝类染色体标本制备技术的优化

本研究以牡蛎、咬齿牡蛎鳃细胞为材料,采用PHA处理法、低温同步化法及活体去壳法进行预处理,制作成染色体标本;以马氏珠母贝、企鹅珍珠贝担轮幼虫为材料,采用PHA促繁殖获取胚胎法,制作胚胎染色体标本.对不同时间不同处理方式获得牡蛎染色体分裂相比例、PHA促繁殖获取胚胎法获得马氏珠母贝染色体分裂相比例进行统计.结果发现,PHA处理法在24 h时能获取最多分裂相(3.50‰),低温同步化法在72 h时能获得最多分裂相(2.20‰),活体去壳法始终保持较高分裂相比例(3.60‰),PHA促繁殖获取胚胎法获得最大分裂相比例(10.00‰).4种方法都能获得理想的中期分裂相数目.其中,低温同步化法缺点是温度难控制、预处理时间长;活体去壳法易导致贝类死亡;PHA促受精获取胚胎法缺点是胚胎的获取受繁殖季节限制.PHA处理法预处理时间短、获取分裂相数目多,无疑是贝类成体染色体制备的最好的方法.同时,PHA也为贝类人工繁殖提供了一种更为有效的手段.     

一种提高体外培养细胞中期分裂相的新方法

为了提高体外培养细胞中期分裂相,用黄牛胎儿成纤维细胞系 （YFF）和西门塔尔小牛成纤维细胞系（CNF）为实验材料,先经4℃低温休克再用秋水仙素处理后制备染色体,比较了不同低温休克处理时间获得的中期分裂相百分率,并运用该方法对20代内YFF和CNF核型变异进行了分析。实验发现,YFF和 CNF经低温休克中期分裂相百分率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。其中, 20 h低温组中期分裂相（31.7﹪和40.2﹪）高于对照组（4.7﹪和6.4﹪）5倍以上（P<0.01）。实验结果表明,4℃低温休克法是一种提高体外培养细胞中期分裂相的简便方法,适于监测体外培养细胞核型变异。     

不结球白菜根尖体细胞染色体制片及其二倍体和四倍体有丝分裂过程观察

以不结球白菜(Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis Makino)根尖为材料,对染色体制片过程中根长(小于0.5 cm、0.5 ～ 1.0 cm、1.0～2.0 cm及大于2.0 cm)、预处理方法、预处理剂种类(2 mmol·L-1 8-羟基喹啉、2 mmol·L-1 8-羟基喹啉与质量浓度0.2g·L-1秋水仙素等体积混合液、质量浓度0.2g·L-1秋水仙素、饱和对二氯苯、质量浓度20或40 mg·L-1放线菌酮、质量浓度40mg·L-1放线菌酮与2 mmol·L-1 8-羟基喹啉等体积混合液)及预处理时间(1.0～3.5 h)进行了比较和筛选;在此基础上,对二倍体和四倍体不结球白菜根尖体细胞有丝分裂过程进行观察.结果表明:根长度对分裂相的数量有显著影响;根长1.0～2.0 cm,分裂相相对较多,占细胞总数的64.75％.冰冻预处理22 ～ 23 h,能获得一定量的分裂相.采用不同的预处理剂及预处理时间,分裂相的数量及染色体形态有明显差异;用质量浓度40 mg·L-1放线菌酮溶液处理3.5h,分裂相数量最多,但易导致染色体加倍;用质量浓度20mg·L-1放线菌酮预处理3.5h,染色体长且着丝点及随体清晰,且分裂相较多,占细胞总数的53.65％.因而,根长度以1.0 ～2.0 cm为宜,适宜的预处理方法为用质量浓度20 mg·L-1放线菌酮浸泡2.0～3.0 h.二倍体及四倍体不结球白菜根尖体细胞有丝分裂过程基本相似,在有丝分裂的间期、前期、中期、后期和末期染色体的行为基本一致,但在四倍体的有丝分裂过程中会出现多价体、染色体桥、落后染色体、染色体异常分离及内源有丝分裂等异常现象.     

鸡培养细胞γ-干扰素诱生条件的优化

目的:探讨鸡γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)的最佳诱生条件.方法:采用夹心ELISA对培养的不同种类细胞在不同诱生剂作用下珏IFN-γ的分泌水平进行了检测,并对影响IFN-γ产量的条件进行了优化.结果:在ConA、PHA、ARV三种诱生剂中,ARV诱生能力最强,ConA其次,PHA最弱;其最佳诱生剂量分别为:ARV 105TCID50/mL,ConA 30μmL,PHA 1.5μg/mL.鸡脾淋巴细胞、外周血自细胞(PBL)和鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)在同种诱生剂作用下,脾淋巴细胞IFN-γ分泌量最高,为47.65±3.26pg/mL.各种细胞最佳浓度均为3.0×106/mL.脾淋巴细胞在ConA和PHA刺激下,培养60h时产生的IFN-γ最高;而ARV诱导48h IFN-γ即可达峰值.同种IFN-γ具有启动效应.结论:确定了鸡IFN-γ的最佳诱生条件,为鸡IFN-γ定量检测奠定了基础.     

人的外周血淋巴细胞培养及染色体制作技术

从肘静脉采血于含有肝素的一次性注射器中,采用RPMI1640全培养基进行体外淋巴细胞培养。通过对采血后细胞培养时间、秋水仙素浓度及加入时间、低渗时间及培养温度等条件的模索．建立了较成熟的淋巴细胞体外培养方法及染色体制作技术。     

大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)微量血培养和染色体标本制作的方法

本文介绍了大鼠微量血培养和制备染色体标本的简易方法。通过多次反复实验,确证了这个培养方法是有效的和可采用的。在结果讨论中,还比较分析了各种因素(包括培养时间、PHA剂量、pH值和肝素剂量)对细胞生长分裂的影响。同时初步确定了大鼠淋巴细胞分裂周期为16小时左右。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这