白洋淀菹草对富营养化水体总磷的净化

利用白洋淀区域鲥鯸淀、王家寨和小淀3个淀区的水体、底泥和菹草组成室内静态的模拟生长体系,研究白洋淀菹草在不同水体及底泥环境下的生长状况,以及不同菹草生长体系对水体总磷的净化效果.结果表明:鲥鯸淀菹草生长体系对水体总磷的净化效果最佳,最大去除率为87.9%,单位生物量对水体总磷的最大去除率为2.2%;王家寨和小淀菹草生长体系对水体总磷的最大去除率分别为47.4%和76.9%,单位生物量对水体总磷的最大去除率分别为0.9%和1.4%.3个菹草生长体系的底泥对水体总磷吸附的最大百分比分别为9.1%、7.4%和7.7%.菹草生长体系的TP-t和v-t拟合方程表明,水体中总磷浓度及其去除速率随时间的延长以负指数形式衰减.     

灞河城市段浮游生物群落结构时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

为了解灞河城市段浮游生物群落结构及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2016年9月至2017年7月每2个月进行一次采样分析。调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物7门63属,其中绿藻门种类数最多(34.9%),其次为硅藻门(30.2%);浮游动物4类45种,以轮虫(48.9%)和原生动物(24.4%)为主。浮游植物和浮游动物的丰度分别为0.73×104—98.5×104个/L和20—1084个/L,在时空分布上均呈现下游高于上游的趋势,峰值均出现在夏季。根据水体透明度、溶解氧、总磷、总氮、高锰酸盐指数和重金属等理化指标、浮游生物丰度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数对灞河城市段水质状况进行综合评价,结果显示,所研究流域总体为中污状态,上游景观河道内的水生植物对水体具有一定的修复能力。典范对应分析表明,水温、总氮、pH、溶解氧和汞是浮游植物群落分布的主要影响因子;影响浮游动物群落分布的主要因子为水温、总氮、总磷、叶绿素a和汞。     

多水源补给对白洋淀湿地水动力的影响

白洋淀是华北平原最大的淡水湖泊,对维护华北地区生态系统平衡、调节区域气候、补充地下水源、调蓄洪水以及保护生物多样性等方面发挥着重要作用。白洋淀作为雄安新区赖以持续发展的重要生态屏障,维系淀区稳定补水量、改善淀区水动力状况以保证水生态系统持续健康发展显得尤为重要。通过构建白洋淀湿地二维水动力模型,综合考虑淀区刚性需水与弹性生态需水,共设置了8种情景来探究引黄入冀补淀、南水北调中线、南水北调东线应急补水以及上游水库联合补水等多水源补给情景下白洋淀水动力条件的改善情况。结果表明：（1）引黄入冀补淀和南水北调东线应急补水对小白河入口处水动力有明显改善,改善范围约占淀区面积的15%-20%,但对淀区水动力整体提升效果不佳。（2）南水北调中线相机补水对西北角水动力改善最为明显,同时对淀区平均流速的提升最大。连续补水1个月的情景下淀区平均流速从0.003 m/s提高到0.006 m/s,西北角平均流速从0.003 m/s提高到0.01 m/s。（3）上游水库联合向淀区补水的方式由于入淀口分散,对淀区整体水动力循环流动的促进效果最好。连续补水1个月后淀区平均流速从0.003 m/s提高到0.005 m/s。研究结果为白洋淀湿地水资源保障和促进淀区水体循环流动提供了科学依据,同时也为构建雄安新区蓝绿交织、清新明亮、水城共融的生态城市提供重要基础支撑。     

灞河城市段浮游生物群落结构时空变化及其与环境因子的关系

为了解灞河城市段浮游生物群落结构及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2016年9月至2017年7月每2个月进行一次采样分析。调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物7门63属,其中绿藻门种类数最多(34.9%),其次为硅藻门(30.2%);浮游动物4类45种,以轮虫(48.9%)和原生动物(24.4%)为主。浮游植物和浮游动物的丰度分别为0.73×10~4—98.5×10~4个/L和20—1084个/L,在时空分布上均呈现下游高于上游的趋势,峰值均出现在夏季。根据水体透明度、溶解氧、总磷、总氮、高锰酸盐指数和重金属等理化指标、浮游生物丰度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数对灞河城市段水质状况进行综合评价,结果显示,所研究流域总体为中污状态,上游景观河道内的水生植物对水体具有一定的修复能力。典范对应分析表明,水温、总氮、pH、溶解氧和汞是浮游植物群落分布的主要影响因子;影响浮游动物群落分布的主要因子为水温、总氮、总磷、叶绿素a和汞。     

鲥鯸淀浮游动物群落特征及水质评价

为掌握白洋淀典型湖泊鲥鯸淀浮游动物群落结构及水体营养状况, 于2018年秋季、2019年春季和夏季对该淀的浮游动物群落组成、密度、生物量和多样性进行调查研究, 分析了主要水质理化指标, 运用多变量统计方法分析浮游动群落结构与主要环境因子关系。共鉴定浮游动物3类52种, 其中轮虫类种类数最多, 为33种, 占64.46%。共鉴定优势种23种, 其中15个优势种为轮虫; 浮游动物密度秋季最高, 生物量夏季最高。冗余分析表明, 氨氮、COD和总磷是轮虫群落分布的主要影响因子。综合多样性指数与水质指标评估鲥鯸淀水域处于中度污染状态。研究可为白洋淀生境保护和渔业资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

基于大型底栖无脊椎动物确定河流营养盐浓度阈值——以西苕溪上游流域为例

水体富营养化是一个全球性的问题,中国也面临严重威胁.目前,中国的水体富营养化研究主要集中在湖泊和水库,对河流的研究极少.根据大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构对营养盐胁迫的响应,运用非参数转变点分析方法计算西苕溪上游营养盐浓度突变点.结果表明:总氮和总磷的突变点分别为1.409mg·mL-1和0.033～0.035mg·mL-1.参照点的总氮和总磷浓度基本都低于阈值,城市干扰点则全部高于阈值,而当总氮和总磷超过各自阈值时会导致大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构的严重退化.通过建立与水生生物群落结构有关的水体营养盐标准,可充分发挥生物监测在水环境管理中的作用,为计算水体中总氮和总磷的最大日负荷总量提供科学数据.     

水生植物腐烂分解对水质的影响

对6种水生植物进行64 d的腐烂分解试验,对比不同水生植物腐烂分解过程中水体营养盐浓度的变化.结果表明： 6种水生植物的腐烂分解速率差别较大,浮叶植物分解速度最快,沉水植物次之,挺水植物最慢.不同水生植物腐解过程对水质影响不同,并与植物生物量密度相关.挺水植物芦苇腐解过程中的水体化学需氧量、总氮和总磷浓度最低;在茭草分解后期,水体化学需氧量和总氮浓度上升,水质变差.浮叶植物荇菜和莲腐解过程中,水体化学需氧量和总氮浓度高于其他植物.沉水植物菹草和狐尾藻腐解过程中,水体铵态氮、硝态氮和总磷浓度最高.对于同一种植物,不同生物量密度处理下,主要水质指标变化趋势相似.适量的植物残体的存在可以有效促进水体氮、磷等营养元素的循环,一定程度上去除硝态氮,降低水体氮负荷.     

白洋淀湿地水华暴发阈值分析

水体富营养化阈值分析可为控制水华暴发,确定合理的污染物控制水平提供科学依据.以白洋淀湿地为例,利用2000-2009年水质监测数据,选择表征水体富营养化的主要指标进行主成分聚类分析,划分出低溶氧高营养型和不稳定型2类水域;并针对不同水域类型,以叶绿素a为因变量,以pH值、水温、透明度(SD)、CODcr、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮、硝氮和溶解态无机磷为自变量,采用逐步回归方法,分别建立了水质指标与叶绿素a的多元线性关系式,以此确定了白洋淀湿地水体水华暴发阈值.根据叶绿素a为30μgL-1为水华暴发的临界值,白洋淀低溶氧高营养型水域CODcr应控制在37.31mg·L-1,不稳定型水域TP应控制在0.12mg·L-1.     

三峡库区甘井河水域牧场浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

为了解三峡库区的忠县甘井河段水域牧场生态渔业对水环境的影响, 于2013 年3、6、9 及12 月按季度对该河段4 个站点进行了浮游植物群落结构及水体理化因子的监测, 并采用生物多样性指数法和综合营养状态指数法对水体营养状况进行了评价。结果表明, 该河段浮游植物有7 门93 个属种, 其中绿藻门的物种数最多, 有37 种, 占浮游植物群落总数的39.79%, 其次为硅藻门和蓝藻门, 物种数分别为26 种和13 种,分别占浮游植物群落总数的27.96%和13.98%;浮游植物的年均丰度为757.67104 ind./L, 变化范围(3.065743.99)104 ind./L, 年均生物量为4.40 mg/L, 变化范围0.0317.67 mg/L;水体的年平均透明度为1.18 m, 叶绿素a、总磷、总氮含量分别为8.54 g/L、0.13 mg/L、1.95 mg/L;浮游植物香农多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)年均值分别为2.90 和0.88, 全年综合营养状态指数值为37.5971.86, 由此推断, 甘井河水质属于中污染轻污染状态、中营养型富营养型。在鱼类生长旺季的6 月, 甘井河段养殖区内的水质优于非养殖区, 这可能与养殖区内放养滤食性鱼类有关, 证实了水域牧场没有带来水环境的污染, 反而能提高生物多样性, 在一定程度上改善了水体。       

不同植被防护措施对三峡库区土质道路边坡侵蚀的影响

为了探明沙湖浮游动物密度、生物量、分布与水环境因子之间的关系,运用多元逐步回归分析、通径分析和典范对应分析方法对2009年4月、7月、10月、2010年1月测定的沙湖浮游动物密度、生物量数据与水环境因子进行多元分析。结果表明:沙湖浮游动物密度与叶绿素a含量、总氮、总磷之间呈显著线性相关,影响沙湖浮游动物密度的主要水环境因子依次为叶绿素a含量、总氮、总磷;浮游动物生物量与叶绿素a含量、总氮、透明度、化学需氧量(CODMn)之间呈显著线性相关,影响浮游动物生物量的主要水环境因子依次为叶绿素a含量、总氮、透明度、化学需氧量;叶绿素a含量和总氮对浮游动物的直接影响作用最强,其他水环境因子主要通过影响叶绿素a含量间接影响浮游动物密度及生物量。浮游动物与水环境因子的CCA排序结果将分别适应不同水环境的16种浮游动物分为3组,叶绿素a含量、化学需氧量、水温和总磷是影响沙湖浮游动物群落特征及时空分布的主要水环境因子。     

Ecological restoration in eutrophic Lake Wuli: A large enclosure experiment

A large-scale enclosure experiment for lake restoration was carried out in Lake Wuli, a northern bay of shallow and eutrophic Lake Taihu in China. The large enclosure with an area of 10 ha was set up in the littoral zone and was bordered by waterproof fabric which did not cover the sediments. Multiple approaches were used and included fish removal, piscivorous fish stocking, shoreline reconstruction, aquatic macrophyte planting, benthic macro-animal stocking, and silver carp cultivation in pens for reduction of cyanobacteria. The results showed that the coverage of aquatic macrophytes increased from 0% to 45.7%. Mean concentrations of TN and TP inside the enclosure from May 2004 to May 2008 were 22.2% and 26.0% of those outside, respectively. Secchi depth was 0.40 m outside the enclosures and 0.75 m inside. However, responses of phytoplankton to the restoration project lagged behind improvement of water quality and reestablishment of aquatic plants. The phytoplankton biomass gradually decreased after the third year of the restoration. Stocking piscivorous fish and planting submerged macrophytes could not increase zooplankton biomass and enhance graze pressure on phytoplankton, most likely due to high omnivorous fish density and lower nutrition inside the enclosure. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton was observed in May and October every year. Zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratios were significantly negatively correlated with phytoplankton biomass outside (r = −0.440, p < 0.01) and inside the enclosure (r = −0.336, p < 0.05) from February 2004 to March 2007. Therefore, phytoplankton biomass inside and outside the enclosure was lower in May and October. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton in spring may result in occurrence of the clear-water phase that facilitated growth of submerged macrophytes in the littoral in Lake Wuli, and a clear-water state and improved water quality would likely be sustained throughout the year after reestablishment of submerged macrophytes.     

芦苇型湿地生态系统的潜水水质状态研究

以白洋淀芦苇滩地为实验地,研究了湿地生态系统中潜水的水质状况.苇地潜水运动受到芦苇根孔的强烈影响.受芦苇根区生物呼吸作用的影响,潜水pH值(6.94士0.14)显著低于淀水(9.17).潜水中CO2分压约为淀水的85～1039倍.潜水水质类型在离淀2.7至6.7m发生变化,逐渐由ClN3转变为CCa.自苇地边缘至中央,HT(总硬度),Ar(总碱度)与∑C(主要离子总量)逐渐升高.潜水中Mg2+/Ca2+的平均摩尔比值为0.60,明显低于淀水(1.31).淀水和潜水Cl-,SO2-,Na++K+含量无显著差异,平均值分别是176,116和112mg/L.苇地濒水区为一过渡带,对磷氮污染物具备首先的过滤作用.在离淀0.7m处TN,TP和活性磷酸盐的减少量分别为63.3%,84.6%,80.8%.     

The role of solid waste materials as habitats for macroinvertebrates in a lowland dam reservoir

Eight hypereutrophic phytoplankton dominated ponds from the Brussels Capital Region (Belgium) were biomanipulated (emptied with fish removal) to restore their ecological quality and reduce the risk of cyanobacterial bloom formation. Continuous monitoring of the ponds before and after the biomanipulation allowed the effects of the management intervention on different compartments of pond ecosystems (phytoplankton, zooplankton, submerged vegetation and nutrients) to be assessed. Fish removal resulted in a drastic reduction in phytoplankton biomass and a shift to the clear-water state in seven out of eight biomanipulated ponds. The reduction in phytoplankton biomass was associated with a marked increase in density and size of large cladocerans in six ponds and a restoration of submerged macrophytes in five ponds. The phytoplankton biomass in the ponds with extensive stands of submerged macrophytes was less affected by planktivorous fish recolonisation of some of the ponds later in the summer. The two non-vegetated ponds as well as one pond with sparse submerged vegetation showed a marked increase in phytoplankton biomass associated with the appearance of fish. Phytoplankton biomass increase coincided with the decrease in large Cladocera density and size. One pond lacking submerged macrophytes could maintain very low phytoplankton biomass owing to large Cladocera grazing alone. The results of this study confirmed the importance of large zooplankton grazing and revegetation with submerged macrophytes for the maintenance of the clear-water state and restoration success in hypereutrophic ponds. They also showed that large Cladocera size is more important than their number for efficient phytoplankton control and when cladocerans are large enough, they can considerably restrain phytoplankton growth, including bloom-forming cyanobacteria, even when submerged vegetation is not restored. The positive result of fish removal in seven out of eight biomanipulated ponds clearly indicated that such management intervention can be used, at least, for the short-term restoration of ecological water quality and prevention of noxious cyanobacterial bloom formation. The negative result of biomanipulation in one pond seems to be related to the pollution by sewage water. Guest editors: B. Oertli, R. Cereghino, A. Hull & R. Miracle Pond Conservation: From Science to Practice. 3rd Conference of the European Pond Conservation Network, Valencia, Spain, 14–16 May 2008     

Influence of nutrients, submerged macrophytes and zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton biomass and diversity along a latitudinal gradient in Europe

In order to evaluate latitudinal differences in the relationship of phytoplankton biomass and diversity with environmental conditions in shallow lakes, we sampled 98 shallow lakes from three European regions: Denmark (DK), Belgium/The Netherlands (BNL) and southern Spain (SP). Phytoplankton biomass increased with total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and decreased with submerged macrophyte cover across the three regions. Generic richness was significantly negatively related to submerged macrophyte cover and related environmental variables. Zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratios were positively related to submerged macrophyte cover and negatively to phytoplankton generic richness in DK and BNL, suggesting that the low generic richness in lakes with submerged macrophytes was due to a higher zooplankton grazing pressure in these regions. In SP, phytoplankton generic richness was not influenced by zooplankton grazing pressure but related to conductivity. We observed no relationship between phytoplankton generic richness and TP concentration in any of the three regions. The three regions differed significantly with respect to mean local and regional generic richness, with BNL being more diverse than the other two regions. Our observations suggest that phytoplankton diversity in European shallow lakes is influenced by submerged macrophyte cover indirectly by modulating zooplankton grazing. This influence of submerged macrophytes and zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton diversity decreases from north to south.     

Stabilizing the clear-water state in eutrophic ponds after biomanipulation: submerged vegetation versus fish recolonization

Biomanipulation through fish removal is a tool commonly used to restore a clear-water state in lakes. Biomanipulation of ponds is, however, less well documented, although their importance for biodiversity conservation and public amenities is undisputed. In ponds, a more complete fish removal can be carried out as compared to lakes and therefore a stronger response is expected. Fish recolonization can, however, potentially compromise the longer term success of biomanipulation. Therefore, we investigated the impact of fish recolonization on zooplankton, phytoplankton, and nutrients for several years after complete drawdown and fish removal in function of submerged vegetation cover in 12 peri-urban eutrophic ponds situated in Brussels (Belgium). Fish recolonization after biomanipulation had a considerable impact on zooplankton grazers, reducing their size and density substantially, independent of the extent of submerged vegetation cover. Only ponds with <30% cover of submerged vegetation shifted back to a turbid state after fish recolonization, coinciding with an increase in density of small cladocerans, rotifers, and cyclopoid copepods. In ponds with >30% submerged vegetation cover, macrophytes prevented an increase in phytoplankton growth despite the disappearance of large zooplankton grazers. Our results suggest that macrophytes, rather than by providing a refuge for zooplankton grazers, control phytoplankton through other associated mechanisms and confirm that the recovery of submerged macrophytes is essential for biomanipulation success. Although the longer term effect of biomanipulation is disputable, increased ecological quality could be maintained for several years, which is particularly interesting in an urban area where nutrient loading reduction is often not feasible.     

应用原生动物群落评价枯水期白洋淀的水质现状

应用PFU微型生物群落监测方法,对长期处于低水位状态下的白洋淀水质进行了综合评价。结果表明,白洋淀水域受府河污水的影响,淀内的内源性污染,对原生动物群落造成了极大的影响。与20世纪90年代的资料相比,淀内中心区4个采样点原生动物的群集种类数(1d)急剧下降,而丰度上升了1．28倍,表明内源性污染对白洋淀水质的影响加剧。     

从浮游动物群落结构与功能的变化看府河－白洋淀水体的自净效果

本文报道了１９９３年５月、７月和１０月在府河－白洋淀六个采样站浮游动物生态学特征及其与水质相互关系的调查研究结果。利用浮游动物群落结构的综合指标（种类组成差异,种类数目变化,个体数量变动,生物量分布,多样性指数ｄ值的增减）和功能参数（ＰＦＵ原生动物的群集速度）评价了府河－白洋淀水体的污染程度和自净效能。按照Ｍａｒｇａｌｅｆ多样性指数ｄ值的变化范围,把府河－白洋淀六个采样站的水质划分成不同的次序和等级。文中就如何控制污染,提高府河的自净效果,改善白洋淀的水质提出了具体措施和建议．     

Long-term pattern of alternative stable states in two shallow eutrophic lakes

• 1 Lake Tåkern and Lake Krankesjön, two moderately eutrophic, shallow lakes in southern Sweden, have during the past few decades shifted several times between a clear-water state with abundant submerged vegetation and a turbid state with high phytoplankton densities.
• 2 Between 1985 and 1991, Lake Takern was in a clear state, whereas Lake Krankesjon shifted from a turbid to a clear state. During this shift, the area covered by submerged macrophytes expanded, followed by an increase in water transparency, plant-associated macroinvertebrates, and piscivorous fish. Nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass and abundance of planktonic cladocerans decreased.
• 3 In both lakes, water level fluctuations were the most common factor causing shifts, affecting submerged macrophytes either through changes in light availability or through catastrophic events such as dry-out or mechanical damage by ice movement.
• 4 Our data give further support for the existence of two alternative stable states in shallow lakes maintained by self-stabilizing feedback mechanisms.

     

Impact of submerged macrophytes on fish-zooplanl phytoplankton interactions: large-scale enclosure experiments in a shallow eutrophic lake

1. The impact of changes in submerged macrophyte abundance on fish-zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions was studied in eighteen large-scale (100 m²) enclosures in a shallow eutrophic take. The submerged macrophytes comprised Potamategon pectinatus L., P. pusillus L. and Callitriche hermaphroditica L. while the fish fry stock comprised three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus acuteatus L., and roach, Rutilus rutilus L. 2. In the absence of macrophytes zooplankton biomass was low and dominated by cyclopoid copepods regardless of fish density, while the phytoplankton biovolume was high (up to 38 mm³1) and dominated by small pennate diatoms and chlorococcales. When the lake volume infested by submerged macrophytes (PVI) exceeded 15–20% and the fish density was below a catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 10 (approx. 2 fry m^?2), planktonic cladoceran biomass was high and dominated by relatively large-sized specimens, while the phytoplankton biovolume was low and dominated by small fast-growing flagellates. At higher fish densities, zooplankton biomass and average biomass of cladocerans decreased and a shift to cyclopoids occurred, while phytoplankton biovolume increased markedly and became dominated by cyanophytes and dinoflagellates. 3. Stepwise multiple linear regressions on log-transformed data revealed that the biomass of Daphnia, Bosmina, Ceriodaphmia and Chydorus were all significantly positively related to PVI and negatively to the abundance of fish or PVI x fish. The average individual biomass of cladocerans was negatively related to fish, but unrelated to PVI. Calculated zooplankton grazing pressure on phytoplankton was positively related to PVI and negatively to PVI x fish. Accordingly the phytoplankton biovolume was negatively related to PVI and to PVI x zooplankton biomass. Cyanophytes and chryptophytes (% of biomass) were positively and Chlorococcales and diatoms negatively related to PVI, while cyanophytes and Chlorococcales were negatively related to PVI x zooplankton biomass. In contrast diatoms and cryptophytes were positively related to the zooplankton biomass or PVI x zooplankton. 4. The results suggest that fish predation has less impact on the zooplankton community in the more structured environment of macrophyte beds, particularly when the PVI exceeds 15–20%. They further suggest that the refuge capacity of macrophytes decreases markedly with increasing fish density (in our study above approximately 10 CPUE). Provided that the density of planktivorous fish is not high, even small improvements in submerged macrophyte abundance may have a substantial positive impact on the zooplankton, leading to a lower phytoplankton biovolume and higher water transparency. However, at high fish densities the refuge effect seems low and no major zooplankton mediated effects of enhanced growth of macrophytes are to be expected.     

Ecological restoration and factors regulating phytoplankton community in a hypertrophic shallow lake,Lake Taihu,China

A restoration program for the control of cyanobacterial blooms and the re-establishment of submerged macrophytes was conducted in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu since 2003. The effect of this ecological projects on plankton community and water quality, and factors regulating phytoplankton community were investigated in 2005. In general, some improvements of water quality occurred in the ecological restoration region, especially in the region of restoring aquatic macrophytes, where we detected significant reduction of nutrients. However, it seems the abundance of phytoplankton cannot be effectively control by the present ecological engineering. The phytoplankton abundance was high in the target restoration zone. Results of CCA and correlation analysis indicate that the phytoplankton community was mainly controlled by physico-chemical factors. Cyanobacteria species were positively related with pH, temperature, TP and TSS, while negatively related with TN, TN/TP and conductivity. The most discriminant variable was TN/TP, which explained 15% of the total variance of phytoplankton. However, TN was more important for the fluctuation of TN/TP than TP. It suggested that TN may be the ultimate factor controlling the phytoplankton community in Lake Taihu. Variation partitioning analysis showed that the pure contribution of crustacean was low for the variation of phytoplankton, suggesting that top-down control by crustacean zooplankton was weak in Lake Taihu. In general, this study suggested the reduction of nutrient load should be more important than top-down control using zooplankton for the ecosystem restoration in Lake Taihu.