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1.
明确不同猎物及密度下巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri与拉戈钝绥螨Amblyseius largoensis(Muma)的同类相残和集团内捕食作用,为其协同应用控制橡胶树害螨提供依据.在室温27±1℃、湿度75%±5%、光周期12 L∶12D 条件下,以六点始叶螨 Eotetranvchus sexmaculatus(Riley)、比哈小爪螨Oligonychus biharen(Hirst)和东方真叶螨Eutetranychus orientalis(klein)为集团外猎物,观察巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨对集团内和集团外猎物的捕食选择行为,以及不同集团外猎物密度下两种捕食螨对同种和异种捕食螨的捕食作用.巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨对异种个体及集团外不同猎物的捕食偏好性及捕食时间存在明显差异.巴氏新小绥螨偏好取食集团外猎物,异种捕食螨拉戈钝绥螨残存率达到80.00%以上;拉戈钝绥螨偏好取食集团外猎物六点始叶螨和比哈小爪螨,而当东方真叶螨存在时,其更偏好取食异种捕食螨巴氏新小绥螨(残存率为26.67%);发生集团内捕食时,拉戈钝绥螨为集团内捕食者,而巴氏新小绥螨为集团内猎物.集团外猎物密度可显著影响巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨相残作用,尤以猎物六点始叶螨对巴氏新小绥螨和东方真叶螨对拉戈钝绥螨影响最为明显,其充足时比无猎物时捕食量分别下降了 68.85%和62.90%.巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨的集团内捕食分别以比哈小爪螨和六点始叶螨的影响最大,猎物充足时比无猎物时捕食量下降了 80.00%和69.44%,但拉戈钝绥螨在以东方真叶螨为猎物时集团内捕食受猎物密度影响较小,猎物充足时取食量与猎物不足时接近,比无猎物时捕食量只下降20.83%.集团外猎物六点始叶螨、比哈小爪螨存在时,巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨表现为偏好选择集团外猎物,密度增加对两种植绥螨的同类相残和集团内捕食作用有明显抑制作用,但东方真叶螨充足与否,拉戈钝绥螨对巴氏新小绥螨的集团内捕食作用影响差异不显著.  相似文献   

2.
明确不同猎物及密度下巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri与拉戈钝绥螨Amblyseius largoensis(Muma)的同类相残和集团内捕食作用,为其协同应用控制橡胶树害螨提供依据。在室温27±1℃、湿度75%±5%、光周期12 L:12 D条件下,以六点始叶螨Eotetranvchus sexmaculatus(Riley)、比哈小爪螨Oligonychus biharen(Hirst)和东方真叶螨Eutetranychus orientalis(klein)为集团外猎物,观察巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨对集团内和集团外猎物的捕食选择行为,以及不同集团外猎物密度下两种捕食螨对同种和异种捕食螨的捕食作用。巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨对异种个体及集团外不同猎物的捕食偏好性及捕食时间存在明显差异。巴氏新小绥螨偏好取食集团外猎物,异种捕食螨拉戈钝绥螨残存率达到80.00%以上;拉戈钝绥螨偏好取食集团外猎物六点始叶螨和比哈小爪螨,而当东方真叶螨存在时,其更偏好取食异种捕食螨巴氏新小绥螨(残存率为26.67%);发生集团内捕食时,拉戈钝绥螨为集团内捕食者,而巴氏新小绥螨为集团内猎物。集团外猎物密度可显著影响巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨相残作用,尤以猎物六点始叶螨对巴氏新小绥螨和东方真叶螨对拉戈钝绥螨影响最为明显,其充足时比无猎物时捕食量分别下降了68.85%和62.90%。巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨的集团内捕食分别以比哈小爪螨和六点始叶螨的影响最大,猎物充足时比无猎物时捕食量下降了80.00%和69.44%,但拉戈钝绥螨在以东方真叶螨为猎物时集团内捕食受猎物密度影响较小,猎物充足时取食量与猎物不足时接近,比无猎物时捕食量只下降20.83%。集团外猎物六点始叶螨、比哈小爪螨存在时,巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨表现为偏好选择集团外猎物,密度增加对两种植绥螨的同类相残和集团内捕食作用有明显抑制作用,但东方真叶螨充足与否,拉戈钝绥螨对巴氏新小绥螨的集团内捕食作用影响差异不显著。  相似文献   

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徐学农 《昆虫知识》2011,48(3):579-587
西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是温室花卉与蔬菜上的重要害虫(螨)。植物常被两者同时危害。黄瓜新小绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris(Oudemans)是世界上广泛应用的温室蓟马的生物防治物,有时也被用来防治二斑叶螨。本研究中,在人工气候室盆栽条件下利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治西花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨。结果显示,当每豆株上接入10或20头二斑叶螨时,按照1∶4的益害比释放黄瓜新小绥螨可有效控制二斑叶螨。同样密度比的情况下,5和10头黄瓜新小绥螨的释放量可显著控制西花蓟马的接入量。二斑叶螨密度的增加没有显著影响到黄瓜新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马可捕食黄瓜新小绥螨的卵,日捕食量达1.2粒。本文对利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治温室中西花蓟马进行了讨论。  相似文献   

4.
两种植绥螨的同类相残和集团内捕食作用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
巴氏新小绥螨(Neoseiulus barkeri)和黄瓜新小绥螨(N.cucumeris)是两种多食性植绥螨,主要捕食叶螨和蓟马等,目前在我国广泛应用于农业生物防治中.本文研究了这两种植绥螨种内的同类相残(cannibalism)和种间的集团内捕食作用(intraguild predation)以及相互之间的攻击强度,以明确两者之间的相互关系,为合理构建天敌组合及评估生物防治的作用提供依据.结果显示:两种植绥螨对同种或异种幼螨的捕食量最大,其次是若螨,而对卵的捕食量极低.两种植绥螨对异种幼螨或若螨的捕食量均极显著高于对同种幼螨或若螨的捕食量.可见,无其他猎物存在情况下,两种植绥螨同时发生时更倾向于发生种间的集团内捕食.而巴氏新小绥螨对异种幼螨或若螨的捕食量均高于黄瓜新小绥螨对异种幼螨或若螨的捕食量,并且巴氏新小绥螨和黄瓜新小绥螨相比,巴氏新小绥螨对异种幼螨的攻击性更强,因此当这两种植绥螨发生集团内捕食时,巴氏新小绥螨是潜在的集团内捕食者,而黄瓜新小绥螨是潜在的集团内猎物.  相似文献   

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【目的】比较加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus和巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的捕食能力,为果园二斑叶螨生物防治剂的选择提供依据。【方法】采用捕食功能反应的方法研究加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食作用。【结果】加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食能力均随着螨态的增大而降低,对卵的捕食能力最强,其次是幼螨、第一若螨、第二若螨、成螨。巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨的捕食能力强于加州新小绥螨,功能反应参数a/Th值分别高出55.2%和30.1%,而加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨第一若螨、第二若螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨,a/Th值分别高出67.5%和114.5%,两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力相当,a/Th值均为4.5。加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨均对二斑叶螨的卵和幼螨表现出嗜食性,而对若螨和成螨没有嗜食性。两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨的捕食存在种内干扰,加州新小绥螨的干扰系数(0.328)大于巴氏新小绥螨(0.324)。【结论】在室内环境稳定的条件下,加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨。  相似文献   

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本文在25±1℃、相对湿度80% ±5%和光照(L:D=16 h:8 h)条件下研究了黄瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae不同螨态的捕食功能反应、捕食选择性及个体间干扰反应,以期为黄瓜新小绥螨的大田释放和利用提供理论依据.结果表明,黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,其对二斑叶螨卵(a/Th=47.9965)的控制作用强于若螨(a/Th=27.6906)和成螨(a/Th=9.3963).黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨卵和若螨表现为正喜好性(Ci>0)、成螨表现为负喜好性(Ci<0).在相同猎物密度下,黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨成螨捕食率随着自身密度增大而降低,捕食者自身密度干扰反应方程为E=0.2225P-0.617.  相似文献   

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【目的】以螨治螨是害虫生物防治的一个重要部分,也是果园害虫生态控制的重要措施。通过在苹果园人为释放捕食螨的方法,定量分析加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor)和东方钝绥螨Amblyseiusorientalis(Ehara)对苹果园2种害螨(苹果全爪螨Panonychusulmi(Koch)和山楂叶螨TetranychusviennensisZacher)捕食效果,为开展果园害虫生态调控提供科学依据。【方法】于2019年5-10月份在胶东半岛烟台市牟平区果园中释放加州新小绥螨和东方钝绥螨,比较分析释放捕食螨区域与对照苹果树上苹果全爪螨和山楂叶螨种群数量的变化。【结果】2种捕食螨均能适应当地果园生态环境,释放后能够迅速发挥控害作用。其中,加州新小绥螨对叶螨的控制作用达到84.8%-100%,东方钝绥螨对叶螨的控制作用达到90%-100%,且东方钝绥螨的防治效果略优于加州新小绥螨。【结论】加州新小绥螨和东方钝绥螨2种捕食螨在胶东半岛对苹果叶螨防控效果比较理想,均可作为苹果园叶螨生物防治的天敌。  相似文献   

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枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Keifer(Acari: Eriophyoidae)是枸杞上为害最严重的有害生物之一。近期在内蒙古地区发现植绥螨巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes(Acari: Phytoseiidae)与枸杞瘿螨可同时发生在野生枸杞上。为评价巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨的捕食潜力,本研究在室内25±1℃、RH 65%±10%、16 L∶8 D的条件下,研究了巴氏新小绥螨对不同密度枸杞瘿螨成螨(30、50、70、90、110、130、150、170头)的捕食功能反应及搜寻效应。结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨的雌、雄成螨对枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食功能反应均为Holling-II型,即巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,一直到猎物密度较高时趋于稳定;而巴氏新小绥螨雌、雄成螨的搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对相同密度下的枸杞瘿螨成螨的捕食量均高于雄成螨,而且雌成螨的搜寻效应也强于雄成螨。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨的攻击率(α=4.4121)高于雄成螨(α=2.4403),而雌成螨的处理时间(Th =0.0094 d)短于雄成螨(Th=0.0196 d);雌、雄成螨的理论最大日捕食量(T/Th)分别为106.61头和51.02头。研究结果显示巴氏新小绥螨对枸杞瘿螨有较好的捕食潜力,性别对巴氏新小绥螨捕食枸杞瘿螨的功能反应有显著影响。  相似文献   

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【目的】植绥螨是蓟马等害虫(螨)的重要捕食性天敌,在当前生物防治中应用广泛,本研究旨在为本地植绥螨资源的开发利用及筛选出控制西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis最有效的植绥螨天敌提供依据。【方法】以西花蓟马为猎物,在室内温度(25±1)℃、光照16L︰8D、相对湿度80%±5%的条件下,比较了内蒙古本地植绥螨种类有益真绥螨Euseius utilis Liang et Ke、苏氏副伦绥螨Paraseiulus soleiger Ribaga和巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes及目前应用的植绥螨斯氏钝绥螨Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot、东方钝绥螨A.orientalis Ehara和黄瓜新小绥螨N.cucumeris Oudemans取食西花蓟马后的发育历期和生殖潜力,并组建了实验种群生命表以评价各类植绥螨的捕食潜能。【结果】有益真绥螨的日均产卵量(1.67±0.02)粒和黄瓜新小绥螨的日均产卵量(1.58±0.06)粒相近且无显著差异,仅次于斯氏钝绥螨(1.69±0.07)粒;有益真绥螨其子代雌雄性比与黄瓜新小绥螨的性比也相同(1.63︰1),低于斯氏钝绥螨(1.77︰1)和巴氏新小绥螨(1.64︰1);有益真绥螨的世代平均周期最短(T=19.36 d),内禀增长率(rm=0.16)和周限增长率(λ=1.17)均最大,种群倍增时间最短(t=4.33 d)。【结论】有益真绥螨以西花蓟马为食后种群数量增长的潜力强于其他5种植绥螨,是本地防治西花蓟马较有潜力的植绥螨种类。  相似文献   

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【目的】为明确不同寄主植物挥发物对双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein的影响。【方法】采用Y-型嗅觉仪,观测双尾新小绥螨对不同处理(健康植株、机械损伤植株、去叶螨受害植株、带叶螨受害植株)的5种寄主植物(大豆、棉花、番茄、茄子、黄瓜)的趋性差异。【结果】双尾新小绥螨对不同处理的5种寄主植物的趋性强弱依次为:带叶螨受害叶去叶螨受害叶机械损伤叶健康植株叶洁净空气。5种螨害植株间比较时,每组均为螨害大豆的引诱率最高,且显著高于茄子,极显著高于番茄和黄瓜,但与棉花无显著性差异。【结论】双尾新小绥螨在搜寻猎物过程中,不同寄主植物的挥发物对其选择寄主的过程起到重要作用。  相似文献   

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On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.  相似文献   

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Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor  相似文献   

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