MALDI-TOF质谱在细菌检测及鉴定中的研究进展

近年来,随着质谱技术的快速发展,软电离方式的出现,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱能够对蛋白质、核酸及脂类等生物大分子进行快速、准确的分析,进而使得其被应用于细菌的检测及鉴定成为可能。本文综述了当前基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱在细菌检测及鉴定方面的研究进展。     

生物质谱结合IMAC亲和提取和磷酸酶水解分析蛋白质磷酸化修饰

蛋白质磷酸化是生物体内非常重要的翻译后修饰方式 ,对磷酸化蛋白质的分析及磷酸化位点的确定有助于理解与其相关的生物功能。基质辅助激光解吸 /电离飞行时间质谱和电喷雾 四极杆 飞行时间质谱这两种生物质谱仪在蛋白质鉴定和翻译后修饰分析中发挥着重要作用。固相金属亲和色谱可选择性亲和提取肽混合物中的磷酸肽 ,结合磷酸酶水解实验和基质辅助激光解吸 /电离飞行时间质谱分析可确定肽混合物中的磷酸肽 ,最后用电喷雾 四极杆 飞行时间串联质谱分析磷酸肽的序列 ,结合数据库检索确定磷酸化位点。     

肿瘤蛋白标志物分析技术研究进展

目前,我国的肿瘤发病率为285.91/10万,平均每分钟有6人被诊断为恶性肿瘤,因此肿瘤的早期诊断的重要性显而易见。随着分子生物学、免疫学诊断技术的飞速发展,寻找肿瘤诊断和预后的特异性标志物已成为近期研究的热点。蛋白质是生命活动中多项功能的执行者,可以直接反映基因给予的信息。相比于基因,蛋白质的表达谱更可以直接地反映功能机制。针对蛋白质的生物特性,本文总结了目前临床中筛查肿瘤蛋白标志物分析技术,如双向凝胶电泳、基质辅助激光解吸/电离-飞行时间质谱、表面增强激光解吸/电离-飞行时间质谱、蛋白质芯片技术,并对未来肿瘤蛋白标志物筛查提出新的展望。     

采用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)鉴定曲霉属Flavi组和Fumigati组的一些种（英文）

一些曲霉是主要的食物腐败菌及人的病原体,特别是免疫系统受损的病人可能导致严重的感染。本研究评价了利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱对一些临床和环境中重要的Flavi组和Fumigati组曲霉,进行鉴定的可能性,并将结果与形态学及测序结果(ITS区和部分-tubulin和钙调蛋白基因)进行比较分析。通过曲霉中34个Flavi组菌株和30个Fumigati组菌株的质谱分析,来建立基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱的数据库。对光谱数据进行聚类分析表明Fumigati组的基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱的结果与系统发育结果完全一致;Flavi组的基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱方法将A.flavus,A.oryzae,A.sojae和A.parasiticus分开的效果比测序方法好。随后,再选取用于验证数据库的50个菌株中49个(98%)菌株用质谱数据得到正确鉴定。对于分离本研究中曲霉的隐形种,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱方法优于测序方法。这种方法可以用于曲霉临床实验室鉴定的标准方法,因为临床需要快速和稳定的鉴定方法,这对于适当的治疗方案的选择很重要,此方法同样适于环境研究工作。     

世纪之交的蛋白质序列测定技术

对蛋白质序列测定技术的发展过程作了简要回顾,介绍了近年在该方法学领域的主要进展,其中包括Ｎ－端顺序测定的微量化、毛细管ＨＰＬＣ与毛细管电泳的应用,新的Ｃ－端化学降解测序方法,以及快原子轰击（ＦＡＢ）、电喷雾（ＥＳＩ）和基质辅助激光解吸电离－飞行时间（ＭＡＬＤＩ－ＴＯＦ）质谱在蛋白质序列测定中的应用,还对世纪之交该领域的发展趋势作了扼要的展望。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱在微生物鉴定中的研究进展

与传统的微生物鉴定技术相比，基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)是一种准确、可靠和快速的鉴定和分型的技术。本文通过检索近年来国内外相关研究论文，总结最新的研究进展，发现MALDI-TOF MS在临床病原微生物、食源性微生物以及环境微生物等鉴定中有较大的优势，加快了微生物鉴定的进程，同时探索该技术在新领域的最新进展和面临的挑战，以期为我国基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱技术的发展提供参考。     

微生物学研究中的软电离质谱技术

包括基质辅助激光解吸电离（ＭＡＬＤＩ）和电喷雾（ＥＳＩ）在内的软电离质谱是最近发展起来的质谱技术,由于这些电离方式对样品的破坏性小,质量测定范围大,分子量测定准确,样品纯度要求不高很适合分析成分复杂的微生物样品,ＭＡＬＩＤＩ－ＴＯＦ－ＭＳ结合高分辨率的二维ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ可以分析１０＾－１２摩尔水平的蛋白,是细菌蛋白质研究过程中必不可少的工具。最近的研究工作表明,通过ＭＡＩＤＩ－ＴＯＦ－ＭＳ或ＨＰ     

蛋白质芯片SELDI-TOFMS技术的研究进展及其在临床中的应用

蛋白质芯片为新一代的蛋白质组研究技术,由美国Ciphergen生物系统公司引进,表面增强激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(SELDI-TOFMS)提供一个高通量和高灵敏度的检测平台。投放至今虽短短10来年,但卓越的成果已广为医学科学界重视,尤其在恶性肿瘤的早期诊断、监控和预后研究上。蛋白质是细胞内执行生物功能的最终分子,蛋白质组学研究让人类更深入了解疾病和生命的本源,不断发现的特异性肿瘤标志物更为攻克癌症带来新希望。这里除对表面增强激光解吸电离_飞行时间质谱作较详尽的介绍外,更重点阐述其近年来蛋白质芯片近期的研究进展和在临床中的应用,并就其优劣和发展前景作出评估。     

蛋白质芯片SELDI-TOF MS技术的研究进展及其在临床中的应用

蛋白质芯片为新一代的蛋白质组研究技术,由美国Ciphergen生物系统公司引进,表面增强激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(SELDI-TOFMS)提供一个高通量和高灵敏度的检测平台。投放至今虽短短10来年,但卓越的成果已广为医学科学界重视,尤其在恶性肿瘤的早期诊断、监控和预后研究上。蛋白质是细胞内执行生物功能的最终分子,蛋白质组学研究让人类更深入了解疾病和生命的本源,不断发现的特异性肿瘤标志物更为攻克癌症带来新希望。这里除对表面增强激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱作较详尽的介绍外,更重点阐述其近年来蛋白质芯片近期的研究进展和在临床中的应用,并就其优劣和发展前景作出评估。     

趋化因子配体18重组成熟肽段的表达

目的构建PET SUMO-CCL18原核表达质粒,并表达、纯化获得重组趋化因子配体18成熟肽段。方法从人卵巢癌组织中克隆CCL18基因全长,继而扩增表达成熟蛋白质的核酸序列,连接人PETSUMO载体,重组阳性克隆转入感受态细胞BL21（DE3）中IPTG诱导表达,基质辅助激光解吸／电离质谱技术（MALDI-TOF）验证后以SUMO蛋白酶切除载体部分,纯化浓缩,MALDI-TOF鉴定表达结果。结果测序分析证实,克隆人PETSUMO载体的CCL18序列与Genbank中报道序列完全一致,纯化后蛋白质谱鉴定与天然CCL18成熟蛋白序列一致。结论成功构建了高表达CCL18蛋白的表达系统,得到重组CCL18成熟肽段,为进一步研究CCL18蛋白在卵巢癌中的作用提供实验基础。     

Mass spectrometrical verification of stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2) primary structure

Stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2) (syn.: EPB72-like 2 [NP_038470], HSPC108 [AAF29073]), a protein of unknown function, has been described in several tissues and cells but its primary structure is still not completely elucidated. Moreover, sequence conflicts appear in several databases. It was the aim of the study to further describe SLP-2 primary sequence and to solve existing sequence conflicts. For this purpose a protein extract was run on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and SLP-2 was identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. SLP-2 was digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin, Lys-C, and de novo sequencing studies as well as Nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis were carried out. By the use of several proteases sequence coverage of 90% was obtained but the N-terminal 34 amino acids harbouring database conflict 1 were not covered. The presence of Leucine 129 (sequence conflict 2) and Alanine 202 (sequence conflict 3) was verified by three independent approaches. High sequence coverage resulting from multiple proteolytic cleavage, MALDI-TOF/TOF, Nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and de novo sequencing completed unambiguous analysis of SLP-2 primary structure of approximately = 90% of sequence coverage. In addition, methodology used was able to solve so far pending sequence conflicts in databases and literature. SLP-2 is a high abundance protein in several tissues and cells and may play an important biological role and therefore characterization of its primary structure is of importance.     

An enhanced method for peptides sequencing by N-terminal derivatization and MS

An improved method for peptide sequencing based on acetylation/deuteroacetylation in conjunction with ESI MS is introduced. Derivatization with a 1:1 mixture of acetic anhydride and deuterated acetic anhydride incorporates a stable isotope label into the analyzed molecule. This approach has been initially applied to FAB. Using MS/MS, the technique provides a fast, highly sensitive and reliable determination of the primary structure of unknown peptides. This procedure labels N-terminal fragments formed during MS/MS analysis, resulting in a simplification and faster interpretation of the spectra. The performance of the method has been tested with several synthetic peptides and applied to an efficient sequencing of the peptide map, using a nano-scale LC coupled on-line to a tandem mass spectrometer.     

Mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium: advances, limitations and guidelines

Mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium (MALD) is a theoretically powerful, although unproven, approach to mapping genetic variants that are involved in human disease. MALD takes advantage of long-range haplotypes that are generated by gene flow among recently admixed ethnic groups, such as African-Americans and Latinos. Under ideal circumstances, MALD will have more power to detect some genetic variants than other types of genome-wide association study that are carried out among more ethnically homogeneous populations. It will also require 200-500 times fewer markers, providing a significant economic advantage. The MALD approach is now being applied, with results expected in the near future.     

Analysis of N-glycosylation in maize cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 1 using a manual microgradient chromatographic separation coupled offline to MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry

Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO; EC 1.5.99.12) irreversibly degrades the plant hormones cytokinins. A recombinant maize isoenzyme 1 (ZmCKO1) produced in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was subjected to enzymatic deglycosylation by endoglycosidase H. Spectrophotometric assays showed that both activity and thermostability of the enzyme decreased after the treatment at non-denaturing conditions indicating the biological importance of ZmCKO1 glycosylation. The released N-glycans were purified with graphitized carbon sorbent and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. The structure of the measured high-mannose type N-glycans was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on a Q-TOF instrument with electrospray ionization. Further experiments were focused on direct analysis of sugar binding. Peptides and glycopeptides purified from tryptic digests of recombinant ZmCKO1 were separated by reversed-phase chromatography using a manual microgradient device; the latter were then subjected to offline-coupled analysis on a MALDI-TOF/TOF instrument. Glycopeptide sequencing by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS demonstrated N-glycosylation at Asn52, 63, 134, 294, 323 and 338. The bound glycans contained 3-14 mannose residues. Interestingly, Asn134 was found only partially glycosylated. Asn338 was the sole site to carry large glycan chains exceeding 25 mannose residues. This observation demonstrates that contrary to a previous belief, the heterologous expression in Y. lipolytica may lead to locally hyperglycosylated proteins.     

A rapid isolation and identification method for blocked N‐terminal peptides by isothiocyanate‐coupled magnetic nanoparticles and MS

A quick isolation and identification of N‐blocked peptides from protein digest mixtures were achieved by diisothiocyanate or isothiocyanate‐coupled magnetic nanoparticles and MS. After protein digests were guanidinated and then mixed with diisothiocyanate or isothiocyanate‐coupled magnetic nanoparticles, unmodified N‐terminal peptides were covalently bound to magnetic nanoparticles, and can be removed from the mixture under magnetic field. Therefore, N‐blocked peptides could be isolated and analyzed by MALDI or ESI MS. This new strategy was demonstrated with model peptides, proteins, and the lysates of HepG2 cells.     

Shotgun protein sequencing: assembly of peptide tandem mass spectra from mixtures of modified proteins

Despite significant advances in the identification of known proteins, the analysis of unknown proteins by MS/MS still remains a challenging open problem. Although Klaus Biemann recognized the potential of MS/MS for sequencing of unknown proteins in the 1980s, low throughput Edman degradation followed by cloning still remains the main method to sequence unknown proteins. The automated interpretation of MS/MS spectra has been limited by a focus on individual spectra and has not capitalized on the information contained in spectra of overlapping peptides. Indeed the powerful shotgun DNA sequencing strategies have not been extended to automated protein sequencing. We demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of automated shotgun protein sequencing of protein mixtures by utilizing MS/MS spectra of overlapping and possibly modified peptides generated via multiple proteases of different specificities. We validate this approach by generating highly accurate de novo reconstructions of multiple regions of various proteins in western diamondback rattlesnake venom. We further argue that shotgun protein sequencing has the potential to overcome the limitations of current protein sequencing approaches and thus catalyze the otherwise impractical applications of proteomics methodologies in studies of unknown proteins.     

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2 associates with oxidation of methoxyacetaldehyde; in vitro analysis with liver subcellular fraction derived from human and Aldh2 gene targeting mouse

A principal pathway of 2-methoxyethanol (ME) metabolism is to the toxic oxidative product, methoxyacetaldehyde (MALD). To assess the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in MALD metabolism, in vitro MALD oxidation was examined with liver subcellular fractions from Japanese subjects who carried three different ALDH2 genotypes and Aldh2 knockout mice, which were generated in this study. The activity was distributed in mitochondrial fractions of ALDH2*1/*1 and wild type (Aldh2+/+) mice but not ALDH2*1/*2, *2/*2 subjects or Aldh2 homozygous mutant (Aldh2-/-) mice. These data suggest that ALDH2 is a key enzyme for MALD oxidation and ME susceptibility may be influenced by the ALDH2 genotype.     

Evaluating Peptide Mass Fingerprinting-based Protein Identification

Identification of proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential step in pro- teomic studies and is typically accomplished by either peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or amino acid sequencing of the peptide. Although sequence information from MS/MS analysis can be used to validate PMF-based protein identification, it may not be practical when analyzing a large number of proteins and when high- throughput MS/MS instrumentation is not readily available. At present, a vast majority of proteomic studies employ PMF. However, there are huge disparities in criteria used to identify proteins using PMF. Therefore, to reduce incorrect protein identification using PMF, and also to increase confidence in PMF-based protein identification without accompanying MS/MS analysis, definitive guiding principles are essential. To this end, we propose a value-based scoring system that provides guidance on evaluating when PMF-based protein identification can be deemed sufficient without accompanying amino acid sequence data from MS/MS analysis.     

Evaluating Peptide Mass Fingerprinting-based Protein Identification

Identification of proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential step in pro- teomic studies and is typically accomplished by either peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or amino acid sequencing of the peptide. Although sequence information from MS/MS analysis can be used to validate PMF-based protein identification, it may not be practical when analyzing a large number of proteins and when high- throughput MS/MS instrumentation is not readily available. At present, a vast majority of proteomic studies employ PMF. However, there are huge disparities in criteria used to identify proteins using PMF. Therefore, to reduce incorrect protein identification using PMF, and also to increase confidence in PMF-based protein identification without accompanying MS/MS analysis, definitive guiding principles are essential. To this end, we propose a value-based scoring system that provides guidance on evaluating when PMF-based protein identification can be deemed sufficient without accompanying amino acid sequence data from MS/MS analysis.     

Evaluating peptide mass fingerprinting-based protein identification

Identification of proteins by mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential step in proteomic studies and is typically accomplished by either peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or amino acid sequencing of the peptide. Although sequence information from MS/MS analysis can be used to validate PMF-based protein identification, it may not be practical when analyzing a large number of proteins and when high- throughput MS/MS instrumentation is not readily available. At present, a vast majority of proteomic studies employ PMF. However, there are huge disparities in criteria used to identify proteins using PMF. Therefore, to reduce incorrect protein identification using PMF, and also to increase confidence in PMF-based protein identification without accompanying MS/MS analysis, definitive guiding principles are essential. To this end, we propose a value-based scoring system that provides guidance on evaluating when PMF-based protein identification can be deemed sufficient without accompanying amino acid sequence data from MS/MS analysis.