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1.
The scientific debate on the relation between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and self reported indices of life satisfaction is still open. In a well-known finding, Easterlin reported no significant relationship between happiness and aggregate income in time-series analysis. However, life satisfaction appears to be strictly monotonically increasing with income when one studies this relation at a point in time across nations. Here, we analyze the relation between per capita GDP and life satisfaction without imposing a functional form and eliminating potentially confounding country-specific factors. We show that this relation clearly increases in country with a per capita GDP below 15,000 USD (2005 in Purchasing Power Parity), then it flattens for richer countries. The probability of reporting the highest level of life satisfaction is more than 12% lower in the poor countries with a per capita GDP below 5,600 USD than in the counties with a per capita GDP of about 15,000 USD. In countries with an income above 17,000 USD the probability of reporting the highest level of life satisfaction changes within a range of 2% maximum. Interestingly enough, life satisfaction seems to peak at around 30,000 USD and then slightly but significantly decline among the richest countries. These results suggest an explanation of the Easterlin paradox: life satisfaction increases with GDP in poor country, but this relation is approximately flat in richer countries. We explain this relation with aspiration levels. We assume that a gap between aspiration and realized income is negatively perceived; and aspirations to higher income increase with income. These facts together have a negative effect on life satisfaction, opposite to the positive direct effect of the income. The net effect is ambiguous. We predict a higher negative effect in individuals with higher sensitivity to losses (measured by their neuroticism score) and provide econometric support of this explanation.  相似文献   

2.
吕天宇  曾晨  刘泽瑾  杨婧 《生态学报》2020,40(24):8974-8987
全球气候变暖已成为21世纪威胁人类可持续发展的严峻挑战,减少CO2排放是抑制气候变暖的重要路径。从全球碳减排的宏观视角出发,以98个国家为研究对象,基于总商品贸易和化石能源贸易的引力模型构建两种空间互动关系,利用扩展后的S-STIRPAT模型对2000、2005、2010年和2014年人均CO2排放的驱动机制和空间溢出效应展开实证分析,并基于发展差异视角进一步探究发达和欠发达国家CO2排放驱动机制异同。研究结果表明:(1)2000、2005、2010年和2014年人均CO2排放溢出效应呈增强态势。(2)城市化水平、人均GDP、能源强度对人均CO2排放产生显著正向影响,可再生能源使用率对人均CO2排放产生显著负向影响。(3)发展差异视角下,城市化水平、人均GDP和能源强度对欠发达国家影响更大,可再生能源使用率对发达国家影响更为显著。根据研究结果建议加强发达国家和欠发达国家低碳技术交流与合作,同时积极调整能源结构以减少CO2排放。  相似文献   

3.
闽三角城市群碳达峰的多情景模拟分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
侯丽朋  唐立娜  王琳  钱瑶 《生态学报》2022,42(23):9511-9524
碳达峰、碳中和是应对气候变化的关键手段。在闽三角碳排放核算的基础上,运用STIRPAT模型建立了碳排放与人口规模、城镇化率、人均GDP、能源强度和产业结构间的函数关系。结合情景分析法,模拟上述因素在不同变化速率下的目标值,对2021-2050年的碳排放及碳排放强度进行了预测,为闽三角碳达峰提供时间和技术路径参考。此外,还引入人均GDP二次方指标,验证EKC假说的存在性。结论如下:(1)能源强度是闽三角碳排放的负向因素,其他因素均为正向因素。产业结构和人均GDP分别对闽三角碳排放有最大和最小的影响。(2)人均GDP的二次方与碳排放间的系数为正,表明碳排放和人均GDP间不存在倒"U"型曲线关系。闽三角碳排放和人均GDP间的关系不符合EKC假说的描述。(3)基准情景下,闽三角碳排放和碳排放强度持续增加,碳排放不能达峰。厦门的碳排放强度将持续下降。低碳情景下,厦门最可能在2020年实现达峰目标。低发展、中减排情景下,闽三角在2030年实现碳达峰,碳排放最大值为0.57亿t。(4)所有情景下,闽三角都未实现2030年碳排放强度比2005年下降60%-65%的目标。基于上述结论,为闽三角碳达峰提供如下意见:(1)优化产业结构。漳州和泉州既需要升级生产技术又需要淘汰高能耗高排放产业,发展高端制造和智能制造等;(2)优化能源消费结构。"十四五"期间重点建设漳州核电、厦门水电、泉州热能等可再生能源工程。加快特高压电网的建设,减少化石能源的消耗;(3)尽快制定厦门的碳达峰计划,引领闽三角碳达峰行动。  相似文献   

4.
This research establishes a residential indirect carbon emissions model through input–output structure decomposition analysis (IO-SDA) and LMDI, analyses the influencing factors affecting urban and rural residential carbon emissions indicators in Beijing through input–output tables from 2000 to 2010, and calculates the direct carbon emissions from residential consumption. As the results suggest, the total carbon emissions from residential consumption in Beijing showed volatility. Growing rural and urban differences in direct emissions, and for indirect emissions, mean that urban greatly exceeds rural in this regard. Rising per capita GDP and population, as well as intermediate demand and sectoral emissions intensity change induce growth in indirect emissions in both urban and rural settings: of which, per capita GDP contributes the most. Declining energy intensity contributes the most to emission reductions, followed by residential consumption rates, the rural to urban consumption ratio and consumption structure effects are much smaller.  相似文献   

5.
赵海凤  闫昱霖  张大红 《生态学报》2015,35(4):1249-1257
首先对"低碳经济"进行了讨论,进而提出了"碳循环经济"概念;对现有碳计量进行研究,提出了相应改进计算公式:碳绩效和碳经济密度。最后,对碳责任分担进行了探讨,提出了发达国家和发展中国家"责任共担、区别对待"的碳责任担负的计算模式。  相似文献   

6.
1990~1999年安徽省生态足迹的动态测度与分析   总被引:27,自引:9,他引:18  
运用生态足迹方法,对安徽省1990~1999年的生态足迹进行了时间序列的测度,将安徽省资源利用的动态特征融入到生态足迹模型中,在此基础上进行横向和纵向比较。结果表明,1999年安徽省生态足迹在省和国家尺度上都处于不可持续发展状态,而在全球尺度上处于可持续发展状态;1990~1999年,安徽省的人均生态足迹和人均GDP持续增长,万元GDP的生态足迹一直呈现下降趋势。总体上,安徽省1990~1999年的可持续发展状况不容乐观,并在此基础上提出安徽省未来可持续发展的可选途径。  相似文献   

7.
基于生态足迹方法的南京可持续发展研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
周静  管卫华 《生态学报》2012,32(20):6471-6480
20世纪90年代末以来,随着南京城市化进程的加快和城市建成区面积的扩展,城市生态安全问题日益突出。在运用生态足迹方法分析南京市1999—2009年人均生态足迹及生态承载力变化的基础上,采用Mann-kendall法对南京市人均生态足迹突变点进行分析,应用灰色关联模型从经济、社会和生态子系统方面分析不同阶段人均生态足迹变化的原因。研究表明:1999—2009年间南京市人均生态足迹呈增长趋势,人均生态承载力呈减小趋势,单位万元GDP生态足迹和生态多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,生态经济系统发展能力较好,但生态压力较大。南京市人均生态足迹变化分为1999—2002年的低位增长阶段和2003—2009年高位波动阶段。通过影响南京市生态足迹变化因素分析发现,2003—2009年与1999—2002年相比,经济子系统依然处于主要地位,但影响因素由农业向以三产为主转变,同时生态子系统和社会子系统各因素的影响力提升。据此,提出优化产业结构,控制人口数量,加强基础设施建设,改善居民居住环境,加大城市绿化建设,提高城市污物处理能力,减少污染物排放的南京可持续发展对策。  相似文献   

8.
The aim of this study is to test the Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis for 14 Asian countries spanning the period 1990–2011. We focused on how both income and policies in these countries affect the income–emissions (environment) relationship. The GMM methodology using panel data is employed in a multivariate framework to test the EKC hypothesis. The multivariate framework includes: CO2 emissions, GDP per capita, population density, land, industry shares in GDP, and four indicators that measure the quality of institutions. In terms of the presence of an inverted U-shape association between emissions and income per capita, the estimates have the expected signs and are statistically significant, yielding empirical support to the presence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.  相似文献   

9.
During the last two decades of China's rapid economic growth, the gap in citizens’ income has widened and environmental quality has deteriorated. Using Gini coefficients as the measure of income inequality, this study investigated the impacts of income inequality on carbon emissions per capita in China. To control for potential endogeneity and allow for dynamics, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique is utilized. Moreover, the influential factors that can affect carbon emissions per capita in China have been examined. The empirical results indicate that carbon emissions per capita increase as the income gap expands for nationwide and in the eastern and non-eastern regions of China. Among all factors that may affect carbon emissions per capita, a “U” shaped relationship exists between per capita income and per capita carbon emissions, and increasing the value-added share of secondary industry in the GDP would significantly increase carbon emissions per capita.  相似文献   

10.
生态足迹分析法能够通过计算生物生产性土地和水域的产量,估算人类对自然资本的消耗和自然资本的供给情况,进而对区域发展的可持续发展状态进行定量评估。论文在改进国家公顷生态足迹模型的基础上,对江苏省及其13个地级市生态足迹盈亏进行测算,进而揭示其空间演化特征。研究结果表明:(1)2015年江苏省的人均生态足迹为1.7890 hm2/人,人均生态承载力为0.2991 hm2/人,生态赤字为-1.4899 hm2/人,万元GDP生态足迹为0.2033 hm2/万元;(2)地级市中,人均生态足迹上,常州市最高为2.9317 hm2/人,宿迁市最低为1.7348 hm2/人;人均生态承载力上,盐城市最高为0.6111 hm2/人,苏州市最低为0.0812 hm2/人;人均生态赤字上,常州市最高为-2.8115 hm2/人,盐城市最低为-1.1503 hm2/人;万元GDP生态足迹上,宿迁市最高为0.3956 hm2/万元,无锡市最低为0.1651 hm2/万元;(3)江苏省及其苏南、苏中地区的人均建筑用地生态足迹和化石能源用地生态足迹所占比例较大,苏北地区人均耕地生态足迹和草地生态足迹所占比例较大;(4)人均生态足迹和生态赤字在空间分布上较为一致,呈现出南高北低的特征,而人均生态承载力呈现北高南低的分布特征;万元GDP生态足迹空间分布北高南低,整体上与人均地区生产总值成反比。研究结果能够为江苏省区域协调发展、生态文明建设提供理论指导和定量参考。  相似文献   

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