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1.
精子形态在精子竞争和精子进化中具有重要地位。体内受精有尾两栖类雌性和雄性均具有复杂的泄殖腔腺体,都可能对精子形态进行进一步包装和修饰,但这些过程对精子形态特征和功能的影响目前所知甚少。本研究以体内受精的大凉螈(Liangshantriton taliangensis)为研究对象,系统观察了破碎睾丸、雄性自然排精和冲洗雌性泄殖腔3种方法所收集精子的形态变化;同时,分别利用了t检验、t’检验或U检验,探究了其定量变化。结果显示:取自精子囊和雌性泄殖腔的精子可观察到明显的颈部,而破碎睾丸取样的精子仅观察到胞质小团结构,无明显颈部结构,故推测睾丸中精子尚未成熟;精子在由睾丸到排出体外过程中顶体显著缩短,尾部所占比例显著增加(U检验或t检验,P < 0.05),而精子在由精子囊到进入雌性体内的过程中未发生形态或量度上的显著变化(U检验或t检验,P > 0.05),仅表现为顶体的进一步缩短(t检验,P < 0.05)。本研究提示,精子由睾丸到排出体外的过程中可能因其经历的修饰过程而展现出形态和量度上的差异,为精子生物学研究和精子保存提供了选择依据。  相似文献   

2.
为探究有尾两栖类消化道内分泌细胞的特点,以分布于猫儿山保护区的猫儿山小鲵(Hynobius maoershanensis)和瑶山肥螈(Pachytriton inexpectatus)为研究对象,采用Grimelius银染法,对二者消化道嗜银细胞的形态特征、分布区域与分布密度进行了比较研究,为有尾两栖类消化道比较组织学和内分泌学研究积累基础资料,并为两栖类消化生理学研究提供形态学数据基础。结果显示,两种动物从食道至直肠均有嗜银细胞分布,分布型都呈波浪形,均在食道处分布密度(个/视野)最高,猫儿山小鲵为2.00 ± 0.69,瑶山肥螈为3.42 ± 0.31,在猫儿山小鲵回肠(1.45 ± 0.50)和瑶山肥螈在直肠(1.63 ± 0.97)分布密度最低。瑶山肥螈消化道各部位嗜银细胞的分布密度都高于猫儿山小鲵,两种动物嗜银细胞分布密度在食道、贲门、十二指肠和回肠中差异显著,但在胃体、幽门和直肠中差异不显著。对同一物种消化道不同部位嗜银细胞进行比较,猫儿山小鲵及瑶山肥螈的嗜银细胞分布密度高峰均出现在食道,其中,猫儿山小鲵食道与十二指肠、回肠、直肠差异显著(P < 0.05),瑶山肥螈食道与其他各部位差异显著(P < 0.05)。嗜银细胞形状多样,有圆形、椭圆形、锥形和梭形等,可分为闭合型和开放型细胞。猫儿山小鲵生活环境多为沼泽地,富含淤泥、落叶,喜食蛙类蝌蚪、蚯蚓等个体较小且易消化的食物,瑶山肥螈生活环境为石块粗砂较多的山溪,以虾、蟹、螺等为食,这两种动物消化道嗜银细胞的形态特征和分布密度各具自身特点,可能与其生境及食性等因素有关。  相似文献   

3.
为探讨猫儿山小鲵(Hynobius maoershanensis)和瑶山肥螈(Pachytriton intexpectatus)消化道结构的异同及5-羟色胺(5-HT)细胞的分布特征与食性、生活环境之间的关系,运用常规组织染色及免疫组织化学染色法对其消化道进行研究。结果显示,猫儿山小鲵和瑶山肥螈的消化道均包括食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠,但瑶山肥螈消化道长于猫儿山小鲵。猫儿山小鲵和瑶山肥螈的比肠长(即肠道长与头体长的比值)分别为0.57±0.03(n=5)和0.84±0.03(n=5)。两者消化道组织结构均由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜组成,主要差异在消化道黏膜层和肌层厚度。猫儿山小鲵的消化道黏膜层以胃体部最厚,达(712.82±37.67)μm(n=5),而瑶山肥螈则胃贲门部最厚,为(403.24±55.81)μm(n=5);二者消化道肌层均以胃幽门部最厚,但瑶山肥螈胃幽门部的肌层厚度比猫儿山小鲵的厚。二者消化道均有开放型和闭合型的5-HT细胞,但5-HT细胞的分布特征不同:猫儿山小鲵分布密度高峰位于直肠,低谷位于食道;瑶山肥螈则在十二指肠部位分布密度最高,直肠最低。综上所述,猫儿山小鲵和瑶山肥螈消化道形态学和组织学结构相似,二者肠道长占头体长的比值均不超过1,符合肉食性动物消化道短的特征。二者消化道5-HT细胞都具有内、外分泌功能,分布密度具有自身的特点,可能与它们的食物组成和生活环境不同有关。  相似文献   

4.
红瘰疣螈皮肤的显微结构观察   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
对我国Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)成体的皮肤结构进行了显微观察。观察结果表明,其皮肤厚薄、微血管、色素分布,以及腺体的分布和大小等方面在身体的不同部位存在差异:头和背部的皮肤厚于腹部;黑色素细胞多分布于真皮浅层,以腹部及背侧无瘰粒处多见;真皮层富含黏液腺和颗粒腺,但分布不均匀;头嵴棱部及背部瘰粒下方颗粒腺的数量多、体积大,并充满分泌物;表皮下腺体外突,其表皮细胞层数减少,形成分泌物有效通道。同时,将红瘰疣螈皮肤与其他两栖类相比可知,其以上皮肤结构特征均体现了红瘰疣螈对山区阴湿环境中陆栖生活的重要适应。  相似文献   

5.
隆肛蛙皮肤及其腺体的显微结构特征   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5  
观察了隆肛蛙(Paa quadranus)皮肤及其腺体的显微结构特点,主要对成体、幼蛙和蝌蚪泄殖腔上方皮肤腺进行了描述和比较。结果表明,隆肛蛙的表皮和真皮内均分布有微血管及黑色素细胞;皮肤腺为泡状腺,腺泡位于真皮浅层的疏松层内,属顶质分泌的粘液腺;雄性成体泄殖腔上方皮肤腺是隆肛蛙的特有结构,属于雄性的第二性征,本文建议称其为肛上腺(supra-anal gland)。文中对肛上腺及其机能、表皮中微血管与皮肤呼吸、黑色素细胞与体温调节等之间的关系进行了讨论。  相似文献   

6.
瘤背石磺的生殖系统和性腺发育   总被引:24,自引:1,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
2003年5~8月对瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)的生殖系统结构和性腺发育进行了组织学研究。瘤背石磺生殖器包括两性腺、卵黄腺、蛋白腺。两性腺具有外管和内管,两管相连后通入蛋白腺,内管分支为收集管与腺泡相通。蛋白腺包括腺体部和分泌物两部分,中央为生殖输送管,蛋白腺具食指突和拇指突。性腺腺泡包括精子期腺泡、卵子期腺泡、精卵同泡和排空期腺泡4种类型。本文还对卵黄腺、受精囊、雄性交接器等结构进行了组织学观察,分析了精子和卵子的发育过程、运输路径。  相似文献   

7.
镇海棘螈的精子结构   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
郑中华  谢锋  江建平  费梁 《动物学报》2004,50(4):622-629
应用透射电镜和扫描电镜对镇海棘螈Echinotritonchinhaiensis精子的超微结构进行了研究。结果表明 :镇海棘螈的精子具有蝾螈科精子的一些共同特征 ,如精子头部较长、前端有顶体钩、细胞核周围有核脊、尾部轴丝旁有边缘丝 ,但也具有其自身的形态结构特点 ,如精子颈部的长度、核脊的形状和大小等与有尾两栖类物种的精子存在明显差别。镇海棘螈精子发达的颈部和丰富的核脊具类群特异性  相似文献   

8.
版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanica)是我国无足目(Apoda)的仅有代表,本研究采用传统的解剖学方法对版纳鱼螈的生殖系统进行观察比较。研究结果表明,雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管、脂肪体和泄殖腔构成;雄性生殖系统由精巢、输精(尿)管、缪氏管、脂肪体、泄殖腔和交配器所组成。卵巢一对,半透明长囊状,内含许多大小不一的球状卵母细胞。精巢一对,分叶状,每小叶包含许多小室,存在小叶融合现象。  相似文献   

9.
曹政  刘明阳  蒲德永  张志升 《蛛形学报》2010,19(2):87-91,103
运用显微解剖和石蜡切片技术,我们首次对大腹园蛛Araneus ventricosus腹部的5种丝腺的形态进行了分离、拍照和切片观察.研究发现壶状腺腹腔较大,有多根纺管;梨状腺为多细胞腺体、成簇;集合腺有不规则的分支,纺管外附着小结节;葡萄状腺成簇.各类型丝腺腺体细胞明显可见,但未能明显见到不同丝腺腺体细胞的形态区别.同时也发现了几个存疑形态:壶状腺上附着的腺体、壶状腺下导管和壶状腺腺体细胞,它们可能与蜘蛛腺体的退化或发育等相关.  相似文献   

10.
黄彬  庞启平  叶英  刘晓泉 《四川动物》2007,26(2):397-399
本文报道版纳鱼螈的排泄系统和生殖系统的整体解剖。版纳鱼螈的肾长而窄,并分叶;雌雄体的生殖腺外观形态基本相同而且分叶;雌雄体的生殖管外观形态基本相同;泄殖腔衍生成雄体的交配器或非繁殖时雌体的子宫,但繁殖时雌体的子宫会退化;有卵36~40粒。  相似文献   

11.
The relationship of the hemipenis to the cloaca in copula and sperm storage and transport in the female oviduct were studied in Anolis carolinensis using light and scanning electron microscopy. During copulation, the hemipenis does not penetrate beyond the cloaca, but the two apical openings of the bifurcate sulcus spermaticus appose the openings of the oviducts from the cloaca. Sperm enter the sperm storage tubules between 2 and 6 hr after insemination and small amounts of sperm reach the infundibulum 6 to 24 hr following mating. Sperm storage tubules are embedded in the wall of the utero-vaginal transition, and are formed by the folding and fusion of the oviducal epithelium. The importance of the hemipenile-cloacal relationship and the role of sperm storage in the life history of A. carolinensis are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
The transport of sperm in the cloaca and adjacent regions of the female red-spotted newt was examined. It was found that within 1 min after sperm were introduced into the vent, they progressed in a random pattern past the apertures of the spermatheca (the glandular, sperm storage organ that opens from the anterior roof of the cloaca) forward to the anterior end of the cloaca and on into the posterior regions of the hindgut and bladder. Sperm did not enter the dorsal recess of the cloaca into which the oviducts and ureters open. After 1 day, few sperm remained within the cloaca lumen. Sperm were not transported into the cloacae of artificially inseminated, anesthetized females without prior administration of norepinephrine to their cloacal mounds. Treatment of the cloacal mounds of naturally inseminated females with an antagonist of neuromuscular transmission (lidocaine) decreased the numbers of sperm in the anterior cloaca relative to those of saline-injected control specimens. Neither dead newt sperm nor live rabbit sperm entered the spermatheca. Rabbit sperm, however, entered the oviduct. It is argued that passive and active mechanisms of sperm transport work in concert. Contractions of smooth muscle, which may be initiated during courtship, probably serve to draw sperm passively into the cloaca and up to and beyond the apertures of spermathecal tubules, but sperm, once in the vicinity of those apertures, probably swim actively into them.  相似文献   

13.
The anatomy and histology of the cloaca and spermatheca of 13 female smooth newts ( Triturus vulgaris ) were studied by light microscopy. The cloaca consists of a short, anterior tube (which receives the oviducts), which opens into a larger, more posterior chamber. The spermatheca, which is the only gland in the cloaca, consists of a mass of exocrine, acinar tubules which empty individually and dorsolaterally into the posterior part of the cloacal tube and all but the most posterior part of the cloacal chamber. Stored sperm are most abundant in the spermathecal tubules during the peak of the breeding season (in May and June); during their period of storage, the sperm do not appear to make intimate contact with the epithelial cells lining the spermathecal tubules. Longterm storage of viable sperm from one breeding season to the next is probably absent in the smooth newt. Sperm storage by and multiple insemination of females both occur in this species and are necessary preconditions for competition between the sperm of different males for the fertilization of eggs. However, sperm competition has not been demonstrated in the smooth newt.  相似文献   

14.
Fertilization is a significant event for reproducing offspring. It is achieved under a species-specific environment, which influences the conditions to assure the successful fertilization in some cases. Several studies about the basic mechanism of fertilization suggest that the fertilization mechanism is modified among species to be suited for the fertilization environment. In amphibians, many anurans undergo external fertilization while most urodeles do internal fertilization. An amphibian egg is surrounded by egg-coats, which are composed of vitelline envelope and layered egg-jelly. They are significant as fields for the sperm-egg interaction at fertilization. The fertilization processes that take place in the egg-coats are supposed to be easily influenced by the fertilization environment, because they, especially egg-jelly, are exposed to the surroundings at fertilization. In the present article, we describe the fertilization system equipped in newt egg-coats. Newt sperm are stored in spermatheca that exists in cloaca of a female and directly inseminated on the surface of egg-jelly. Sperm motility and acrosome reaction are induced in the outermost portion of the egg-jelly. Motion of the moving sperm becomes vigorous in the egg-jelly and sperm are guided to vitelline envelope by the aid of egg-jelly structure. Most of the sperm passing through the egg-jelly, as the result, has been induced acrosome reaction and those sperm can bind to the vitelline envelope to contribute to the successful fertilization. This fertilization system has a distinct feature from the known system in species undergoing external fertilization. The feature of the system in the newt egg-jelly is discussed with the view to achieving the successful fertilization in the internal environment.  相似文献   

15.

Background

Female sperm storage has evolved independently multiple times among vertebrates to control reproduction in response to the environment. In internally fertilising amphibians, female salamanders store sperm in cloacal spermathecae, whereas among anurans sperm storage in oviducts is known only in tailed frogs. Facilitated through extensive field sampling following historical observations we tested for sperm storing structures in the female urogenital tract of fossorial, tropical caecilian amphibians.

Findings

In the oviparous Ichthyophis cf. kohtaoensis, aggregated sperm were present in a distinct region of the posterior oviduct but not in the cloaca in six out of seven vitellogenic females prior to oviposition. Spermatozoa were found most abundantly between the mucosal folds. In relation to the reproductive status decreased amounts of sperm were present in gravid females compared to pre-ovulatory females. Sperm were absent in females past oviposition.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate short-term oviductal sperm storage in the oviparous Ichthyophis cf. kohtaoensis. We assume that in female caecilians exhibiting high levels of parental investment sperm storage has evolved in order to optimally coordinate reproductive events and to increase fitness.  相似文献   

16.
Recent evidence shows that females exert a post‐copulatory fertilization bias in favour of unrelated males to avoid the genetic incompatibilities derived from inbreeding. One of the mechanisms suggested for fertilization biases in insects is female control over transport of sperm to the sperm‐storage organs. We investigated post‐copulatory inbreeding‐avoidance mechanisms in females of the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. We assessed the relative contribution of related and unrelated males to the sperm stores of double‐mated females. To demonstrate unequivocally that biased sperm storage results from female control rather than cryptic male choice, we manipulated the relatedness of mated males and of males performing post‐copulatory mate guarding. Our results show that when guarded by a related male, females store less sperm from their actual mate, irrespective of the relatedness of the mating male. Our data support the notion that inhibition of sperm storage by female crickets can act as a form of cryptic female choice to avoid the severe negative effects of inbreeding.  相似文献   

17.
Sperm are exposed to substantially different environments during their life history, such as seminal fluid or the female sexual tract, but remarkably little information is currently available about whether and how much sperm composition and function alters in these different environments. Here, we used the honeybee Apis mellifera and quantified differences in the abundance and activity of sperm proteins sampled either from ejaculates or from the female’s sperm storage organ. We find that stored and ejaculated sperm contain the same set of proteins but that the abundance of specific proteins differed substantially between ejaculated and stored sperm. Most proteins with a significant change in abundance are related to sperm energy metabolism. Enzymatic assays performed for a subset of these proteins indicate that specific protein activities differ between stored and ejaculated sperm and are typically higher in ejaculated compared to stored sperm. We provide evidence that the cellular machinery of sperm is plastic and differs between sperm within the ejaculate and within the female’s storage organ. Future work will be required to test whether these changes are a consequence of active adaptation or sperm senescence and whether they alter sperm performance indifferent chemical environments or impact on the cost of sperm storage by the female.However, these changes can be expected to influence sperm performance and therefore determine sperm viability or sperm competitiveness for storage or egg fertilization.  相似文献   

18.
Sperm swimming speed is an important determinant of male fertility and sperm competitiveness. Despite its fundamental biological importance, the underlying evolutionary processes affecting this male reproductive trait are poorly understood. Using a comparative approach in a phylogenetic framework, we tested the predictions that sperm swim faster with (1) increased risk of sperm competition, (2) shorter duration of female sperm storage, and (3) increased sperm length. We recorded sperm swimming speed in 42 North American and European free-living passerine bird species, representing 35 genera and 16 families. We found that sperm swimming speed was positively related to the frequency of extrapair paternity (a proxy for the risk of sperm competition) and negatively associated with clutch size (a proxy for the duration of female sperm storage). Sperm swimming speed was unrelated to sperm length, although sperm length also increased with the frequency of extrapair paternity. These results suggest that sperm swimming speed and sperm length are not closely associated traits and evolve independently in response to sperm competition in passerine birds. Our findings emphasize the significance of both sperm competition and female sperm storage duration as evolutionary forces driving sperm swimming speed.  相似文献   

19.
This study deals with the histomorphology of the mesonephros in male and female Neurergus microspilotus. The slender and narrow kidneys are positioned in the retro peritoneal position up against the ventral aspect of vertebral column and may extend the length from the esophagus-stomach junction to cloaca. The kidney in both sexes is composed of sexual(anterior) and pelvic(posterior) parts. The duct of sexual kidney is a narrow duct which is lying alongside its lateral edge. In the female, it is connected to the ureters and then the duct of defi nitive kidney. Before entering the cloaca, two ureters are joined together and open to the apex of the cloaca. In the male, after entering the sexual kidney, the sperm leave the testis through efferent ducts, then these ducts join together and eventually form Bidder's duct. The Bidder's duct joins the Bowman's capsule of the nephrons in the sexual kidney and the nephrons make collecting ducts which are fi lled with both sperm and urine. After leaving the kidney, all the collecting ducts are connected to the Wolffi an duct. Wolffi an duct joins the ureters(merge from defi nitive kidney) just before entering the cloaca. Based on serial paraffi n sections, nephrons consist of a fi ltration unit, the Malpighian corpuscle, and a renal tubule, which can be divided into 4 morphologically distinct segments: proximal tubule(first and second segment), distal tubule, and collecting tubule. Collecting tubules merge and form a branch system that opens into collecting ducts.  相似文献   

20.
Female mating rate is fundamental to evolutionary biology as it determines the pattern of sexual selection and sexual conflict. Despite its importance, the genetic basis for female remating rate is largely unknown and has only been demonstrated in one species. In paternally investing species there is often a conflict between the sexes over female mating rate, as females remate to obtain male nutrient donations and males try to prevent female remating to ensure high fertilization success. Butterflies produce two types of sperm: fertilizing, eupyrene sperm, and large numbers of nonfertile, apyrene sperm. The function of apyrene sperm in the polyandrous, paternally investing green‐veined white butterfly, Pieris napi, is to fill the female’s sperm storage organ thereby reducing her receptivity. However, there is large variation in number of apyrene sperm stored. Here, I examine the genetic basis to this variation, and if variation in number of apyrene sperm stored is related to females’ remating rate. The number of apyrene sperm stored at the time of remating has a genetic component and is correlated with female remating tendency, whereas no such relationship is found for fertilizing sperm. The duration of the nonreceptivity period in P. napi also has a genetic component and is inversely related to the degree of polyandry. Sexual conflict over female remating rate appears to be present in this species, with males using their apyrene sperm to exploit a female system designed to monitor sperm in storage. Ejaculates with a high proportion of nonfertile sperm may have evolved to induce females to store more of these sperm, thereby reducing remating. As a counter‐adaptation, females have evolved a better detection system to regain control over their remating rate. Sexually antagonistic co‐evolution of apyrene sperm number and female sperm storage may be responsible for ejaculates with predominantly nonfertile sperm in this butterfly.  相似文献   

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