中国异蚤蝇属一新种一新纪录种(双翅目:蚤蝇科)

记述了采自中国黑龙江的双翅目蚤蝇科1新种:柳叶异蚤蝇Megaselia lanceoseta sp.nov..本种主要鉴别特征为:中侧片具毛,缺鬃;背侧鬃3根,缺背侧裂;小盾片鬃2对;生殖背板两侧被鬃状毛;肛侧片每侧各具2根下弯的鬃;载肛片端鬃呈柳叶状.本文还在我国首次记录了阔径异蚤蝇Megaselia humeral...     

中国乌蚤蝇属二新种(双翅目,蚤蝇科)(英文)

记述了中国乌蚤蝇属2新种,葫片乌蚤蝇Woodiphora lageniformis Liu et Zhu,sp.nov.和明带乌蚤蝇Woodiphora fasciaria Liu et Zhu,sp.nov.葫片乌蚤蝇第6背板内部小骨片呈葫芦形,第7背板向后明显变狭区别于其它种.明带乌蚤蝇以第4背板中部具1无色横条,第5背板长等于宽,几乎呈正方形区别于其它种.模式标本存于沈阳大学生物与环境工程学院.     

中国异蚤蝇属二新种记述（双翅目：蚤蝇科）

记述中国异蚤蝇属2新种:羽鬃异蚤蝇Megaselia pennisetalis sp.nov.和膨跗异蚤蝇Megaselia tarsocrassa sp.nov.。羽鬃异蚤蝇的体色和尾器的羽状鬃与M.rufipes(Meigen)相似,但后者的中侧片光裸无毛。膨跗异蚤蝇与M.turbidipennis Borgmeier相似,但后者翅较暗、Rs脉基部具1微毛、前缘脉比3.80:1.60:1.00。模式标本存放于沈阳大学城市有害生物治理与生态安全辽宁省重点实验室。     

贵州省虼蚤蝇属二新种：（双翅目：蚤蝇科）

双翅目的蚤蝇科(Phoridae)属种繁多、分布广泛、形态特殊、习性多样,是一个研究较多又很不完善的类群。世界已知1500余种,我国只记载过57种,绝大部分在台湾,大陆仅广东、甘肃等省有零星记录。蚤蝇科有不少种类是为害菌蕈的,我们结合食用菌害虫的研究而积累了蚤蝇科的标本与资料;本文报道的屹蚤蝇属(Puliciphora)2新种就是在贵州得自蘑菇上的,新种模式标本保存在北京农业大学,虫标本室。     

中国新纪录属--脉蚤蝇属及二新种记述(双翅目,蚤蝇科)

报道了中国新纪录属脉蚤蝇属Anevrina Lioy,并记述该属2新种,微毛脉蚤蝇A microcilia Liu et Fang,sp.nov.和裸斑脉蚤蝇A.glabrata Liu et Zhu,sp.nov..微毛脉蚤蝇与A.unispinosa(Zetterstedt)相似,但前者Rs脉的细毛极弱,尾器侧尾叶细长;裸斑脉蚤蝇以中足腿节前表面的长卵形裸斑区别于本属其它种.模式标本存于沈阳大学生物与环境工程学院.     

中国栓蚤蝇属(双翅目,蚤蝇科)一新种

记述了中国栓蚤蝇属Dohrniphora Dahl 1新种,即微刺栓蚤蝇D.microspinosa Liu et Shen,sp.nov.模式标本保存于沈阳大学生物与环境工程学院.     

中国喙蚤蝇属一新种（双翅目：蚤蝇科）

喙蚤蝇属ＴｒｏｐｈｉｔｈａｕｍａＳｃｈｍｉｔｚ是一形态特异的类群。其雌性种类口上片延长,喙长,腹部第４－６背板特化成腺体。目前全世界仅记载６种。我国只记载１种（刘广纯等,１９９３）。本文描述１新种。模式标本存于沈阳农业大学植保系昆虫标本室。黄腰喙蚤蝇ＴｒｏｐｈｉｔｈａｕｍａｇａｓｔｒｏｆｌａｖｉｄｕｍＬｉｕ,新种雌：体长２ｍｍ。额黑色,有光泽。触角第３节黑色,球形;芒０．６ｍｍ,具较长绒毛。下颚须黑色,具短鬃。胸背板和侧板下半部黑色;侧板下半部浅黄色。小盾片鬃ｌ对,短毛１对。腹部第１节浅黄,其它节黑色。第Ⅳ－Ⅵ背板高度特化。翅长１．８ｍｍ;前缘脉指数０．５８,各段比２：１．６：１,前缘脉纤毛０．０４ｍｍ。腋区鬃３根,平衡棒浅黄。前、中足浅褐,后足深褐。中足栅毛列达胫节２／３;后足胫节栅毛列完整,具后背纤毛列。正模：♀,云南勐养,１９９１－Ⅵ－８,刘广纯采。     

中国寒蚤蝇属一新种记述（双翅目：蚤蝇科）

记述中国寒蚤蝇属Triphleba Rondani 1新种:壳叶寒蚤蝇Triphleba conchiformis sp. nov.。本新种缺R2+3,其贝壳状侧尾叶区别于本属其它种。模式标本存放于沈阳大学城市有害生物治理与生态安全辽宁省重点实验室。     

中国栓蚤蝇属一新种记述（双翅目：蚤蝇科）

记述采自海南的栓蚤蝇属Dohrniphora Dahl 1新种:密齿栓蚤蝇Dohrniphora densilinearis sp. nov.。新种与D. eilogoensis Disney相似,但后足腿节基部栓状感器大小相等且呈直线排列,可以区分。模式标本藏于沈阳大学城市有害生物治理与生态安全辽宁省重点实验室。     

中国广东异蚤蝇一新种记述(双翅目,蚤蝇科)

记述异蚤蝇属1新种:双鬃异蚤蝇Megaselia bisetalis sp.nov..模式标本存放于沈阳大学生物与环境工程学院.双鬃异蚤蝇,新种Megaselia bisetalis sp.nov.(图1～3)雄性额红褐至黑褐;额宽稍大于侧高;密布细毛;纵沟明显.触角上鬃4根,不等.前额间鬃几与触角上鬃同高.后额间鬃略低于后额框鬃,4根鬃等距排列.颊鬃2根,侧颜鬃5根.触角第3节黄褐色,端部褐;球形;芒具微毛.下颚须浅黄,具较长鬃.胸黄褐色,侧板略浅;小盾片 鬃1对,短毛1对;中侧片光裸.腹部腹面黄色;背板大部分黄褐色,尾器黑褐,生殖背板两侧各具长鬃1根.肛管黄色,端毛粗大.翅长1.04～1.10mm,前缘脉指数0.41 mm,各段比3.75∶1.75∶1.00.平衡棒黄褐.足黄色,前足胫节具前背刺1列;基跗节细长.中足胫节栅毛列达端部1/4,后背纤毛6根.后足胫节栅毛列完整,后背纤毛10根,缺前背纤毛.体长1.2mm.雌性体长1.2～1.6 mm.翅长1.3～1.4mm.前缘脉指数0.43,平衡棒褐色.腹背板褐色,腹面黄色.正模♂,广东顶湖,1992-04-24,刘广纯、王敏采;副模3♂♂,5♀♀,采集记录同正模.词源:新种种名据其尾器特点而拟.     

Feeding and sexual dimorphism in adult midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Adult chironomids feed readily on materials containing sucrose and glucose, and the addition of dyes is an easy way of demonstrating that food passes through the gut. Male and female flies are shown to make very different use of the food they take in. Males show no change in longevity but extend their flight time for an average of 160% over unfed males. Females, by contrast, show no detectable increase in flight time, but increase longevity by about 40%. Sexual dimorphism in the use of food seems appropriate to the roles of the sexes. We infer that males improve their swarming performance while females may benefit from increased longevity both in gaining time to find suitable mates and in the distance dispersed after mating. Males, and to a less extent females, are found on aphid infested trees near fresh water, and the suggested biological value of feeding is in sustaining the swarming flight especially for the males. Trichoptera adults are found feeding on aphid infested trees and the earlier findings that adult Trichoptera feed are confirmed.     

Revision of the Alamirinae (Diptera: Phoridae)

Abstract. The genus Couturiera Disney, 1979, only known in the female sex, is synonymized with Perissa Borgmeier, 1967, only known in the male sex, a syn.n., thus solving the problem of the 'missing' males of the Alamirinae. Perissa kensmithi (Disney) comb.n., P.lewisi (Disney) comb.n. and P.orientalis (Disney & Peterson) comb.n. are transferred from Couturiera. Perissa couturieri Disney is synonymized under P. lewisi (Disney) and C.palawanensis Disney under P.georgei Disney. Perissa latiptera sp.n., P.oligoseta sp.n., P.tinglei sp.n. and Perittophora couturieri gen.n., sp.n., are described from Zimbabwe. A key to the twelve species of Alamirinae is provided. It is hypothesized that the Alamirinae may be paraphyletic, by virtue of exclusion of the Termitoxeniinae. The latter is probably polyphyletic, in that each Alamirinae genus is probably the sister group of a different Termi-toxeniin clade.     

Convergent evolution of sexual shape dimorphism in Diptera

Several patterns of sexual shape dimorphism, such as male body elongation, eye stalks, or extensions of the exoskeleton, have evolved repeatedly in the true flies (Diptera). Although these dimorphisms may have evolved in response to sexual selection on male body shape, conserved genetic factors may have contributed to this convergent evolution, resulting in stronger phenotypic convergence than might be expected from functional requirements alone. I compared phenotypic variation in body shape in two distantly related species exhibiting sexually dimorphic body elongation: Prochyliza xanthostoma (Piophilidae) and Telostylinus angusticollis (Neriidae). Although sexual selection appears to act differently on male body shape in these species, they exhibited strikingly similar patterns of sexual dimorphism. Likewise, patterns of within-sex shape variation were similar in the two species, particularly in males: relative elongation of the male head capsule, antenna, and legs was associated with reduced head capsule width and wing length, but was nearly independent of variation in thorax length. However, the two species presented contrasting patterns of static allometry: male sexual traits exhibited elevated allometric slopes in T. angusticollis, but not in P. xanthostoma. These results suggest that a shared pattern of covariation among traits may have channeled the evolution of sexually dimorphic body elongation in these species. Nonetheless, static allometries may have been shaped by species-specific selection pressures or genetic architectures.     

Revision of the termite-parasitizing genus Dicranopteron (Diptera: Phoridae)

Dicranopteron Schmitz is removed from the Metopininae and three new species are described. All species are represented by females only and come from Odontolermes and Macrotermes nests in the Orient. A key:to species) is provided. One species was observed ovipositing in the abdomens of the young stages of O. takensis.     

Revision of the termite-parasitizing genus Dicranopteron (Diptera: Phoridae)

Dicranopteron Schmitz is removed from the Metopininae and three new species are described. All species are represented by females only and come from Odontolermes and Macrotermes nests in the Orient. A key:to species) is provided. One species was observed ovipositing in the abdomens of the young stages of O. takensis .     

The 'missing' males of the Thaumatoxeninae (Diptera: Phoridae)

Abstract. The male of Thaumatoxena tragardhi Schmitz is described, thus solving the problem of the missing males of the Thaumatoxeninae. It, and other congeneric males from Africa, resemble Hypocerides Schmitz of the Phorinae. However, this genus is probably polyphyletic. Until a clearer picture emerges of the true monophyletic groups within the Phorinae, it is not possible to resolve the affinities of the Thaumatoxeninae further.     

Some new African Milichiidae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) having pronounced sexual dimorphism of the frons

Enigmilkhia dimorphka gen. et sp. nov. and Milkhia distinctipennis, fumicoslata, savannaticola and sylvicola spp. nov. are described from tropical Africa. These forms, though belonging to different subfamilies, exhibit a very similar sexual dimorphism in the shape and chaetotaxy of the frons. Such a dimorphism is unknown within the Milichioidea.     

Surface ultrastructure of third-instar Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae)

We describe some ultrastructure of the third-instar Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) using scanning electron microscopy, with the cephalic segment, anterior spiracle and posterior spiracle being emphasized. This study provides the taxonomic information of this larval species, which may be useful to differentiate from other closely-related species.     

Baltic amber fossils reveal early evolution of sexual dimorphism in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae)

A cladistic analysis of 16 species of extant and amber fossil stalk-eyed flies of the family Diopsidae places the fossil †Prosphyracephala succini (Loew) as the sister group of all other Diopsinae, the subfamily in which eye stalks occur. The study is based on a scoring including five old and 23 new finds of †P. succini from Baltic amber, and for the first time allows a morphometric analysis of eye span and various body size parameters in this species. The data indicate that sexual dimorphism of the eye stalks already existed in †Prosphyracephala, suggesting that this feature evolved early in the Diopsinae. Contrary to recent views that the ancestral condition of diopsine eye stalks was monomorphic, the new results suggest that sexual selection was involved in the evolution of eye stalks from the very beginning of the lineage.     

Convergent evolution between Echidnophora and Termitoxeniinae (Diptera: Phoridae)

Echidnophora dondroi sp.nov. is described from females collected in the fungus gardens of a nest of the termite Odontotermes takensis in North Sumatra. Resemblances between Echidnophora and Termitoxeniinae are discussed and interpreted as examples of convergence. The peculiarly modified basal sockets of some major abdominal bristles in many Termitoxeniinae are illustrated and discussed. The hypothesis is advanced that these modified sockets are the sites from which exudates attractive to termite workers are discharged. It is further postulated that these exudates are primarily lipid material. Furthermore, the abdominal bristles of the Termitoxeniinae examined are smooth, in contrast to the fluted bristles characteristic of Echidnophora , other Phoridae, and those of workers of termite hosts of the Termitoxeniinae. This is probably an adaptation that renders the bristles more pliant, and thus less liable to being broken off when stroked by a termite worker. Enlarged collars, arising from the basal sockets and embracing the bases of the bristles, probably serve as an additional protection.