重庆地区野生大豆资源区域居群表型多样性初步分析

调查了重庆地区若干野生大豆区域居群的8个形态性状,分析了区域居群的表型多样性。结果显示,数量性状有比较丰富的多样性;区域居群的形态多样性存在一定的地域性(地理相关性);数量性状变异系数大小顺序依次为:百粒重单株产量地上部分茎叶干重株高播种至开花天数;各形态多样性指数(香农指数)显示,东北部区域中部区域西部区域的趋势。通过聚类分析,样本数较多的5个区域居群分为3个地理组和1个特别居群组,显示重庆地区地理区域居群存在明显的西部、中部、东北部生态地理的分化,东北部是形态变异丰富的地区。     

云南滇龙胆居群表型多样性及其与环境关系研究

为揭示滇龙胆天然居群表型变异程度和变异规律,以云南省5个区域天然分布的20个野生居群400个单株20个表型性状指标为调查研究对象,并用变异系数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和巢式方差分析对滇龙胆居群间和居群内的表型变异进行分析,用相关性分析对滇龙胆表型性状与地理气象因子间的变异格局进行分析,用类平均聚类法对20个滇龙胆居群进行分类.结果表明:5个区域的滇龙胆以楚雄地区变异最大,变异系数为39.8%,变异最小的是昆明地区,为31.4%;不同居群的20个表型性状变异程度差异明显,变异系数在14.4%～91.8%之间,平均为40.4%,20个居群的平均变异为26.8%～37.0%;滇龙胆地理居群的表型分化较高,20个性状居群间的分化系数平均为73.14%,变化范围为36.03%～91.94%,居群间变异高于居群内;滇龙胆20个表型性状的总的多样性指数平均为2.547,5个不同分布区域多样性指数存在差异,最大为楚雄(1.271 4),最小为玉溪(1.266 7);表型性状变异受经度和降雨量影响较大,与纬度、海拔和温度相关性不显著;通过UPGMA聚类,滇龙胆被分成3个组,性状的表型特征并没有依地理距离而聚类....     

北沙柳种质资源居群表型多样性

该研究采用单因素方差分析、巢式方差分析、群落多样性指数分析等方法,以国家北沙柳种质资源库内13个居群的494个无性系为实验材料,通过表型性状(叶面积、叶周长、叶柄长、叶长、叶宽、长宽比、开枝角度、株高和地径)比较分析,探讨居群间和居群内表型分化程度、表型多样性和地理变异,为北沙柳种质资源遗传改良和生产提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)北沙柳表型性状变异丰富,变异系数范围为17.64%~28.79%,平均为22.53%。(2)在13个居群中,居群P2的Simpson、Shannon和Brilliouin平均多样性指数最高,居群P13最低;表型性状中分枝角度多样性指数最大,地径多样性指数最小。(3)表型性状分化系数为0.265 4,即北沙柳种质资源居群间表型变异为26.54%,居群内表型变异为73.46%。(4)主成分分析表明,叶面积、叶周长、叶长、叶柄长和叶宽对分组的贡献率较大;聚类分析将13个北沙柳居群可划分为四组;Mantel检验表明,地理距离与表型距离(欧氏距离)相关性不显著(r=0.192 3,P=0.082)。研究认为,居群内不同无性系的选育是北沙柳定向育种的主要研究方向;边缘居群的表型性状具有形成地理变异的趋势;遗传多样性高是北沙柳适应性强的物质基础。     

滇牡丹天然居群的遗传多样性分析

以云南中部及西北部的6个滇牡丹(Paeonia delavayi)天然居群为研究对象,进行株高、新枝长等9个表型性状的表型多样性分析和ISSR分析。结果表明:9个表型性状变异幅度为0.9%~39.8%,平均值达到了18.9%;居群间生殖器官的变异较大,居群内营养器官更容易产生变异。利用居群间欧式距离进行聚类分析,6个居群聚为4个类群,没有与实际地理位置相吻合,说明表型特征的性状与地理距离的相关性不大。遗传多样性分析结果表明:利用筛选得到的10条引物,在取自6个自然居群、180个个体中,检测到56个多态位点。在居群水平上,多态位点百分率(PPB)为60.2%,Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon's信息指数(I)分别为0.281和0.414。在物种水平上,Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon's信息指数(I)分别为0.409和0.596。居群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)达0.319。结果显示,表型性状在居群间和居群内均存在广泛变异。滇牡丹遗传多样性水平较高,居群间遗传分化较大,滇牡丹并不濒危。     

灯盏花种质资源群体表型多样性研究

以采集自云南和贵州的21份灯盏花种质资源为材料,观测了它们的群体表型性状特征,并分析了这些表型性状的遗传多样性.结果表明:灯盏花种质资源的表型质量性状在居群内外均有丰富变异,不同质量性状的频率不同,并以多叶型的植株、绿色的茎、疏的茎毛、倒披针型的基生叶、全缘叶、锐尖的叶尖、花色淡紫和黄色的管状花冠口等为代表性表型性状.居群内各数量性状间以单株基生叶数和单株分枝数变异系数较高(均超过50%),而花序直径变异系数最低(18.14%);居群间各表型性状以株高和单序管状花数变异系数较高(52.98%和41.98%),而单株基生叶数和基生叶长变异系数较低(<20%).地理类群间表型分化系数为26.58%,地理类群内表型分化系数为73.42%.灯盏花性状表型多样性指数以株高最高(2.243),以单株分枝数和单株基生叶数较低(1.723和1.874),总体平均表型多样性指数为2.028;不同地理类群的表型多样性指数为1.589~1.890,并以楚雄地区最高,曲靖地区最低.研究发现,灯盏花种质资源具有丰富的质量和数量性状变异,多数性状的地理类群内变异大于地理类群间,且表型多样性指数相对较高,对其地理类群内变异的保护和利用对灯盏花育种具有重要的意义.     

濒危植物水青树叶表型性状多样性分析

通过对水青树(Tetracentron sinense)24个居群161株个体的10个叶形态性状与7个叶表皮微形态性状进行观测,采用描述性统计、相关性分析、主成分分析以及聚类分析对其叶表型性状多样性进行研究。结果表明,水青树叶表型性状变异系数的变化幅度为4.21%～49.23%,Shannon-wiener多样性指数在0.82～2.07之间,其中叶最长(LLEST)性状最高,叶先尖削(LBPI)性状最低,平均1.80;叶形态性状相关性分析表明,性状之间存在密切联系,有47对性状呈极显著正相关,15对性状呈极显著负相关;主成分分析中前三个主成分的贡献率可达83.712%,可靠地代表了水青树表型性状的分布;Q型聚类分析发现,当阈值为15时,24个水青树居群可分为3类。水青树总体表现出较低表型多样性,唐家河、虹口、佛坪三个居群应作为保护与管理的重点群体。     

鹅观草居群表型多样性研究

应用居群生物学的原理和方法,对分布于中国7个地区、40个鹅观草(Roegneria kamojiOhwi)居群的表型多样性进行了分析。结果显示:鹅观草15个表型性状的总遗传多样性指数为1.825,表明鹅观草具有丰富的遗传多样性;居群内多样性指数为1.453,居群间为0.372,表型分化系数为28.38%,表明居群内的遗传变异是引起鹅观草变异的主要因素;在7个不同分布区,鹅观草的多样性存在较明显的差异,多样性指数从大到小的顺序为四川(1.583)>云南(1.392)>新疆(1.372)>甘肃(1.351)>内蒙古(1.284)>宁夏(1.235)>山西(0.890)。因此在进行鹅观草种质资源收集时,建议对四川和云南地区的鹅观草种质资源应给予较大关注。     

云南含笑天然居群的表型多样性分析

为揭示云南含笑天然居群表型变异程度和变异规律,以云南昆明地区天然分布的云南含笑为研究对象,调查了6个居群180个单株的14个表型性状,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数、相关分析、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分析和聚类分析等方法,分析了居群间和居群内表型多样性.结果表明:(1)云南含笑表型性状在居群间和居群内存在极其丰富的多样性,14个表型性状平均表型分化系数(24.38％)小于居群内变异(75.62％),居群内变异是表型变异的主要来源;14个表型性状的变异系数(CV)在16.20％～60.11％之间,表明云南含笑居群内表型性状离散程度较高.(2)对云南含笑各居群的Shannon-Weaver指数分析表明,云南含笑各居群具有丰富的多样性,总体表型多样性指数为1.772.(3)利用居群间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,云南含笑6个天然居群可以聚为3类,而且表型性状并没有严格依地理距离而聚类.     

太白杜鹃天然居群的表型多样性

为揭示太白杜鹃(Rhododendron purdomii)天然居群的表型变异程度、变异规律,以秦岭山区的7个天然居群为研究对象,对其花序和叶片的10个数量性状和8个质量性状进行方差分析、相关分析与聚类分析,探讨居群间与居群内表型多样性的变异特点。结果显示:(1)在太白杜鹃的质量性状中,花色与花瓣内斑在居群间与居群内均存在丰富变异,花朵香味、花序形状、花冠形状、花梗颜色、叶片形状和株型等仅在居群间存在明显变异,在居群内则趋于一致性;其数量性状在居群间与居群内也存在广泛变异,10个数量性状在居群间和居群内平均值差异全部达显著水平;在7个居群内数量性状的变异系数为0～55.3%,其中花梗长、花丝长、花瓣宽与叶柄长变异较大,花朵数变异较小。(2)相关性分析表明,太白杜鹃花瓣长和花瓣宽分别与经度存在极显著与显著负相关关系,叶片长、叶片宽和叶片长宽比与海拔均存在显著负相关关系,而其它性状与地理因子的关系密切。(3)聚类分析显示,太白杜鹃的7个天然居群可以初步分为两大类,但性状的表型特征并没有依地理距离而聚类。研究表明,太白杜鹃天然居群的表型性状在居群内与居群间均存在丰富的变异,而且其与居群特点、分布生境等关系密切。     

湖南白檀居群形态多样性及与环境的相关性

为了解白檀在湖南地区不同环境的适应性及遗传变化程度,对湖南地区6个白檀天然居群的189个个体的11个表型性状进行形态遗传多样性分析。结果表明,11个表型性状均具有丰富的遗传多样性(H'=1.389),居群间的平均方差分量为52.60%,居群内的平均方差分量为37.03%,说明在白檀形态性状多样性分布上是居群间多样性程度大于居群内,即居群间的形态变异是白檀形态变异的主要来源。聚类分析结果表明,6个居群的表型性状并没有严格依地理距离聚类,主成分与相关分析结果显示在11个表型中树型因子是主要形态变异因子,年降雨量与树型因子呈显著正相关,其他表型变异受遗传的影响可能大于受环境的影响。     

中国野生大豆遗传资源搜集基本策略与方法

遗传资源搜集原则是通过种子采集追求样本具有最高程度的遗传多样性。为了合理而有效地搜集野生大豆资源,近年来通过野生大豆居群考察和遗传多样性分析,初步明确了野生大豆资源居群的遗传多样性分布动态:遗传多样性地理的和生态的区域性、生态系统内居群的遗传相关性及各种生境下居群遗传多样性差异,从理论上奠定了野生大豆资源合理有效搜集的依据。根据居群遗传多样性的分布规律,初步建立了居群野生大豆资源的搜集策略和方法。     

Microsatellite markers reveal genetic diversity of wild soybean in different habitats and implications for conservation strategies (Glycine soja) in China

Wild soybean individuals were sampled from ten habitat sites in Beijing region, China and were assessed using 36 SSR markers for the genetic variation among the habitat subpopulations. AMOVA analysis showed 57.46 % inter-population and 42.54 % intrapopulation genetic variation. The genetic variation had geographical regionality. The drought-stressed and founder subpopulations intensively reduced genetic diversity, and along-river system habitats appeared to have closer genetic similarity. The bottleneck impact of drought stress appeared to be inferior to the founding effect on subpopulation genetic diversity but superior on genetically geographical grouping. Here, all the subpopulations were found to contain unique alleles. The phenotypic and genetic diversities had similarly fluctuated patterns across the subpopulations. These results here suggest that a conservation strategy should be taken: theoretically as many as possible populations are sampled to maximize the genetic diversity in ex situ conservation of wild soybean within an area in China. Spatial distance should be considered for isolating wild soybean populations when genetically modified soybeans are cultivated in China.     

Population structure of the wild soybean (Glycine soja) in China: implications from microsatellite analyses

Background and Aims Wild soybean (Glycine soja), a native species of East Asia, is the closest wild relative of the cultivated soybean (G. max) and supplies valuable genetic resources for cultivar breeding. Analyses of the genetic variation and population structure of wild soybean are fundamental for effective conservation studies and utilization of this valuable genetic resource. Methods In this study, 40 wild soybean populations from China were genotyped with 20 microsatellites to investigate the natural population structure and genetic diversity. These results were integrated with previous microsatellite analyses for 231 representative individuals from East Asia to investigate the genetic relationships of wild soybeans from China. Key Results Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 43·92 % of the molecular variance occurred within populations, although relatively low genetic diversity was detected for natural wild soybean populations. Most of the populations exhibited significant effects of a genetic bottleneck. Principal co-ordinate analysis, construction of a Neighbor-Joining tree and Bayesian clustering indicated two main genotypic clusters of wild soybean from China. The wild soybean populations, which are distributed in north-east and south China, separated by the Huang-Huai Valley, displayed similar genotypes, whereas those populations from the Huang-Huai Valley were different. Conclusions The previously unknown population structure of the natural populations of wild soybean distributed throughout China was determined. Two evolutionarily significant units were defined and further analysed by combining genetic diversity and structure analyses from Chinese populations with representative samples from Eastern Asia. The study suggests that during the glacial period there may have been an expansion route between south-east and north-east China, via the temperate forests in the East China Sea Land Bridge, which resulted in similar genotypes of wild soybean populations from these regions. Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis supports that both extensive collection of germplasm resources and habitat management strategies should be undertaken for effective conservation studies of these important wild soybean resources.     

不同尺度下野大豆种群的遗传分化

为了阐明不同尺度范围内野大豆种群的遗传分化情况,应用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）方法,分别对我国5个纬度8个不同地点的野大豆（Glycine soja)种群及浙江金华地区5个野大豆种群,进行了分子生态学研究。根据RAPD数据计算相似系数及遗传距离并进行聚类分析,发现无论是不同纬度野大豆种群还是金华地区野大豆小种群均存在较高的遗传变异,且不同纬度野大豆种群间的遗传变异与地理纬度有一定正相关。在对金华地区野大豆种群遗传多样怀的研究,利用Shannon指数估算了5个野大豆种群的遗传多样性,发现大部分的遗传变异存在于野大豆种群间（78．5％）,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群内。本就此探讨了不同尺度下野大豆种群的遗传多样性与环境因子的关系,并对其成因及维持机制进行了讨论。     

Genetic differentiation in relation to seed weights in wild soybean species (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.)

Seed weight is one of the most important botanical and phylogenetic characteristics. The study objective was to understand whether there is genetic difference in different seed weights of wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.). A total of 563 wild soybean samples, which belonged separately to genebank germplasm accessions (220 samples), one regional population samples (293 plants) and one natural population (150 plants), were analyzed using microsatellite markers. Of four size classes, the smallest seed size type had the highest coefficient of variation in seed weight; small and large seed types had relatively great genetic differences. In the national genebank germplasm accessions, genetic diversity gradually decreased from quantitatively dominant small and middling seed types to less frequent large seed types. In the regional and natural populations, generally, small to middling seed sizes had higher genetic diversity than the smallest and larger seed sizes. Cluster analysis revealed genetic differences in seed size traits. The semi-wild type (Glycine gracilis Skvortzow) was the most genetically differentiated from other seed sizes. However, it was also clearly shown that the phylogenic genetic differentiation among seed sizes was less than the genetic differentiation among geographical habitat populations in the wild soybean species.     

Molecular genetic analysis of wild soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine soja</Emphasis> Sieb. &; Zucc.) population structure in anthropogenic and natural landscapes of Primorskii krai

The data are presented on genetic population structure of wild soybean growing in natural and anthropogenically disturbed landscapes of Primorskii krai of the Russian Federation. Comparative analysis showed that wild soybean populations exposed to anthropogenic influence exhibited lower genetic diversity than natural populations. Recommendations on conservation of the wild plant gene pools using comparative data on population genetic structures are made.     

Molecular genetic analysis of wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) population structure in anthropogenic and natural landscapes of Primorskii krai

The data are presented on genetic population structure of wild soybean growing in natural and anthropogenically disturbed landscapes of Primorskii krai of the Russian Federation. Comparative analysis showed that wild soybean populations exposed to anthropogenic influence exhibited lower genetic diversity than natural populations. Recommendations on conservation of the wild plant gene pools using comparative data on population genetic structures are made.     

北京地区野生大豆种群SSR标记的遗传多样性评价

 使用40对SSR引物分析了北京地区野生大豆(Glycine soja)天然种群的遗传结构与遗传多样性。10个种群共检测到526个等位变异, 平均每对引物等位基因数为13.15个, 种群平均Shannon指数(I)为0.658, 群体平均位点预期杂合度(H_e)为0.369, 群体平均位点杂合度(H_o)为1.29 %。平均种群内遗传多样度(H_s)为0.362, 平均种群间遗传多样度(D_ST)为0.446, 基因分化程度(G_ST)为0.544。该研究显示, 中-西部生态区种群比北部和东部山区种群有较高的遗传多样性。在地理上, 环绕北京地区的太行山和燕山两大余脉区域野生大豆种群遗传分化表现出地理差异。可能是经过干旱选择而形成的有抗旱潜力的种群在遗传上表现单一化。期待该种群提供耐旱基因。     

Study of interaction of wild soybean subpopulations (Glycine soja) in the valley of the Tsukanovka river in the south of Far East of Russia

A comparative study of the genetic structure of natural and anthropogenic populations of G. soja gives significant information about formation of different populations, and allows developing measures for preservation of unique natural gene bank of wild soybean, the species closely related to cultivated soybean. In this study, ISSR markers were used to carry out a comparative analysis of genetic structure of natural and anthropogenic subpopulations of G. soja for studying possible mutual influence of subpopulations of anthropogenic and natural phytocenosis on the formation of their genetic diversity and to study genetic structure of natural subpopulations of wild soybean in the contact places between the two types ofcenoses. As a result, the characteristics that describe the genetic diversity of studied populations have been identified and the important role of an interaction between subpopulations of different phytocenoses on formation of the spatial genetic structure of population in the valley of Tsukanovka river has been demonstrated.     

The genetic diversity and population structure of wild soybean evaluated by chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences

Glycine soja, also called wild soybean, is the wild ancestor of domesticated soybean (Glycine max), and one of the world's major cultivated crops. Wild soybean is a valuable resource for the breeding of cultivated soybean and harbors useful genes or agronomic traits. To use and conserve this valuable resource, we conducted a study to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of wild soybean using the sequencing data of two nuclear loci (AF105221 and PhyB) and one chloroplast locus (trnQ-rps16) of more than 600 individuals representing 53 populations throughout the natural distribution range. The results showed that most of the variation was found within the populations and groups, but significant genetic differentiation was also detected among different eco-geographical groups. Correlations between genetic and geographical distance at all the loci were consistent with the isolation by distance gene flow model. G. soja exhibited the highest genetic diversity in middle and downstream of Yangzi River (MDYR) region, followed by North East China (NEC), and was the lowest in North West China (NWC). We concluded that both in situ and ex situ conservation strategies required for wild soybean populations, especially which are native to MDYR and NEC regions.