中国单突叶蝉属三新种 (同翅目:叶蝉科)(英文)

本文记述中国单突叶蝉属Lodiana三新种。宽带单突叶蝉Lodianaplatyfasciata新种 ,正模♂ :1989 Ⅷ 13,李子忠采自贵州榕江。该种雄性外生殖器与黄带单突叶蝉LodianabrevisinaZhang相似 ,但本种下生殖板外缘不弯曲 ,阳茎干末端背面有 1横列细齿 ,此外 ,前翅上仅具 1条黄色宽横带 ,二者易于区分。钩茎单突叶蝉Lodianahamularis新种 ,正模♂ :1987 Ⅶ 1,王汉莱采自浙江杭州。本种雄性外生殖器构造相似于LodianasetaceaNielson ,但其下生殖板及阳茎上突起的形状均明显不同于后者。葛氏单突叶蝉Lodianakuohi新种 ,正模♂ :1982 Ⅶ 19,马云采自福建上杭。本种雄性外生殖器特征相似于黄面单突叶蝉LodianahuangminaLietWang ,但其阳茎末端具几枚短刺突 ,且下生殖板形状也不同于后者 ,另外 ,体长明显短于后者 ,据此可加以区别。其模式标本存放于安徽农业大学植保系     

中国叉索叶蝉属一新种(同翅目:叶蝉科:角顶叶蝉亚科)

叉索叶蝉属Neurotettix Matsumura隶属于角顶叶蝉亚科Deltocephalinae圆冠叶蝉族Athysanini,由Matsumura(1914)根据我国台湾的Neurotettix horishanus 为模式种建立,当时仅知1种.Ishihara(1963)对该属进行了重新描记并补充了雄性外生殖器特征.蔡平等(1999)报道了河南宝天曼的1个新种--双叉叉索叶蝉Neurotettix bifurcatus.本文记述采自我国湖南的1个新种脊茎叉索叶蝉Neurotettix flangenus, sp. nov.,至此,该属全世界已知3种,全部分布在我国.模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.脊茎叉索叶蝉Neurotettix flangenus, 新种 (图1)新种与Neurotettix horishanus Matsumura相似,但本新种阳茎干较短,端部两侧有侧脊,而后者阳茎干细长,端部向背面弯曲、无突起或脊.本新种也与双叉叉索叶蝉Neurotettix bifurcatus Cai et Shen相似,但本新种端部两侧具脊,后者阳茎端部背缘有1对长突、腹缘有1对短突,明显不同.正模♂,湖南郴州苏仙岭,1985-Ⅶ-18,张雅林、柴勇辉;副模1♀,湖南郴州,1985-Ⅶ-5,张雅林、柴勇辉;1♀,湖南郴州,1985-Ⅶ-16,张雅林、柴勇辉;1♀,湖南郴州,1985-Ⅶ-23,张雅林、柴勇辉.     

小头叶蝉属系统分类研究（同翅目：叶蝉科）

记述世界小头叶蝉属Placidus Distant昆虫9种,其中包括4个新种。条痕小头叶蝉Placidus striolatus,sp.nov. 乌樽小头叶蝉Placidus nigrocupuliferou,sp.nov.分布于云省,花顶小头叶蝉Placidus flosifronus,sp.nov.分布于湖南省,密齿小叶蝉Placidus dentatus,sp.nov。分布于四川省。中列出了所有9种小头叶蝉的名录并编制了分布检索表。新种模式标本分别保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆和中国科学院动物研究所（IZAS）。新种模式标本和示差鉴别特征如下：条痕小叶蝉Placidus striolatus,新种,正模：♂（IZAS）,云南省,大围山,1350m,1956-V-22,邦浦洛夫采。该新种与P.hornei Distant相近,但其雄性生殖瓣侧面观近三角形,尾节侧瓣向后渐狭,阳茎端部近1／3处具数条长印痕,阳茎产端部腹缘锯齿状,可以与后相区别。花顶小头叶蝉Palcidus flosifrontus,新种（图3）,正模♂,南非,郴州莽山,1985－Ⅶ－31,张雅林,柴勇辉采。该新种与P.hornei Distant相近,但其阳茎基部两侧所具有一对长的带状突不同于小头叶蝉属Placidus所有其他种类。密齿小头叶蝉Plasidus dentatus,新种（图4）,模：♂（IZAS）,四川省,马尔康,1961－Ⅵ,李贵富采。该新种与P.brunneus Kuoh相近,但其小盾片中域横刻痕不明显,连索“Y”型,阳茎端部部侧区密生小齿突,可与后明显相区分,乌樽小头叶蝉Placidus nigrocupuliferous,新种（图5）,正模：♂,云南省,勐养,750m,1991-Ⅵ－9,王应伦,田润刚采。该新种与P.hornei Distant和P.bruneus Kuoh相近,但其阳基侧突呈“S”形且基部1／3膨大,阳茎侧面观呈“Y”形,腹面一支明显比背方一支狭,可与后两种明显区分。     

中国横春叶蝉属分类研究(半翅目,叶蝉科,角顶叶蝉亚科)

对中国横春叶蝉属Hengchunia Vilbaste进行了分类研究,确认我国现知3种,其中包括1新种,平端横春叶蝉Hengchunia truncata sp.nov．,文中给出了该属全世界已知种类名录,并提供了中国已有种类的检索表。研究标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

尼泊尔小头叶蝉属一新种记述（同翅目：叶蝉科：秀头叶蝉亚科）

本文记述了采自尼泊尔的叶蝉科秀头叶蝉亚科小头叶蝉属1新种：凹瓣小头叶蝉Placidus incurvatus,sp.nov,并确认小头叶蝉属应隶属于秀头叶蝉亚科。新种模式标本保藏于英国自然历史博物馆(BMNH)。该新种额唇基具1近似漏斗形的纵长黄色区域,阳基侧突外基突端部向外侧弯折翘起,生殖瓣端部凹入,明显有别于同属其它种类。     

叉突杆蝉属一新种及一中国新记录种：同翅目：叶蝉科：杆叶蝉亚科

叉突杆蝉属一新种及一中国新记录种（同翅目：叶蝉科：杆叶蝉亚科）沈林,张雅林（陕西省杨陵区西北农业大学昆虫研究所,陕西省杨陵区７１２１００）叉突杆蝉属Ｋａｌａｓｈａ由Ｄｉｓｔａｎｔ建立于１９０８年,该属现仅知２种,分布于印度（阿萨姆）和印度尼西亚（苏门...     

中国横皱叶蝉属一新种记述（半翅目：叶蝉科）

记述采集山西横皱叶蝉属1新种:黑面横皱叶蝉Oncopsis nigrofaciala sp. nov.。新种近似于黑带横皱叶蝉 O. nigrofasciata Xu, Liang & Li, 2006,但前者颜面大面积黑色,背连索中部的细长突起和阳茎的形状明显不同。     

中国灯叶蝉属一新种记述（同翅目：叶蝉科：角顶叶蝉亚科）

灯叶蝉属Lamprotettix 隶属于角顶叶蝉亚科Deltocephalinae 圆冠叶蝉族Athysanini,由Ribaut 以Cicada octopunctata Schrank 为模式种建立。Ossiannilsson (1947) 和Ribaut (1952)确认 Lamprotettix splendidulus (Fabricius, 1803)和L. octopunctata (Schrank, 1796)是 L. nitidula (Fabricius, 1787) 的异名。该属目前仅知1种 L. nitidula (Fabricius)。本文记述采自我国云南的1新种 云南灯叶蝉L. yunnanensis, sp. nov.,至此,该属全世界已知2种,我国均有分布。新种模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。 云南灯叶蝉Lamprotettix yunnanensis, 新种（图1～10） 　　新种与Lamprotettix nitidulus (Fabricius, 1787) 相似,但本新种尾节后背缘无三角形突起,阳茎端部仅有1对伸向体前方的突起,不同于后者。 　　正模♂,云南大理苍山,2400m,1999-Ⅺ-12,秦道正采;副模1♀,同正模。     

云南横脊叶蝉亚科三新种记述(同翅目:叶蝉科)

记述了采自云南的横脊叶蝉亚科Evacanthinae,斜脊叶蝉属Bundera Distant 2新种,即红条斜脊叶蝉B.rufistriana sp.nov.和透斑斜脊叶蝉B.pellucida sp.nov。以及角突叶蝉属Taperus Li et Wang 1新种,即兰坪角突叶蝉T.lanpingensis sp.nov.模式标本保存在贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

管茎叶蝉属二新种（同翅目：叶蝉科：缘脊叶蝉亚科）

研究了英国卡底阜国立博物馆收藏的缘脊叶蝉亚科脊翅叶蝉族管茎叶蝉属的标本,记述2新种,绘制了特征图。研究标本保存在英国卡底阜国立博物馆。 1. 蒙卡管茎叶蝉Fistulatus monkoboensis, 新种 (图1) 　　体连翅长 ♂6.2 mm。 　　观察标本正模 ♂, BORNEO Sabah, Bukit Monkobo, 51°48′N, 116°58′E, 22-Ⅷ-1987, 1930 m. A. H. Kirk-Spriggs, Light trap sample, Upp. Montane forest summit, Bt. Monkobo, NMW Sabah (Borneo) Expedition, NWW. Z. 1987-094. 　　该新种因其独特的雄性外生殖器结构尾节侧瓣长方形,具一长尾节突腹向伸出,分布有数根大型刚毛而与本属内其它种相区别。 2. 雅典娜管茎叶蝉Fistulatus athena, 新种 (图2) 　　体连翅长 ♂6.2 mm。 　　观察标本正模 ♂, BORNEO Sabah, Bukit Monkobo, 51°48′N, 116°58′E, 18-Ⅷ-1987,1200 m. A. H. Kirk-Spriggs. Light trap sample, camp 1, Stunted hill forest, Bukit Monkobo. NMW Sabah(Borneo) Expedition, NMW. Z. 1987-094. 　　该新种与Fistulatus monkoboensis, sp.n. 在形态特征和雄性外生殖器结构上都相似,与后者主要区别如下 1) 前胸背板无小黑点;2) 尾节侧瓣侧突近端部突然端向收缩;3) 下生殖板基部阔,端部较细,指状;4) 阳基侧突端突长而钝圆,指状;5) 阳茎干端向收缩并更弯曲。     

Quadruplexes of human telomere DNA analogs designed to contain G:A:G:A,G:G:A:A,and A:A:A:A tetrads

Replacement of two to four guanines by adenines in the human telomere DNA repeat dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ did not hinder the formation of quadruplexes if the substitutions took place in the terminal tetrad bridged by the diagonal loop of the intramolecular antiparallel three‐tetrad scaffold, as proved by CD and PAGE in both Na⁺ and K⁺ solutions. Thermodynamic data showed that, in Na⁺ solution, the dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex was destabilized, the least by the two G:A:G:A tetrads, the most by the G:G:A:A tetrad in which the adenosines replaced syn‐guanosines. In physiological K⁺ solution, the highest destabilization was caused by the 4A tetrad. In K⁺, only the unmodified dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex rearranged into a K⁺‐dependent quadruplex form, none of the multiple adenine‐modified structures did so. This may imply biological consequences for nonrepaired A‐for‐G mutations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 880–886, 2010.     

Oka: Behind the Barricades: Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance: Spudwrench: Kahnawake Man: My Name is Kahentiiosta: Acts of Defiance

Oka: Behind the Barricades. 1998. 312 minutes. For more information contact the National Film Board of Canada, 3155 Côte de Lisse Rd., St. Laurent, Quebec H4N 2N4. Series of four videos:
Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance. 1993. 120 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .
Spudwrench: Kahnawake Man. 1997. 58 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .
My Name is Kahentiiosta. 1995. 30 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .
Acts of Defiance. 1992. 104 minutes. Directed by Alec MacLeod .     

A dimeric RNA quadruplex architecture comprised of two G:G(:A):G:G(:A) hexads,G:G:G:G tetrads and UUUU loops

Using CD and NMR, we determined the structure of an RNA oligomer, r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) (R14), comprising two GGAGG segments joined by a UUUU segment. A modified quadruplex structure was observed for r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) in solution even in the absence of K(+). An unusually stable dimeric RNA quadruplex architecture formed from two strands of r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) at low K(+) concentration is reported here. In each strand of r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG), two sets of successive turns in the GGAGG segments and turns at both ends of the UUUU loops drive four G-G steps to align in a parallel manner, a core with two stacked G-tetrads being formed. Two adenine bases bind to two edges of one G:G:G:G tetrad through the sheared G:A mismatch augmenting the tetrad into a G:G(:A):G:G(:A) hexad. Thus, one molecule of r(GGAGGUUUUGGAGG) folds into a modified quadruplex comprising a G:G:G:G tetrad, a UUUU double-chain reversal loop and a G:G(:A):G:G(:A) hexad. Two such molecules further associate by stacking through the dimeric hexad-hexad interface with a rotational symmetry. The ribose rings of most nucleotides take S (close to C2'-endo) puckering, which is unusual for an RNA. K(+) can increase the stability of this quadruplex structure; the number of bound K(+) was estimated from the results of the titration experiment. Besides G:G and G:A mismatches, a network of hydrogen bonds including O4'-NH(2) and C-H..O hydrogen bonds, and the extensive base stacking contribute to the high thermodynamic stability of R14. Our results could provide the stereochemical and thermodynamic basis for elucidating the biological role of the GGAGG-containing RNA segments abundantly existing in various RNAs. Relevance to quadruplex-mediated mRNA-FMRP binding and HIV-1 genome RNA dimerization is discussed.     

Experimental demonstration of T:(G:G:G:G):T hexad and T:A:A:T tetrad alignments within a DNA quadruplex stem

A template-based approach was used to design unprecedented architectural motifs into a known DNA framework. The structure formed by the sequence d(GCGGTTGGAT) in 0.1 M Na(+) solution has been determined using molecular dynamics simulations constrained by distance and dihedral restraints derived from NMR experiments. The molecular topology has been previously observed for the sequence d(GCGGTGGAT) (Webba da Silva, M. (2003) Biochemistry 42, 14356-65). Insertion of a single thymine into the double chain reversal formed by the segment GGTGG results in the unprecedented experimental demonstration of a T:(G:G:G:G):T hexad. The bi-stranded hexad results from the pairing alignment of two G(T-G) triads. Each triad results from recognition of the sheared edge of a guanine by the Watson-Crick edge of a thymine of the segment GGTTGG. The alignment is stabilized by base-stacking of the thymine to the sugar pucker of the preceding thymine. The latter is involved in formation of the T:A:A:T tetrad alignment by forming a hydrogen bond with the free amino proton of a Watson-Crick aligned A:A mispair. We have thus established that residues in double chain reversal loops linking juxtaposed tetrads of a quadruplex stem may facilitate formation of yet unknown hydrogen bond alignments. By employing a systematic approach analysis of sequence motifs appearing in double chain reversals, bridging tetrad layers should allow for the prediction of topologies and architectural motifs appearing in biologically relevant genomic regions.     

Hormone interactions and regulation of PsPK2::GUS compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis thaliana

The putative pea PINOID homolog, PsPK2, is expressed in all growing plant parts and is positively regulated by auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin. Here, we studied hormonal regulation of PsPK2::GUS expression compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis. PsPK2::GUS, DR5::GUS, and PID::GUS expression in Arabidopsis shoots is mainly localized in the stipules, hydathodes, veins, developing leaves, and cotyledons. Unlike DR5::GUS, PsPK2::GUS, and PID::GUS are weakly expressed in root tips. Both DR5::GUS and PsPK2::GUS are induced by different auxins and are more sensitive to methyl indole acetic acid, 4-chloro-indole acetic acid, and α-naphthalene acetic acid than others. GA(3) has no significant effect on GUS activity in DR5::GUS-transformed seedlings compared to the control, but induction by auxin and gibberellin in combination is synergistic. Cytokinin increases auxin transport in Arabidopsis seedlings. Auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin all increase GUS activity in shoots of PsPK2::GUS transformed plants compared to the control. However, only auxin and gibberellin increase GUS activity in PID::GUS shoots. In conclusion, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin positively regulate PsPK2 expression in shoots, but not in roots. Auxin and gibberellin also upregulate AtPIN1 and LEAFY expression, which is similar to PsPIN1 and Uni in pea. With minor exceptions, the orthologous genes from both species are regulated similarly.     

Review: Gastric cancer: Basic aspects

Gastric cancer is still one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers in the world. Although our knowledge about the disease has progressed extraordinarily, this has not been accompanied by our capacity to effectively treat the disease. In the last years, immunotherapy made its way into the cancer field and was responsible for major changes in the treatment success rates for several cancer types. Although gastric cancer was not among the first successful targets of this type of therapy, the relationship between this type of cancer, immunosurveillance and immunotherapy is now being actively researched. In this article, we review the literature of the past year regarding the relationship between gastric cancer, its immune microenvironment and response to immunotherapy. Published data indicate that the immune microenvironment influences the clinical behaviour of gastric cancer, and is correlated with its histologic and molecular subtypes with an emphasis on the microsatellite‐ and EBV‐positive tumour subgroups. Although the literature regarding response to immunotherapy is scarce, there is good evidence that patient stratification for immunotherapy is going to become a reality in gastric cancer.     

Review: Gastric malignancies: Basic aspects

Gastric cancer is the third deadliest cancer in the world, and the absolute number of cases is increasing every year due to aging and growing of high‐risk populations. This disease is a consequence of the complex interaction of microbial agents, with environmental and host factors, resulting in the dysregulation of multiple oncogenic and tumor‐suppressing signaling pathways. Despite the advances in our understanding of carcinogenesis, there are still reduced therapeutic options for patients with gastric cancer. In recent years, genomic analyses of gastric tumors have emphasized their molecular heterogeneity. The distinction of gastric cancer molecular subtypes may be a key to identify novel therapeutic targets, to predict patient outcome and response to therapy, and to guide early diagnosis strategies. In this review, we summarize the most recent updates on the relationship between microbial agents and gastric cancer, in particular, Helicobacter pylori, the non‐H pylori microbiome, and Epstein‐Barr virus. We also highlight the main advances made in the past year regarding the molecular characterization of gastric cancer, especially the signatures with potential clinical utility.     

Focus: Microbiome: Metagenomic Assembly: Overview,Challenges and Applications

Advances in sequencing technologies have led to the increased use of high throughput sequencing in characterizing the microbial communities associated with our bodies and our environment. Critical to the analysis of the resulting data are sequence assembly algorithms able to reconstruct genes and organisms from complex mixtures. Metagenomic assembly involves new computational challenges due to the specific characteristics of the metagenomic data. In this survey, we focus on major algorithmic approaches for genome and metagenome assembly, and discuss the new challenges and opportunities afforded by this new field. We also review several applications of metagenome assembly in addressing interesting biological problems.     

Retinol and retinyl esters: biochemistry and physiology: Thematic Review Series: Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin A

By definition, a vitamin is a substance that must be obtained regularly from the diet. Vitamin A must be acquired from the diet, but unlike most vitamins, it can also be stored within the body in relatively high levels. For humans living in developed nations or animals living in present-day vivariums, stored vitamin A concentrations can become relatively high, reaching levels that can protect against the adverse effects of insufficient vitamin A dietary intake for six months, or even much longer. The ability to accumulate vitamin A stores lessens the need for routinely consuming vitamin A in the diet, and this provides a selective advantage to the organism. The molecular processes that underlie this selective advantage include efficient mechanisms to acquire vitamin A from the diet, efficient and overlapping mechanisms for the transport of vitamin A in the circulation, a specific mechanism allowing for vitamin A storage, and a mechanism for mobilizing vitamin A from these stores in response to tissue needs. These processes are considered in this review.     

Focus: Microbiome: Breathing Better Through Bugs: Asthma and the Microbiome

Asthma is a highly heterogeneous disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, which invokes symptoms such as wheeze, dyspnea, and chest tightness. Asthma is the product of multiple interconnected immunological processes and represents a constellation of related, but distinct, disease phenotypes. The prevalence of asthma has more than doubled since the 1980s, and efforts to understand this increase have inspired consideration of the microbiome as a key player in the pathophysiology and regulation of this disease. While recent years have seen an explosion of new research in this area, researchers are only beginning to untangle to mechanisms by which the microbiome may influence asthma. This review will focus on the relationship between the microbiome and the immune system and how this influences development of asthma. This review will also highlight evidence that may point the way toward new therapies and potential cures for this ancient respiratory foe.