东亚夏季风进退对我国南方水稻主产区稻纵卷叶螟发生的影响

为了探明东亚季风对我国南方水稻主产区稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的影响,为中短期预警提供科学依据,利用2000—2016年中国稻纵卷叶螟赶蛾量数据,结合NECP气象再分析资料,分析了东亚夏季风进退与我国南方水稻主产区稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的关系,结果表明:(1)稻纵卷叶螟的初始迁入与东亚夏季风的向北推进密切相关,除华南稻区稻纵卷叶螟迁入始期提前于东亚夏季风北界经过该区的时间外,在其他稻区两者基本同步;东亚夏季风北边界在不同稻区首次和二次出现的早晚对该稻区稻纵卷叶螟的向北迁入的始期具有一定的指示意义。(2)各稻区北迁的高峰期一般都发生在东亚夏季风控制范围内,其中6月中旬—8月上旬东亚夏季风活动范围到达30°N以北地区,此时是我国南方稻区稻纵卷叶螟北迁峰次最多、迁入量最集中的时期;东亚夏季风北界在本30°N以北地区持续时间的长短与稻纵卷叶螟年发生程度呈显著的正相关。(3) 8月中下旬是东亚冬、夏季风的转换期,也是稻纵卷叶螟种群的"混合迁"发生期,此时,西南稻区和江淮稻区北部迎来初次南迁峰;9月后东亚夏季风开始南撤,东北冬季风快速南下,稻纵卷叶螟种群也随之不断向南迁飞。(4)2007年稻纵卷叶螟在江淮稻区特大爆发的大气背景是:6月末—7月的强西南季风使沿江稻区迁入虫量比常年显著增加,也为7月下旬至8月下旬稻纵卷叶螟大规模向江淮稻区迁入奠定了虫源基础;7月份江南、华南地区的降水异常偏少使喜湿的稻纵卷叶螟种群进一步向沿江和江淮地区聚集;8月份东亚夏季风的回撤偏晚以及9月份华北地区和江淮地区北部的相对偏暖,使江淮稻区稻纵卷叶螟种群在当地滞留时间偏长、南迁起始期和高峰期异常偏晚。     

2010年广西兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟发生动态及迁飞轨迹分析

稻纵卷叶螟是我国水稻上的重要害虫,近年来给我国水稻生产造成严重的损失。兴安地区位于广西东北部是每年稻纵卷叶螟在我国南北往返的必经之路,分析该地区稻纵卷叶螟的种群动态和迁飞规律,对全国稻纵卷叶螟的预测预报和防治工作意义重大。采用灯光诱捕、田间系统调查与雌蛾卵巢解剖的方法研究了2010年广西兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟的发生动态和世代虫源性质,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT和气象图形处理软件GrADS对2010年广西兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟迁飞高峰期进行了迁飞轨迹和气象背景分析。结果表明:(1)稻纵卷叶螟种群数量在广西兴安地区随季节变化明显,年发生6代,于4月底迁入,迁飞活动主要集中在5月下旬-8月中旬。在双季早稻田、单季中稻田和双季晚稻田均发生3代,且在不同类型田中重叠发生,其在双季早稻田的发生量明显高于单季中稻田和双季晚稻田。(2)明确了兴安地区稻纵卷叶螟各世代虫源性质。第2、3代主害双季早稻,均为迁入虫源;第4代数量最多,主害双季早稻,属于迁入虫源在本地繁殖世代;7月中下旬连续降雨天气阻碍第四代稻纵卷叶螟从本地迁出,滞留单季中稻为害。第5代主害单季中稻,虫源性质复杂,主要为本地虫源本地繁殖型,既有迁入,又有迁出;第6代前期主害单季中稻,后期主害双季晚稻,第7代为害双季晚稻,虫源性质均为本地虫源大部迁出型。(3)2010年广西兴安5月上旬稻纵卷叶螟迁入虫源地来自广东沿海阳江和湛江稻区,6月中旬大规模迁入虫源地主要来自广东沿海雷州半岛稻区。低空激流为稻纵卷叶螟的迁入提供了运载气流,而当时的降雨是迫使稻纵卷叶螟集中降落的主要原因。10月中旬从本地迁出的稻纵卷叶螟,随东北气流南下可到达广西沿海北海市。     

中国稻纵卷叶螟发生特点及北迁的大气背景

稻纵卷叶螟因其发生面积大、暴发频率高、致害程度重而成为我国水稻生产上的重要害虫。为了阐明大气背景对其北迁重大过程的影响,利用2000—2012年中国稻纵卷叶螟灯诱数据分析了我国水稻主产区稻纵卷叶螟迁入的主要特征;选取2007年7月下旬的一次重大北迁过程作为典型个例,运用中尺度天气研究和预报模式WRF,结合NCEP气象再分析资料,模拟了这一过程的大气背景,推算了稻纵卷叶螟的迁飞轨迹,并分析了大气背景对稻纵卷叶螟灾变性迁入的影响。研究表明:(1)这13年中,我国稻纵卷叶螟的迁入大多在3月初始见,3—8月为北迁期,从南到北先后在华南、西南、江岭、江淮稻区出现迁入峰;9—11月为南迁期,从北到南先后迁入江淮、江岭、华南稻区并出现相应的迁入峰,10月底至11月初为终见期。(2)北迁个例中各站逆推轨迹分析显示:包括再迁飞在内的不同时段虫源地基本上位于降虫区的西南方,迁飞高度都变化于550—850 m之间,但在沿海地区降落的稻纵卷叶螟迁飞轨迹是复杂的。(3)水平气流是稻纵卷叶螟远距离北迁的主要运载动力,925 h Pa上南方稻区一致的偏南气流对稻纵卷叶螟北迁极为有利;三维流场的起伏、特别是垂直气流的强弱变化对迁飞高度的变化起重要的作用。(4)下沉气流和降水是稻纵卷叶螟降落的关键动力因素,两者都对降虫有明显影响。(5)在这一北迁过程中,稻纵卷叶螟种群多降落在相对湿度大的区域,降虫区的相对湿度均在75%以上。     

郑州第三代稻纵卷叶螟成虫迁入和天气条件的关系

害虫迁飞规律的揭示为害虫的预测预报工作开拓了新的探索领域,许多昆虫学工作者和气象工作者致力于气象因素与迁飞关系的研究,进行害虫长期数量预报。赵圣菊(1984)建立了粘虫一代发生区的发生期、发生量的长期预报模式.宋祥燕(1983)分析了迁飞的气象条件,作了稻纵卷叶螟迁飞期、迁飞量的预报尝试。程极益等(1985)用PC-1500微型机以3—5月的气象资料作为参量预报稻纵卷叶螟的发生程度。我们为了预报郑州地区第三代稻纵卷叶螟成虫迁入数量,用IBM电子计算机分析了1978—1985年的气象资料和虫情资料,筛选了主要生态因素,组建了预报方程。材料和方法稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)     

稻纵卷叶螟迁入数量时间序列的混沌诊断

稻纵卷叶螟是一种重要的迁飞性水稻害虫,为更好地进行预测控制,研究清楚其迁入行为的动力学结构则对预报建模意义重大,本文利用从时间序列提取吸引关联维来确定系统性质的方法,对全国十个测报站的稻纵卷叶螟迁入数量的时间序列进行了关联维的计算,结果表明,这一迁飞行为是随机的。     

水稻叶片全营养成分分析及在稻纵卷叶螟人工饲料研制中的应用

稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphaolcrosis medinalis Guenée是我国水稻上的一种重要迁飞性害虫,该虫在室内难以进行人工饲养,这是制约其生物学、生态学及防控技术研究的关键因素。为此,本文开展了稻纵卷叶螟抗、感水稻品种叶片的全营养成分分析及其比较研究,找出了影响稻纵卷生长、发育和繁殖的关键营养因子,并给出了关键营养成分在人工饲料中的合理配比。该研究可望为稻纵卷叶螟人工饲料的研制提供借鉴和参考。     

安徽省广德县迁飞性水稻害虫发生的特点与影响因子

据调查 ,2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年安徽省广德县的稻纵卷叶螟、白背飞虱初见期、迁入主峰日较历年平均值显著提前 ,仍以第 2代为主害代次外 ,大发生年第 1代往往即可达到防治指标 ,第 3代仍居留为害。褐飞虱首次出现第 4代危害单季稻记录。 3种迁飞性害虫在单季稻上居留时间延长 ,危害代次增多。稻纵卷叶螟、白背飞虱时空分布差异增大 ,多种影响因子则有利于害虫的发生。     

2003年稻纵卷叶螟大发生的水汽条件分析

为了弄清大气水汽环境对稻纵卷叶螟大发生的影响,在ArcGIS支持下,对2003年6月16日、7月21日和9月1日全国每667 m²稻纵卷叶螟平均蛾量的地理分布进行空间分析,并选取对害虫迁入影响最大的850、925和1000 hPa等压面上的大气相对湿度场和水汽通量场进行模拟和客观分析.结果表明,高空的水汽输送状况和相对湿度分布对稻纵卷叶螟的迁入具有很强的指示意义.在稻纵卷叶螟发生区域,从地面到850 hPa,各层次空气相对湿度均达到50%以上.在稻纵卷叶螟迁飞过程中,迁入地空气相对湿度不断增大,源地的空气相对湿度不断减小.850 hPa等压面是水汽输送的主要层次,也是稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的主要通道,该层的水汽输送方向与稻纵卷叶螟迁飞方向基本一致.     

扬州邗江地区稻纵卷叶螟发生动态及影响因素分析

稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis是扬州邗江地区重要的水稻害虫之一,具有远距离迁飞特性,且长期以来给本地区水稻安全生产带来了巨大威胁.为了明确扬州邗江地区稻纵卷叶螟的田间种群动态,本研究通过田间系统调查发现2010-2020年间稻纵卷叶螟四(2)代为害较轻,五(3)代和六(4)代仍是主害代.四(2)代只有在2010年和2013年形成了明显的高峰,而五(3)代和六(4)代可以形成明显的蛾蜂,且蛾高峰期持续天数均达到了 23 d及以上.五(3)代稻纵卷叶螟产卵高峰期田间虫(卵)量与发生程度正相关,但六(4)代稻纵卷叶螟的相关性较差.对本地区影响稻纵卷叶螟发生原因进行分析发现:月平均温度与五(3)代稻纵卷叶螟的发生程度有着密切的关联,但月平均温度与六(4)代种群的数量没有相关性.同时,田间降雨量与稻纵卷叶螟的发生情况无明显的相关性.此外,不同栽培方式也对稻纵卷叶螟的发生有关系,例如,在手栽稻田和机插稻田中六(4)代稻纵卷叶螟的蛾量要高于直播稻田.     

陕南稻纵卷叶螟发生规律及防治研究

稻纵卷叶螟属迁飞性害虫。该虫在陕南稻区可完成3个世代。第一、二、三代2～3龄幼虫盛发期分别为6月下旬至7月上旬、7月下旬至8月上旬、8月底至9月上旬。常年以第二代危害较重,此时为防治关键时期;但在5～6月份雨量≥400mm以上的年份,第一代也要及时防治。防治药剂为25％杀虫双水剂,每亩0.2～0.25kg防治两次,防治效果在90％以上。     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Performance Evaluation of Kits for Bisulfite-Conversion of DNA from Tissues,Cell Lines,FFPE Tissues,Aspirates, Lavages,Effusions, Plasma,Serum, and Urine

DNA methylation analyses usually require a preceding bisulfite conversion of the DNA. The choice of an appropriate kit for a specific application should be based on the specific performance requirements with regard to the respective sample material. In this study, the performance of nine kits was evaluated: EpiTect Fast FFPE Bisulfite Kit, EpiTect Bisulfite Kit, EpiTect Fast DNA Bisulfite Kit (Qiagen), EZ DNA Methylation-Gold Kit, EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit, EZ DNA Methylation-Lightning Kit (Zymo Research), innuCONVERT Bisulfite All-In-One Kit, innuCONVERT Bisulfite Basic Kit, innuCONVERT Bisulfite Body Fluids Kit (Analytik Jena). The kit performance was compared with regard to DNA yield, DNA degradation, DNA purity, conversion efficiency, stability and handling using qPCR, UV, clone sequencing, HPLC, and agarose gel electrophoresis. All kits yielded highly pure DNA suitable for PCR analyses without PCR inhibition. Significantly higher yields were obtained when using the EZ DNA Methylation-Gold Kit and the innuCONVERT Bisulfite kits. Conversion efficiency ranged from 98.7% (EpiTect Bisulfite Kit) to 99.9% (EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit). The inappropriate conversion of methylated cytosines to thymines varied between 0.9% (innuCONVERT Bisulfite kits) and 2.7% (EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit). Time-to-result ranged from 131 min (innuCONVERT kits) to 402 min (EpiTect Bisulfite Kit). Hands-on-time was between 66 min (EZ DNA Methylation-Lightning Kit) and 104 min (EpiTect Fast FFPE and Fast DNA Bisulfite kits). Highest yields from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections without prior extraction were obtained using the innuCONVERT Bisulfite All-In-One Kit while the EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit yielded DNA with only low PCR-amplifiability. The innuCONVERT Bisulfite All-In-One Kit exhibited the highest versatility regarding different input sample materials (extracted DNA, tissue, FFPE tissue, cell lines, urine sediment, and cellular fractions of bronchial aspirates, pleural effusions, ascites). The innuCONVERT Bisulfite Body Fluids Kit allowed for the analysis of 3 ml plasma, serum, ascites, pleural effusions and urine.