稻鸭共生对稻田水生动物群落的影响

通过稻田共生的田间试验,利用水生动物取样的方法,对稻鸭共生中稻田水生动物的种类及数量进行定性定量分析。结果表明:各类水生动物的种类数与水的动静有关,放鸭越多,种类数越少,水源区最少,为15种;且稻田水生动物种类出现频次的分布符合C.R aunk iaer频度定律。各类水生动物的数目和生物量均按水源区、对照区、少鸭区、多鸭区的顺序下降。用M arga lef多样性指数公式计算各处理的多样性指数,以对照稻田的多样性指数2.15为最高,水源区和放鸭的稻田均不高,放鸭越多,多样性指数越低。     

浙江重点生态地区蝶类生物多样性及其森林生态系统健康评价

选取浙江龙王山、天目山、古田山、乌岩岭和百山祖等为样地以网捕方法,对上述重点生态地区的蝶类种类及种群动态进行了系统研究,将所采集的蝶类种类及个体数,以微软的Excel列表、计算及作图,进行蝶类群落的种-多度曲线、多样性指数、均匀度与优势度等数据分析,并以此类昆虫作为指示生物对各重点生态地区的森林环境健康状况进行了评价。结果表明：5个重点生态地区的蝶类分布均呈对数正态分布,各重点生态区蝶类个体数分布规律更接近对数级数法则。天目山和乌岩岭分别有国家二级保护动物中华虎凤蝶Luehdorfia chinensis和一级保护动物金斑喙凤蝶Teinopalpus aureus,分别有4种和3种中国保护种,有25种和11种中国特有种,多样性指数分别为0.9757和1.7570,暗示该2处生态地区的环境质量优越;而古田山和百山祖均没有国家级保护动物,中国保护种分别有2种和3种,中国特有种5种和15种,多样性指数分别为1.3492和1.1593,也说明此2处生态地区的环境质量较好;龙王山没有国家级保护动物,中国保护种仅1种,中国特有种11种,多样性指数为0.8491,暗示该生态地区的环境质量相对较差或该生态地区的环境质量正在趋向恶化。近年来,由于酸雨和台风等自然气候,以及人为干扰引起森林环境健康受到不同程度影响,龙王山森林环境不稳定,退化严重,部分区域已不适合保护蝶类种昆虫的生存。     

雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物多样性及生态评价

雅鲁藏布江起源于喜马拉雅山,是世界上海拔最高的河流之一,是流经我国西藏境内重要的国际河流,其河流生态系统具有特殊地貌及生态条件。研究该流域底栖动物多样性分布特征及其影响因子,是科学评价该区域河流生态系统健康状况,实现资源可持续开发利用的基础。2009年10月—2010年6月期间,以底栖动物作为指示物种,对雅江流域干支流及堰塞湖的14个采样断面进行河流生态评价。采用Alpha及Beta生物多样性指数分别指示局部采样河段及全区域的底栖动物多样性。对采样断面底栖动物组成分析发现:14个采样断面共采集到底栖动物110种,隶属57科102属。雅江干流底栖动物种类数最高为29,平均为19。支流年楚河种类数为17。支流拉萨河,尼洋河,帕龙藏布的最高种类数分别为25,33,36;平均种类数分别为21,21,22,生物多样性普遍高于干流。整个流域中底栖动物平均种类数相差不大,但种类组成和密度相差较大。调查区域的Beta多样性指数β高于低海拔地区的相似的山区河流,说明雅江流域内底栖动物群落差异性高于正常海拔地区。对14个采样断面的物种组成进行除趋势对应分析表明:影响雅江流域底栖动物多样性的主要因素为河型,河床阻力结构,堤岸结构,水流流速。保持稳定的阶梯-深潭结构和自然堤岸结构,以及适宜的流速有利于保护雅江河流生态。     

光照对水生动物摄食、生长和存活的影响

在水生动物生存的环境中,光是一个复杂的生态因子,它有多方面的生态作用,直接或间接地影响动物的摄食、生长和存活等。目前,光照对水生动物在这方面影响的研究尚处于资料积累阶段,本文总结这方面的研究概况,以期对这方面的工作有所帮助。       

拒马河原生动物和底栖动物初步调查及水质分析

2003年3月和4月,对拒马河(北京段)的原生动物及底栖动物群落结构和物种多样性进行了调查分析,并且就其水质现状及水生动物种类和数量变化对环境污染的指示意义加以探讨。共鉴定出原生动物125种,底栖动物17种。结果表明,拒马河水生动物种类较为丰富,物种多样性高,水质生物指标综合评价拒马河水体受到轻度和中度污染。此外,通过对软体动物、环节动物、水生昆虫在不同站点分布的差异分析,表明河流水体污染可导致底栖动物多样性明显降低。从水生生物指示种的变化,可预测水质的变化。     

水体污染与水生动物

水体污染必然影响水生生态系统的结构和功能,揭示水体污染与水生动物的相互关系具有十分重要的意义。本文从3个方面论述了国内研究的新进展,介绍和讨论和有关利用水生动物进行生物监测、生态评价、生态毒理学的进展和废水处理及污水净化时对水生动物的作用等问题。     

中国大鲵的食性研究

１９８５－１９８８年，在陕西秦岭，大巴山中，先后１０个月共采集中国大鲵标本７１尾，其中幼林４０尾，成体３１尾。经过剖胃，观察胃容物并称重，分析中国大鲵食物的种类和数量。解剖中空胃４０尾，实胃３１尾，中国大鲵是肉食性捕食动物，幼体以螃蟹，昆虫等小型水生动物为食；成体以螃蟹，鱼，青蛙和水麝鼯等水生动物为食。     

水生动物抗菌肽及其基因工程研究

抗菌肽是一类具有杀菌作用的免疫活性物质,是动物非特异性免疫系统的重要组成部分。水生动物抗菌肽的种类丰富,生化组成和分子结构多样,具有重要的研究价值和应用前景。本文介绍了2大类主要的水生动物(甲壳类和鱼类)的抗菌肽的种类和结构特点、基因克隆和体外表达、分子文库建立以及转抗菌肽基因动物的研究进展,并展望了其作为新型绿色、安全、环保的饲料添加剂的应用前景。     

河流岸带湿地沉积物重金属分布对植被物种多样性和底栖动物群落特征的影响

河流岸带湿地栖息地完整性对河流水环境、水生态和水文的安全与健康具有重要意义,为探究河流岸带湿地表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其对植被和底栖动物的影响,对滦河干流上中下游河段表层沉积物、植物群落和底栖动物调查分析,采用生物毒性效应系数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法评价沉积物重金属污染特征,采用植被物种多样性指数和底栖动物完整性指数评价滦河植物和底栖动物群落特征,探究岸带湿地沉积物重金属空间分布与植被及底栖动物群落特征之间关系。结果表明,滦河表层沉积物总体呈清洁水平,但不同河段重金属空间分布差异较大,下游重金属生态危害系数和潜在生态风险指数高于上中游。湿地物种调查共识别维管束植物219种,大型无脊椎底栖动物105种,综合评价结果表明下游植物群落物种多样性和底栖动物群落完整性低于上中游。滦河下游岸带湿地沉积物重金属对生物群落具有生物毒性和潜在的生态风险,降低了植被物种多样性和底栖动物群落完整性。大型底栖动物完整性指数能够综合反映底栖动物群落结构特征变化,对河岸带湿地生态健康评价和监测具有重要意义。     

变温对水生动物生长影响的研究进展

综述了昼夜温度波动对水生动物生长影响的研究概况,其中包括变温研究涉及的实验动物种类、温度设置、变温对生长的影响、变温促长的机制,以及目前存在的问题和应用前景等.     

Mono-η complexes of chromium(II) and chromium(0). Electron demanding substituents, structural and spectroscopic data comparisons

Using thermal and photochemical methods a series of new chromium complexes has been prepared: (ν⁶-p-C₆H₄F₂)Cr(CO)₃; (ν⁶-C₆H₅CF₃)Cr(CO)₃; [m-C₆H₄(CF₃)₂]Cr(CO)₃; (ν⁶-C₆H₅F)Cr(CO)₂H(SiCl₃); (ν⁶-C₆H₅F)Cr(CO)₂(SiCl₃)₂; (p-C₆H₄F₂)Cr(CO)₂-H(SiCl₃); (C₆H₅CF₃)Cr(CO)₂H(SiCl₃(p-C₆H₄F₂)Cr(CO)₂(SiCl₃)₂; C₆H₅CF₃)Cr(CO)₂(SiCl₃)₂; [m-C₆H₄(CF₃)₂]Cr(CO)₂-H(SiCl₃); [m-C₆H₄(CF₃)₂]Cr(CO)₂(SiCl₃)₂. Two compounds were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. These data combined with IR and ¹H NMR have allowed assessment of some of the electronic and steric effects. The Cr-arene bond is considerably longer in the Cr(II) derivatives than in the Cr(0) species. Also the Cr center, as might be expected, is less electron rich in the Cr(II) dicarbonyl disilyl derivatives. The ν⁶-p-C₆H₄F₂ ligands are slightly folded so that the C---F carbons are moved further away from the Cr center. Comparison of structural and electronic effects is made with a series of similar chromium compounds reported in the literature. These new (arene)Cr(II) derivatives possess more labile ν⁶-arene ligands, which promise a rich chemistry at the chromium center.     

Borane and monoiodoborane derivatives of some bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes

A series of borane and monoiodoborane derivatives of bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes. (C₆H₅)₂P--- (CH₂)_n---P(C₆H₅)₂ in which n has values of 2 through 4 has been synthesized. Only compounds with the formulae [(C₆H₅)₂P]₂(CH₂)_n · (BH₃)₂ and (C₆H₅)₂P]₂CH₂)_n · BH₂I were isolable, the latter being boronium iodides. The compounds were characterized by their melting points, elemental analyses, molar conductivities, infrared spectroscopy, and ¹H and ¹¹B nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The relationship between the length of the carbon chain and the ¹¹B NMR chemical shift is discussed.     

Investigations on radiosensitive and radioresistant populations of Drosophila melanogaster: X. The resistance factor rar 3: genetics

In earlier work, immature oocytes of the irradiated population RÖI₄ of Drosophila melanpgaster were found to be radioresistant relative to those of the basic population RÖI and to those of the control population Berlin wild (+K). The resistance of RÖI₄ relative to RÖI was previously attributed to a hypothetical “factor” rar-3. In the present paper, evidence is presented to show that rar-3 is a single, recessive genetic factor, located on chromosome 3 at a map position of about 49.8. The action of rar-3 is apparently independent of that of rar-1 and rar-2, the factors already present in RÖI.     

Reactivity of cationic carbonyl/phosphine ruthenium(II) compounds

Cis(or trans)-[RuCl₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] react with two and one equivalents of AgBF₄ to give the recently reported [Ru(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂][BF₄]₂·CH₂Cl₂ (1) and novel [RuCl(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂][BF₄] · 1/2 CH₂Cl₂ (2), respectively. Cis-[RuCl₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] also reacts with two equivalents of AgBF₄ in the presence of CO to give [Ru(CO)₃(PPh₃)₂][BF₄]₂ (3). Reactions of 1 and 2 with NaOMe and CO at 1 atm produce the carbomethoxy species [Ru(COOMe)₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] (4) and [RuCl(COOMe)(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] (5), respectively. Complex 4 can also be formed from the reaction of 3 with NaOMe and CO. Alternatively, 4 is formed from cis-[RuCl₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] with NaOMe and CO at elevated pressure (10 atm); if these reactants are refluxed under 1 atm of CO, [Ru(CO)₃(PPh₃)₂] is the product. The reaction of [RuCl(CO)₃(PPh₃)₂][AlCl₄] with NaOMe provides an alternative route to the preparation of 5, but the product is contaminated with [RuCl₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂]. Compounds 1. 2, 4 and 5 have been characterised by IR, ¹H NMR and analysis, whilst the formulation of 3 is proposed from spectroscopic data only. This account also examines the reactivity of [Ru(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂][BF₄]₂ · CH₂Cl₂ with NaBH₄, conc. HCl, KI and, finally, MeCOONa in the presence of CO. The products of these reactions, namely cis-[RuH₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂], cis-[RuCl₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂], cis-[RuI₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂] and [Ru(OOCMe)₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂], have been identified by comparison of their spectra with previous literature.     

Mechanistic details for metathetical exchange between XCO (X = O and RN) and the tin(II) dimer, {Sn[N(SiMe3)2] (μ-OBu)}2

Metathetical exchange between carbon dioxide and the tin(II) dimer, {Sn[N(SiMe₃)₂](μ-OBu¹)}₂ (3) has been observed to cleanly produce the two new heteroleptic tin(II) dimers, Sn[N(SiMe₃)₂](μ-OBu^t)₂Sn(OSiMe₃) (6) and [Sn(OSiMe₃)](μ-OBu^t)]₂ (7]). In addition, reaction of 3 with I equiv, of tert-butylisocyanate (8), at 25°C, quantitatively provides 6, and with 2 equiv., quantitatively provides 7. Likewise 6 reacts with 1 equiv, of 8 to quantitatively provide 7. The mechanism for these latter processes has been investigated by low temperature ¹H NMR spectroscopy which reveals that metathetical exchange does not involve the tri-coordinate tin(II) centers of the dimeric structures, but rather, it occurs, in each case, via the transient monomeric tin(II) species, Sn[N(SiMe₃)₂](μ-OBu^t) (4), that undergoes metathesis to produce, initially the open dimer intermediate, Sn(OCNBu^t)(OSiMe₃)(μ-OBu^t)Sn(OBu^t) (OSiMe₃) (12), that is observed at −10°C. Subsequent redistribution reactions then generate the final products that are observed. Together, these mechanistic details provide additional support for the ‘monomeric tin(II)’ hypothesis proposed earlier for metathetical exchange between XCO and Sn[N (SiMe₃)₂]₂ (1).     

Metal carbonyls of telluroether formed by the oxygen atom transfer reaction to M(CO)6 (M = Mo, W) in the presence of (p-CH3OC6H4)2TeO and relative kinetic investigation

A new synthetic process is reported for the preparation of two substituted metal carbonyls, (p-CH₃OC₆H₄)₂TeM(CO)₅ (M = Mo, W). In the presence of (p-CH₃OC₆H₄)₂TeO as O atom transfer reagent in tetrahydrofuran solvent, a CO ligand is replaced by telluroether when M(CO)₆ (M = Mo, W) is reacted with (p-CH₃OC₆H₄)₂TeO under very mild experimental conditions (r.t.). The products were characterized by elemental analysis, mass, IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopies. The spectra suggest that the coordination geometry is distorted from a regular octahedral structure due to an asymmetrical bulky telluroether ligand on the metal atom. Kinetics of these reactions of M(CO)₆ with (p-CH₃OC₆H₄)₂TeO show the reactions are first order in the concentration of M(CO)₆ and of Te oxide. The rates of reaction decrease in the order W(CO)₆>Mo(CO)₆>Cr(CO)₆, and the results obtained are discussed in term of a presumed mechanism.     

Evaluation of the surface-averaged load exerted on a blood element by the Reynolds shear stress field provided by artificial cardiovascular devices

Implantable prosthetic devices can often affect the recipient's hemostasis, with possible hemolysis and thrombus formation. Since such devices can produce turbulent flow, it is important to characterize it as accurately as possible, by means of the Reynolds stress tensor. Some parameters related to the latter have been often used to provide a quantity related to the possible damage to blood constituents: the TSS_max, for instance, has been associated with hemolysis. It can be expressed as TSS_max=(σ₁−σ₃)/2, σ₁ and σ₃ being the highest and lowest principal normal stresses (PNSs) in each point of the flow.

In the present work, the average value of the shear stress over a spherical surface, representative of a blood component, is derived. All three PNSs (σ₁, σ₂ and σ₃) are found to have an equal role in the determination of this parameter, since the relative formula shows a marked symmetry with respect to the PNSs. The average shear stress level, for a given (σ₁, σ₃) pair (hence, for a given TSS_max), has a minimum and maximum value, depending on the particular σ₂ value yielded by the local structure of the turbulent flow field. A numerical investigation on more complex geometries shows similar results. The role of the intermediate PNS is thus shown for the first time to have a physical relevance. The presented results can be useful whenever a spatial averaging of the shear field is important to be assessed, such as in the case of platelet activation. A new parameter is thus proposed, which can be correlated with prosthetic devices complications.     

Chemistry of vinylidene complexes XI. Synthesis of trinuclear MnFePt complexes by means of consecutive assembling out of mono- and dimetal vinylidene precursors

The dimetal μ-vinylidene complexes Cp(CO)₂MnPt(μ-C = CHPh)L₂ (L = tert.-phosphine or -phosphite), which have been obtained by coupling of the mononuclear complex Cp(CO)₂Mn=C=CHPh and unsaturated PtL₂ unit, add smoothly the Fe(CO)₄ moiety to produce trimetal MnFePt compounds. The μ₃-vinylidene cluster CpMnFePt(μ₃-C=CHPh)(CO)₆(PPh₃) was prepared in quantitative yields from the reactions of Cp(CO)₂MnPt(μ-C=CHPh)(PPh₃)L (L = PPh₃ or CO) with Fe₂(CO)₉ in benzene at 20 °C. The phosphite-substituted complexes Cp(CO)₂Mnpt(μ-C=CHPh)L₂ (L = P(OEt)₃ or P(OPrⁱ)₃) react under analogous conditions with Fe₂(CO)₉ to give mixtures (2:3) of the penta- and hexacarbonyl clusters, CpMnFePt(μ₃-C = CHPh)(CO)₅L₂ and CpMnFePt(μ₃-C = CHPh)(CO)₆L, respectively. The similar reaction of the dimetal complex Cp(CO)₂MnPt(μ-C = CHPh)(dppm), in which the Pt atom is chelated by dppm = Ph₂PCH₂PPhPin2 ligand, gives only a 15% yield of the analogous trimetal μ₃-vinylidene hexacarbonyl product CpMnFePt(μ₃-C = CHPh)(CO)(dppm), but the major product (40%) is the tetranuclear μ₄-vinylidene cluster (dppm)PtFe₃(μ₄-C = CHPh)(CO)₉. The IR and ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR data for the new complexes are reported and discussed.     

Formation of dioxygen complexes of transition metal chelates in oxygen saturated aprotic solvents. Cyclic voltammetric evidence at a micro glassy carbon disk electrode

Cyclic voltammetry at a micro electrode of Co(II) salen, Fe(II) salen, electrode generated Fe(II)(acac)₂, Fe(II) (salicylaldehyde)₂, Fe(II) (salicylaldoxime)₂, Fe(II) (bipy)₃, Fe(II) (bipy)₂, Co(II) (bipy)₃, Co(II) (benzacac)₂, and electrode generated Co(acac)₂ in oxygen saturated aprotic solvents show positive shift of the O₂ sigmoidal wave, as well as enhancement of the limiting current in the case of the first five compounds. In the case of Co(II) (bipy)₃ the slope of the sigmoidal wave due to O₂ becomes more positive, while for the other two Co(II) complexes there is no change except a small decrease in the wave height. The data are used to correlate and predict the O₂ binding properties of the chelates in solution. The data for the diketone complexes of Co(II) indicate absence of any direct association, which is in line with the interpretation offered in the literature on the mechanism of their catalytic role in the O₂ oxidation of substrates. The mechanism of the autoxidation of dimethylformamide in the presence of Fe(III) (bipy)₃ and Cu(II) (bipy)₂ is elucidated by the observation that these higher valent compounds are reduced to their next lower oxidation state by DMF.     

The new enneanuclear nickel carbonyl anion [Ni9(CO)16] and its relationships with the [Ni12(CO)21] and [Ni6Rh3(CO)17] clusters

The reaction of [N(PPh₃)₂]₂[Ni₆(CO)₁₂] with Cu(PPh₃)_xCl (x=1, 2), as well as the degradation of [N(PPh₃)₂]₂[H₂Ni₁₂(CO)₂₁] with PPh₃, affords the new and unstable dark orange–brown [N(PPh₃)₂]₂[Ni₉(CO)₁₆].THF salt in low yields. This salt has been characterized by a CCD X-ray diffraction determination, along with IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The close-packed two-layer metal core geometry of the [Ni₉(CO)₁₆]²⁻ dianion is directly related to that of the bimetallic [Ni₆Rh₃(CO)₁₇]³⁻ trianion and may be envisioned to be formally derived from the hcp three-layer geometry of [Ni₁₂(CO)₂₁]⁴⁻ by the substitution of one of the two outer [Ni₃(CO)₃(μ−CO)₃]²⁻ layers with a face-bridging carbonyl group.