中国椰子害虫

为了弄清楚我国椰子害虫的种类及其分布情况,采用直接观察法、扫网法、拍打法、诱捕法和吸虫器法等调查方法,调查了我国海南、广东、广西、云南和福建等省区椰子园害虫。结果表明,我国椰子害虫共有64种,分属7目25科,其中新发现我国椰子害虫31种。     

中国椰子害虫

为了弄清楚我国椰子害虫的种类及其分布情况,采用直接观察法、扫网法、拍打法、诱捕法和吸虫器法等调查方法,调查了我国海南、广东、广西、云南和福建等省区椰子园害虫。结果表明,我国椰子害虫共有64种,分属7目25科,其中新发现我国椰子害虫31种。     

中国椰子害虫

为了弄清楚我国椰子害虫的种类及其分布情况,采用直接观察法、扫网法、拍打法、诱捕法和吸虫器法等调查方法,调查了我国海南、广东、广西、云南和福建等省区椰子园害虫.结果表明,我国椰子害虫共有64种,分属7目25科,其中新发现我国椰子害虫31种.     

警惕椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella Walker （鳞翅目：织蛾科）传入中国

【背景】椰子织蛾是棕榈植物上的主要害虫。该害虫在印度和斯里兰卡危害严重,现已入侵泰国。【方法】在收集、整理椰子织蛾原产地或已知入侵地的生物学、生态学、地理学等信息的基础上,介绍了椰子织蛾的主要形态特征、寄主、分布、生物特性,并对该有害生物入侵我国的风险及后果进行综合分析。【结果】椰子织蛾幼虫通常为5龄,大多在棕榈植物叶背面为害。卵期约为5 d,幼虫期约为42 d,蛹期约为12 d,成虫产卵约为137粒。从适生性风险角度看,目前椰子织蛾在南亚和东南亚棕榈植物分布区危害严重,我国南方棕榈植物产区具有相似的生物气候,是椰子织蛾潜在的地理分布区;从传入扩散风险角度看,椰子织蛾成虫能够飞翔,且我国与该害虫发生国家特别是东盟国家的贸易日益频繁,加大了该害虫传入我国的可能性;从经济与生态风险角度看,椰子织蛾入侵我国后将危害椰子等棕榈植物,给相关产业带来损失,影响从业人员收入,同时影响本地生态环境,可能导致生态灾害。【结论与意义】椰子织蛾有入侵我国的可能,有效的检疫管理措施是防范其入侵的主要手段。生物防治是治理该害虫的重要措施之一。     

重要入侵害虫——椰子木蛾的分类地位和形态特征研究(鳞翅目,木蛾科)

为便于组织调查、鉴定和识别最近入侵我国海南省多个市县及广西壮族自治区防城港市的棕榈科严重害虫椰子木蛾Opisina arenosella Walker,1864,本文在野外观察、雌雄外生殖器解剖、翅脉制作等基础上对椰子木蛾的形态学特征进行了研究和描述,讨论和澄清了该种的分类地位,并给出了成虫、雌雄外生殖器、幼期以及被害状图片。     

海南发现椰子织蛾的重要天敌褐带卷蛾茧蜂

椰子织蛾是棕榈植物的重要入侵害虫,在印度和斯里兰卡严重危害椰子树。2013年在海南省万宁市首次发现椰子织蛾。目前,该虫已在海南多个市县及广东和广西危害,对我国棕榈科植物的安全生产构成严重威胁。2014年11月,作者等人在万宁兴隆和三亚海棠湾镇调查椰子织蛾危害时,发现其重要天敌昆虫——褐带卷蛾茧蜂。为了进一步了解褐带卷蛾茧蜂,本文对其形态特征、分布、寄主和生物学习性进行了报道,以便更好地用于椰子织蛾的生物防治。     

椰子叶螨Aceria(Eriophyes)guerreronis对我国椰子产业的风险性分析

【目的】明确刺吸式害虫椰子叶螨对我国椰子产业的风险,为该虫的检验检疫和应急防控提供参考。【方法】从椰子叶螨的国内外发生现状、潜在危害性、受害作物的经济重要性、定殖扩散的可能性以及风险管理的难度等方面,对椰子叶螨危害我国椰子产业的风险性进行定性和定量评估。【结果】椰子叶螨个体较小、传播方式多样、检疫和灭除难度较大,根据有害生物风险评估体系及多指标综合评估方法统计,该虫风险值评价指标体系R值为1.80,结合我国外来物种风险等级划分标准,属于中度危险有害生物。【结论】椰子叶螨在我国属于中度危险有害生物,对我国椰子产业具有较高的风险,需从检疫管理、检测及防控技术引进与研发等方面制定针对椰子叶螨的风险管理措施。     

椰子织蛾传入中国及其海南省的风险性分析

【背景】椰子织蛾原产于印度和斯里兰卡,现主要分布于南亚和东南亚,是椰子、中东海枣、蒲葵等多种棕榈科植物的重要害虫。我国目前尚无椰子织蛾发生为害的报道;但从适生性的角度看,该虫的地理分布区与我国南方棕榈植物分布区具有相似的生物气候,理论上我国热带、亚热带的广大区域是椰子织蛾的潜在地理分布区。鉴于其危害严重性,一旦入侵,其危险程度将超过已在我国发生的重要入侵害虫椰心叶甲。【方法】根据国际植物检疫措施标准（ISPM）规定的有害生物风险性分析（PRA）程序,利用相关风险性分析模型,从国内外分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面,对椰子织蛾在中国及其海南省的风险性进行定性、定量分析。【结果】椰子织蛾在中国及其海南省的风险值（R）分别为2．20和2．30,在我国属于高度危险性有害生物。【结论与意义】本研究可为制定椰子织蛾的检疫管理对策提供依据。     

5种杀虫剂对入侵害虫椰子织蛾的室内毒力测定

椰子织蛾是一种外来新入侵害虫,对棕榈科植物造成了严重危害。采用叶片浸渍法测定了甲维盐等5种杀虫剂对入侵害虫椰子织蛾5～6龄幼虫的室内毒力。5种药剂处理72 h后的室内毒力大小顺序为甲维盐＞氯虫苯甲酰胺＞毒死蜱＞高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂＞烟碱;72 h 致死中浓度（ LC50）为5．2604、9．7126、24．8202、104．0584、643．1496 mg· L-1。选取同样毒力效果所需成本依次为毒死蜱＜甲维盐＜高效氯氟氰菊酯＜氯虫苯甲酰胺＜烟碱。本研究可用于指导椰子织蛾的应急化学防控。综合毒力和成本,建议在生产上采用毒死蜱和甲维盐等相关药剂防治椰子织蛾。     

椰子织蛾不育技术的生物学基础

【背景】椰子织蛾是新入侵我国海南岛的棕榈害虫,昆虫不育技术是控制该害虫的潜在措施。【方法】通过研究椰子织蛾生殖、发育、存活等特性,探讨椰子织蛾不育技术的生物学基础。【结果】在(28±2)℃、(70±10)%RH、以椰子老叶饲养的条件下,每雌产卵量约170粒,净增值率约55.4,倍增时间约9.6 d,表明椰子织蛾可在室内大量饲养,为辐射不育提供虫源。椰子织蛾雌雄比为1∶1.04,雄虫先熟,产卵前期短,产卵期集中,表明该害虫交配行为相对简单,有利于不育雄虫发挥效能。雌蛹显著重于雄蛹,有利于不育过程中雌雄虫的分离。发育起点温度11.5℃,有效积温996.9日度,在海南岛每年发生4~5代,这些数据可用来预测椰子织蛾种群动态,便于释放不育雄虫。【结论与意义】本研究从生物学角度表明椰子织蛾可用昆虫不育技术进行防控,为其进一步的不育技术研发提供相关信息。     

Social media posts suggest that coconut rhinoceros beetle has established in the Western hemisphere

The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros L.) is one of the most damaging pests of coconut and oil palms in the Asia/Pacific region but has not been reported from the Western Hemisphere. Here, we report a possible establishment of CRB in Nayarit, Mexico, based on an analysis of social media reports and photographs indicating the presence of the beetle and the distinctive v-shaped notches in palm fronds caused by the beetle feeding. CRB populations are destructive once established, therefore, urgent actions are required to contain the pest and prevent damage to coconut and oil palm in the Americas.     

New insights into the evolutionary history of resistance gene candidates in coconut palms and their expression profiles in palms affected by lethal yellowing disease

The nucleotide binding site and leucine rich repeat (NBS–LRR) class of R genes is the most comprehensively studied in terms of sequence evolution; however, in coconut palm and, more generally, in the family of Arecaceae, our understanding of the evolution of these genes is rather limited. In this study, disease resistance gene candidates (RGCs) of the nucleotide binding site (NBS) type of coconut palm were used to investigate evolutionary relationships in Arecaceae, Poaceae and Brassicaceae species. The results indicate a species-specific evolution of RGCs in coconut palm. However, strikingly similar RGCs between species of Arecales indicate a high conservation of specific RGCs of this family, suggesting a monophyletic origin of three genera. The phylogenetic relationship between RGCs of Arecales and Brassicales suggests that these sequences possibly emerged before being divided between monocots and dicots. Finally the comparative analysis of the expression of four RGCs in healthy coconut palm and those affected with lethal yellowing disease revealed differences in their expression profiles. This study provides new insights for future efforts towards the improvement of disease resistance in coconut palm and other species of Arecaceae.     

深圳地区椰心叶甲寄主和天敌种类调查

调查结果表明,深圳地区椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima(Gestro)的寄主植物有26属36种,危害比较严重的寄主有椰子(CocosnuciferaL.)、大王椰子(RoystonearegiaO.F.Cook)、假槟榔(Archontophoenixalexandrae(F.V.Mueller))、鱼尾葵(CaryotaochlandraHance)、三药槟榔(ArecatriandraRoxburghexBuchanan)、金山葵(Syagrusromanzoffiana(Chamisso)Glassman)、菲岛鱼尾葵(CaryotacumingiiLoddigesexMartius)、刺葵(PhoenixhanceanaNaudin)、国王椰子(RavenearivularisL.)等。野外观察和采集标本鉴定结果表明,深圳地区椰心叶甲捕食性天敌有11种,主要种类为蚂蚁Formicasp.、毛蠼螋Cheatospaniasp.、中华大螳螂ParattenoderasinensisSaussure;致病微生物有3种,主要是绿僵菌Metarhiziumanisopliaevar.anisopliae。     

Detection of coconut cadang-cadang viroid-like sequences in oil and coconut palm and other monocotyledons in the south-west Pacific

Fractionation, electroblotting and molecular hybridisation of nucleic acids extracted from tissue of African oil palm and coconut palm and some other monocotyledonous species, collected in several areas of the south-west Pacific region, demonstrated the presence of small nucleic acids with nucleotide sequences and secondary structure similar to coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd). The oil palms which contained CCCVd-related molecules showed orange leaf spots resembling those described for oil palm naturally infected with CCCVd in the Philippines, and also characteristic of a condition known as "genetic orange spotting" (GOS). We provide preliminary evidence that GOS is an infectious disorder caused by a viroid. The coconut palms did not show symptoms typical of cadang-cadang disease, but sometimes were chlorotic, stunted, or had a reduced yield. The possibility that the isolates represent variants of CCCVd is discussed. The data suggest that viroids with nucleotide sequences similar to CCCVd occur widely in palms and other monocotyledons outside the Philippines.     

Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera)

Coconut, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is one of the most economically important trees used by mankind. Despite its diverse morphology, coconut is recognized taxonomically as only a single species (Cocos nucifera L.). There are two major coconut varieties, tall and dwarf, the latter of which displays traits resulting from selection by humans. We report here the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of a dwarf coconut plant, and describe the gene content and organization, inverted repeat fluctuations, repeated sequence structure, and occurrence of RNA editing. Phylogenetic relationships of monocots were inferred based on 47 chloroplast protein-coding genes. Potential nodes for events of gene duplication and pseudogenization related to inverted repeat fluctuation were mapped onto the tree using parsimony criteria. We compare our findings with those from other palm species for which complete cp genome sequences are available.     

Differences in invasiveness between two cryptic species of the coconut beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brontispa longissima</Emphasis> in Timor-Leste

Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a serious pest of coconut palm, and the species contains two cryptic species: the “Asian clade” is distributed over a wide area, including Asia and the Pacific region, whereas the “Pacific clade” is distributed in a limited area. Recent invasions and outbreaks have only been reported for the Asian clade, suggesting that invasive ability may differ between the clades. To reveal differences in invasiveness, we investigated the damage potential on coconut palm and range expansion of the two clades in Timor-Leste, where both clades are present. Distribution of the clades and of severely damaged trees indicated that range expansion and outbreaks have occurred for the Asian clade but not for the Pacific clade. The Asian clade attacked trees taller than 10 m, whereas the Pacific clade seldom attacked these trees. The preference for the taller trees, which are more abundant, can facilitate range expansion and outbreaks of the Asian clade. The beetle has spread through areas where coconut palms are continuously available, but have not expanded their distribution where coconut palms are separated by large gaps. This indicates that areas free of coconut palm could serve as buffer zones to prevent spread of this beetle.     

The invasive coconut mite Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae): origin and invasion sources inferred from mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (ITS) sequences

Over the past 30 years the coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer has emerged as one of the most important pests of coconut and has recently spread to most coconut production areas worldwide. The mite has not been recorded in the Indo-Pacific region, the area of origin of coconut, suggesting that it has infested coconut only recently. To investigate the geographical origin, ancestral host associations, and colonization history of the mite, DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial and one nuclear region were obtained from samples of 29 populations from the Americas, Africa and the Indo-ocean region. Mitochondrial DNA 16S ribosomal sequences were most diverse in Brazil, which contained six of a total of seven haplotypes. A single haplotype was shared by non-American mites. Patterns of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) variation were similar, again with the highest nucleotide diversity found in Brazil. These results suggest an American origin of the mite and lend evidence to a previous hypothesis that the original host of the mite is a non-coconut palm. In contrast to the diversity in the Americas, all samples from Africa and Asia were identical or very similar, consistent with the hypothesis that the mite invaded these regions recently from a common source. Although the invasion routes of this mite are still only partially reconstructed, the study rules out coconut as the ancestral host of A. guerreronis, thus prompting a reassessment of efforts using quarantine and biological control to check the spread of the pest.     

An Isoenzyme Analysis of the Genus Phytomonas: Genetic, Taxonomic and Epidemiologic Significance

ABSTRACT We studied 31 Phytomonas stocks isolated from various hosts and a broad geographical range by isoenzyme electrophoresis (14 loci) and population genetics analysis. The total variability is considerable since many stocks share no allele. Population genetic analysis strongly suggests that Phytomonas zymodemes behave as natural clones, as already proposed by us for several other protozoan species. These clones should be considered as actual taxa in all applied studies. Latex plants and phloemic plants (coconut and palm trees) harbor distinct sets of clones; hence, latex plants studied in this article are probably not a reservoir for parasites of the coconut and palm tree.