Ethnopharmacological Survey of Plants Used for the Treatment of Stomach, Diabetes, and Ophthalmic Diseases in Sudhan Gali, Kashmir, Pakistan

IntroductionSudhan Gali is situated at about2100mabovesea level andlies between latitude34°3′35″-34°6′35″andlongitude73°44′30″-70°48′15″.It is60kmawayfromState Capital Muzaffarabad,Kashmir,Pakistan.The highest point of Sudhan Gali is Ganga Choti.Itsheight is about3045m,whichis famous for its fasci-natinglandscape.The soil of Sudhan Gali varies fromclay loamtosandyloamand calcareousin nature.Itis veryshallowon slopes and deep in valley floors.The area has ex-treme climate with…     

Ecological Characteristics of Plants of Harboi Rangeland, Kalat, Pakistan

The Harboi rangeland, Kalat, Pakistan, covers an area of 22 351 hectares and it lies between 29°N and 66°45' to 67°E. It was declared as Protected Forest since January 1967 (Fig.1). The study area has rugged mountainous limestone and conglomerates with many small valleys and dry ravines. The altitude varies from 2 900 to 3 300 m. The area is under heavy grazing and human pressure due to lopping and uprooting of plants for fuel, forage and medicinal purposes. The climate is of dry tempe…     

武夷山的三种中国新记录伞菌

Wuyishan Nature Reserve is located at 27°33′~27°54′north latitude and 117°27′~117°51′east longitude. The climate is typically subtropical and deeply affected by the monsoon. The diverse habitats are endowed with abundant fungal resources. three noteworthy agaric species were found, of which two are new to China and one is new to Fujian Province. Hygrocybe firma (Berk. et Broome) Singer, Sydowia 11: 355, 1957. Fig. 1 Hygrophorus firmus Berk. et Broome, Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1…     

Influence of the Qinghai-Tibetan railway and highway on the activities of wild animals

The effect of traffic and railway construction on the activities of wild animals during the daytime along the Qinghai-Tibetan highway between Budongquan (35°17′ N; 93°16′ E) and Wudaliang (35°13′ N; 93°04′ E) was studied in August 2003 and August 2004. Furthermore, passageways cross the Qinghai-Tibetan railway were monitored to determine the relationship between the usage frequency of the passageways and the distance to the Qinghai-Tibetan highway and the dimension of the passageways. The results showed that the traffic during the daytime had some effects on the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) and Kiang (Equus kiang) when they were crossing the road, and especially it is significant on the Tibetan antelope. At the same time, they could adapt themselves to the changes in the surroundings by learning and by adjusting their behavior. Most of their activities took place in the morning in order to avoid the effects of traffic, and they could also find and use the passageways cross the Qinghai-Tibetan railway. The dimensions of the passageways, the distance to the Qinghai-Tibetan highway, the surrounding habitat, and human activities could influence the efficiency of the passageways. Most passageways cross the Qinghai-Tibetan railway could not be effectively used by the wildlife because of the short length and low height or because of human activities in the contiguous areas of the passageways. However, the wildlife could adapt themselves to the changes in the surroundings caused by the construction of the Qinghai-Tibetan railway by learning and by adjusting their behavior.     

Influence of the Qinghai-Tibetan railway and highway on the activities of wild animals

The effect of traffic and railway construction on the activities of wild animals during the daytime along the Qinghai-Tibetan highway between Budongquan (35°17′ N; 93°16′ E) and Wudaliang (35°13′ N; 93°04′ E) was studied in August 2003 and August 2004. Furthermore, passageways cross the Qinghai-Tibetan railway were monitored to determine the relationship between the usage frequency of the passageways and the distance to the Qinghai-Tibetan highway and the dimension of the passageways. The results showed that the traffic during the daytime had some effects on the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) and Kiang (Equus kiang) when they were crossing the road, and especially it is significant on the Tibetan antelope. At the same time, they could adapt themselves to the changes in the surroundings by learning and by adjusting their behavior. Most of their activities took place in the morning in order to avoid the effects of traffic, and they could also find and use the passageways cross the Qinghai-Tibetan railway. The dimensions of the passageways, the distance to the Qinghai-Tibetan highway, the surrounding habitat, and human activities could influence the efficiency of the passageways. Most passageways cross the Qinghai-Tibetan railway could not be effectively used by the wildlife because of the short length and low height or because of human activities in the contiguous areas of the passageways. However, the wildlife could adapt themselves to the changes in the surroundings caused by the construction of the Qinghai-Tibetan railway by learning and by adjusting their behavior.     

Distribution patterns of pelagic euphausiids in the East China Sea

Distribution patterns and abundance of the euphausiids were examined in the East China Sea (23°30′ –33°00′N, 118°30′ –128°00′ E) in relation to temperature and salinity. The data were collected in 4 surveys from 1997 to 2000. The density or yield density model was used to predict optimum temperature and salinity of water for euphausiid distribution, and thereafter distribution patterns of euphausiids were determined based on the predicted parameters. Of 23 species, Euphausia pacifica, E. nana, Pseudeuphausia sinica and P. latifrons were numerically dominant. The analyses indicate that Euphausia pacifica is an offshore temperate water species, E. nana is an offshore temperate warm water species, P. sinica is a coastal subtropical water species and P. latifrons is an oceanic tropical water species. The 4 species occupied 4 different water masses, respectively, namely, cold water mass, cold and warm water mixed masses in winter and spring, cold and warm water mixed masses in summer and autumn, and warm water mass, which could be the good designators of individual water masses, respectively. The predicated optimal temperatures for E. tenera, S. carinatum, E. diomedeae, Stylocheiron affine, Nematoscelis sp., N. gracilis, N. atlantica, Stylocheiron sp. and S. suhmii are all > 25°. These species are mainly distributed in southern Kuroshio in winter and spring, Kuroshio, the Taiwan Warm Current and Tsushima Current in summer and autumn, the equatorial waters of Pacific Ocean and the eastern waters of the Taiwan Strait. They are called as oceanic tropical water species. Nematoscelis tenella and T. tricuspidata are referred to as offshore subtropical water species according to their geographic distributions even if they are halobionts. Euphausia sanzoi is considered as a typical offshore subtropical water species, which inhabited waters below 25°. Stylocheiron microphthalma, occupying warm current waters where temperature and salinity are nearly 25° and 34 in summer and autumn, belongs to oceanic tropical water species. In the same way, E. similes, E. mutica, Euphausia sp., E. brevis and E. recurva are classified into offshore subtropical water species in accordance with the optimum temperature and salinity of waters as well as locations and seasons of their occurrence. Optimum temperature, rather than salinity, is a better parameter in determining the distribution patterns of euphausiids.     

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON PRESENCE OF EARLY CARBONIFEROUS FLORULE FROM JILIN

The purpose of the present paper is to recordthe discovery of Early Carboniferous plants of An-gara floral aspects from Jilin province,with spe-cial reference to its geological and phytogeographi-cal bearings.The material was gathered by thegeologists of the Regional Geological Survey,Bure-au of Geology and Mineral Gesources,Jilin fromthe Lower Carboniferous Lujuantun Formation inPanshi District,Jilin Province(about 43°14′N Lat.and 125°31′E Long.)(Text fig.l)during geologicalmapping.The Lujuantun Formation,a set of darkgray to black,slightly metamorphic siltstone seriessome 500 m in thickness,is overlain by the UpperCarboniferous Mopanshan Formation.Here pub-lished is the stratigraphical sequence of a sectionof the Lujuantun Formation in descending orderfor reference.Overlying Mopanshan Formation(C_2m)     

A REPORT OF BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN YUNNAN

A zoological expedition was made from March to June, 1975, in Northeastern Yunnan at Southeast of Yangtze River (27°30′—28°40′ N., 103°15′—104°25′E.). 450 specimens of birds were collected. Orders and families treated in this paper are listed below:     

An overview of Iranian mangrove ecosystems, northern part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea

Iranian mangrove forests occur between longitude 25°19′ and 27°84′, in the north part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In 2002, it was estimated that 93.37 km² of Iranian shorelines were covered with mangrove forests, with the largest area (67.5 km²) occurring between the Khamir Port and the northwest side of Qeshm Island, and the smallest area (0.01 km²) in the Bardestan estuary. Only two species of mangrove are found in the Persian Gulf: Avicennia marina from Avicenniaceae and Rhizophora macrunata from Rhizophoraceae. A. marina is the dominant specie in these forests whereas Rh. macrunata is found only in the Sirik region. Overexploitation of mangrove leaves and oil pollution are the main causes of mangrove destruction in this region.     

An overview of Iranian mangrove ecosystems, northern part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea

Iranian mangrove forests occur between longitude 25°19′ and 27°84′, in the north part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In 2002, it was estimated that 93.37 km² of Iranian shorelines were covered with mangrove forests, with the largest area (67.5 km²) occurring between the Khamir Port and the northwest side of Qeshm Island, and the smallest area (0.01 km²) in the Bardestan estuary. Only two species of mangrove are found in the Persian Gulf: Avicennia marina from Avicenniaceae and Rhizophora macrunata from Rhizophoraceae. A. marina is the dominant specie in these forests whereas Rh. macrunata is found only in the Sirik region. Overexploitation of mangrove leaves and oil pollution are the main causes of mangrove destruction in this region.