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1.
鳞翅目昆虫化学感受器及其感受机理新进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
杨慧  严善春  彭璐 《昆虫学报》2008,51(2):204-215
鳞翅目昆虫化学感受器是鳞翅目昆虫化学通讯的主要工具,将种间、种内及无机环境各种化学信息联系起来,从而使昆虫做出相应的行为反应。本文综述了鳞翅目昆虫化学感受器的类型及化学感受机理新进展, 包括嗅觉途径、嗅觉感受相关蛋白、信息传导、编码、加工处理、整合输出、感受谱及味觉感受机理,为探索利用鳞翅目昆虫行为控制剂来监测、防治鳞翅目害虫提供理论依据。  相似文献   

2.
植物与植食性昆虫之间存在着复杂的分子互作.首先,植食性昆虫会利用自身的嗅觉和味觉化学感觉系统,通过对植物挥发性和非挥发性信息化合物的编码与解析,结合对植物颜色、形状等物理信息的感觉与编码,定位及确定寄主植物.其次,植物可以通过位于细胞膜的受体识别植食性昆虫相关模式分子和损伤相关模式分子,启动由早期信号事件和植物激素信号途径介导的防御反应,并由此而影响植食性昆虫的种群适合度.最后,为抵御寄主植物的防御反应,植食性昆虫会通过复杂多样的反防御策略适应或抑制寄主植物的防御反应.本文对如上所述的植物与植食性昆虫分子互作研究进展及由此而开发的一些害虫防控新技术进行了综述.  相似文献   

3.
CSPs(Chemosensory proteins)即化学感受蛋白,其在昆虫体内各个阶段均有表达,参与昆虫的多种生理过程,具有十分复杂的化学功能。CSPs基因介导昆虫抗药性是最新发现的害虫抗药性新机制,且近几年在几种昆虫中被报道。CSPs可以通过螯合作用大量结合农药,进而导致昆虫产生抗药性,但CSPs与杀虫剂的结合机理及其表达调控机制尚未被阐明。基于目前现状,本文系统综述了CSPs在昆虫抗药性中的功能以及抗药性相关酶的表达调控机制等方面的研究进展,分析其表达调控的可能机制,旨在为害虫抗药性机制研究提供新思路。  相似文献   

4.
蚜虫化学生态学研究进展及展望   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
昆虫化学生态学主要以化学手段研究昆虫种内、种间以及与其它生物之间的化学信息联系,昆虫对化学因素的适应等,是昆虫的神经生理和感觉生理、生物化学及生态学的交叉学科,也是当前国际昆虫学界最活跃的研究领域之一。蚜虫属于同翅目(Homoptera)蚜总科(Ap...  相似文献   

5.
微生物对昆虫行为的影响研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在漫长的进化过程中,微生物与昆虫形成了多种形式的互作关系。微生物的广泛分布为与昆虫接触并影响昆虫的行为提供了背景条件。为了深入探究微生物影响昆虫行为的现象和机制,本文综述了微生物影响昆虫行为方面的研究进展。微生物通过产生可被昆虫识别的化学信号物质、参与昆虫或寄主植物信息化合物的合成等方式可影响昆虫对其寄主的定位和选择。在对昆虫种内和种间关系的研究中也发现微生物起着非常重要的作用。通过改变昆虫性信息素等方式,微生物还能影响到昆虫的繁殖行为;除此之外,微生物合成或参与合成的信息化合物还可以影响昆虫的社会性和聚集等行为。根据当前对微生物影响昆虫行为方面的研究现状,我们建议可进一步研究:(1)微生物影响昆虫行为的过程中,影响昆虫行为的信息化合物是如何产生的?(2)微生物在影响昆虫行为的过程中是否涉及更多的物种间互作?(3)对于一些在特定时期可影响昆虫行为的共生微生物来说,宿主昆虫是如何获得并维持这些微生物的?  相似文献   

6.
昆虫共生细菌研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
昆虫体内定殖着大量微生物,经过漫长协同进化,昆虫与这些微生物构建了共生体系,这些昆虫共生微生物参与整个生态过程,对于生态系统中物质转化与交换、能量流动与利用、信息传递与调控等均发挥着重要作用。昆虫共生细菌具有丰富的物种多样性;昆虫与其共生细菌之间通过化学机制、生理机制、生态学机制和遗传学机制构建复杂的共生体系;昆虫为细菌提供稳定的生境并共享特定的代谢途径,共生细菌则协助宿主营养代谢,提供食物中缺乏的养分,促进昆虫生长和繁殖;通过分泌抗菌肽、毒素等,细菌能增强昆虫对寄生物的防御能力和抗病性,并通过调节昆虫对非生物因子的抗逆性和耐药性,扩大昆虫的生态位。昆虫共生细菌在农林牧渔业可持续安全生产与医药研发等领域具有应用潜力和广阔的发展前景。  相似文献   

7.
罗文杰  金晓芳  汪正祥  戴璨 《生态学报》2018,38(10):3543-3552
植物的生长环境不但可直接作用于其可利用资源的多寡及其繁殖分配,而且可通过影响植物所在的群落以及传粉者的组成或行为而间接的导致繁殖差异。然而,直接与间接作用的方向或强度很少被同时关注,从而限制了从机制上理解环境对植物繁殖的影响。选取野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia L.)为研究材料,将相同基因型组成的植株分别种植在光照差异明显的两个同质园(林荫区与日照区),于盛花期对野慈姑的开花数量、昆虫访花进行了观察,确定其主要访花昆虫、记录访花行为以及野慈姑的繁殖产出水平。研究表明,日照区野慈姑每天开放的花朵和植株数量显著高于林荫区。两个区域内野慈姑的主要访花者有四大类:蚜蝇类、蜂类、蝶类和蝇类;其中林荫区的主要传粉昆虫为蚜蝇类,而日照区为蜂类。日照区昆虫单位时间内的访花频率、昆虫每回合访问的雄花数、总花数和花序数均显著高于林荫区。日照区野慈姑的座果率显著高于林荫区,而单果种子数量与种子面积与林荫区相当。总体而言,日照区野慈姑的繁殖产出达到了林荫区的三倍以上,这是环境的直接作用与环境介导的传粉作用在同一方向上叠加的结果,且前者占主导地位。在关注植物、物理环境和生物因子三者之间互作的前提下,量化每个繁殖阶段的水平,特别是传粉昆虫在不同生境下的表现,阐述了环境异质性导致植物繁殖差异的根本原因。  相似文献   

8.
排便是昆虫的一个重要生理过程,排便行为不仅可以清除食物残渣,而且可以释放某些化学信息,进而影响昆虫同种或异种之间的相互作用.昆虫粪便中的信息化学物质不仅影响同种昆虫的聚集、求偶行为,而且可以影响同种和异种昆虫的产卵行为.此外,虫粪还能为其天敌昆虫的寄主定位和识别提供信息,并能通过诱导植物的防御反应抑制植食性昆虫的取食行为.本文根据国内外的相关研究,对虫粪中存在的信息化学物质进行了分类总结,并介绍了虫粪信息化合物在害虫防治中的应用,还讨论了目前存在的问题和研究前景.  相似文献   

9.
化学感觉受体在动物避免危险、识别领域、寻找食物、发现配偶和后代等行为中起着重要作用。化学感觉受体基因在鸟类和哺乳类中研究得比较系统,而在有鳞类爬行动物中的研究则相对缺乏。随着有鳞类爬行动物可获得的基因组数据越来越多,对其化学感觉受体基因的探索也逐渐兴起。本文从化感系统结构特点、化感受体基因数量分布、进化模式等方面概述了有鳞类爬行动物化学感觉(嗅觉、味觉)受体基因的初步研究进展,以期为进一步深入地、系统地研究提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
单感器记录技术是一种昆虫细胞外电生理技术,可以测量昆虫单个感受器对刺激物的电生理反应。该技术有助于探明昆虫嗅觉和味觉感受器对不同信息化合物的电生理响应机制,将单感器记录技术与其他技术相结合,不仅可以阐明昆虫嗅觉反应的分子机制,还可以研制昆虫行为调节剂、检测挥发性有机化合物的生物传感器。本文介绍了单感器记录仪的结构和昆虫单感器记录的原理,并对单感器记录技术在昆虫学研究方面的应用进行了综述,以期为探明昆虫感受化学信息物质的机理和应用提供依据。  相似文献   

11.
The response of a model olfactory system to a single odorant is quantified by interconnecting three separate stimulus-response relationships. Together, these relationships encompass the deposition of odorant molecules onto an olfactory organ, their movement to the dendrite of the olfactory receptor neuron, their subsequent induction of action potentials, and the processing of induced and spontaneous action potentials by the central nervous system, resulting in perception and a behavioral response. Phenomena discussed within the context of the model include the behavioral threshold, central summation of responses from a number of olfactory neurons, and the effect of organ shape on olfactory detection.The intent of the model is to provide a quantitative conceptual framework for designing and interpreting experiments relating sensory input to perception and behavior. Its utility is particularly evident for insect olfaction since it enables insect sex pheromone behavioral thresholds to be estimated from the literature when bioassays or electrophysiological studies are not possible. It also derives a physiologically meaningful method for comparing behavioral thresholds among different animals, and permits comparisons of different kinds of behavioral responses in the same species. Vertebrate olfaction is treated briefly in a discussion of the effect of sniffing on the threshold of detection.  相似文献   

12.
Recent experimental data on the influence of non-olfactory nasalchemoreception in physiology, sensation and behavior suggestthe following, (i) The vomeronasal system may be a detectorfor pre-programmed chemical signals, especially for pheromonesthat trigger hormonal and behavioral responses. As animals gainexperience with particular chemical signals, however, they maylearn to use other cues, detected via the main olfactory system,and become less reliant on vomeronasal sensory input, (ii) Thetrigeminal chemosensory system responds to irritating chemicalvapors in the nose, possibly via capsaicin-sensitive ‘pain’fibers. The system also responds to non-irritating concentrationsof some chemicals and, at all concentrations, may influenceolfactory sensation by increasing total sensation but decreasingapparent odor intensity.  相似文献   

13.
Animals can attempt to reduce uncertainty about their environment by gathering information personally or by observing others' interactions with the environment. There are several sensory modalities that can be used to transmit social information from chemical to visual to audible cues. When predation risk is variable, visual cues of conspecific behavior might be especially telling about the presence of a potential threat; however, most studies couple visual and chemical cues together. Here, we tested whether visual behavioral cues from frightened conspecifics were sufficient to indirectly transfer information about the presence of an unseen predator in three‐spined sticklebacks. Our results demonstrate that visual behavioral cues from conspecifics about the presence of a predator are sufficient to induce an antipredator response. This suggests that information transfer can occur rapidly in the absence of chemical cues and that some individuals weigh social information more heavily than others.  相似文献   

14.
Our goal was to test two potential sensory roles for the oral veil in the nudibranch Tritonia diomedea (now synonymous with T. tetraquetra). First, we hypothesized this cephalic sensory organ could detect substrate-associated odours left behind by an odour plume flowing across sediment. In two experiments in a laboratory flow tank, however, T. diomedea did not show consistent crawling headings in response to either prey or predator odours associated with sediment substrate. In one of the experiments, the slugs did significantly decrease crawling speed in response to prey odours. Although slugs could thus detect at least some substrate-associated odours, these results suggest such cues are not used for navigation. We next considered the oral veil’s potential role in behaviours requiring responses to nearby cues. Our observations of animals before and after denervation of the oral veil suggest that, unsurprisingly, predatory bite-strikes do rely on sensory input from the oral veil. Overall, these data, combined with the results of earlier studies, are consistent with the oral veil detecting cues primarily from nearby stimuli (including both chemical and mechanical modalities), while having little or no role in detecting and responding to odour cues originating from distant sources used for navigation behaviour.  相似文献   

15.
Most animals have evolved multiple olfactory systems to detect general odors as well as social cues. The sophistication and interaction of these systems permit precise detection of food, danger, and mates, all crucial elements for survival. In most mammals, the nose contains two well described chemosensory apparatuses (the main olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ), each of which comprises several subtypes of sensory neurons expressing distinct receptors and signal transduction machineries. In many species (e.g., rodents), the nasal cavity also includes two spatially segregated clusters of neurons forming the septal organ of Masera and the Grueneberg ganglion. Results of recent studies suggest that these chemosensory systems perceive diverse but overlapping olfactory cues and that some neurons may even detect the pressure changes carried by the airflow. This review provides an update on how chemosensory neurons transduce chemical (and possibly mechanical) stimuli into electrical signals, and what information each system brings into the brain. Future investigation will focus on the specific ligands that each system detects with a behavioral context and the processing networks that each system involves in the brain. Such studies will lead to a better understanding of how the multiple olfactory systems, acting in concert, offer a complete representation of the chemical world.  相似文献   

16.
The ability to accurately assess local predation risk is criticalto prey individuals, as it allows them to maximize threat-sensitivetrade-offs between predator avoidance and other fitness relatedactivities. A wide range of taxonomically diverse prey (includingmany freshwater fishes) relies on chemical alarm cues (alarmpheromones) as their primary information source for local riskassessment. However, the value of chemical alarm cues has beenquestioned due to the availability of additional sensory inputs(i.e., visual cues) and the lack of an overt antipredator responseunder conditions of low perceived risk. In this paper, we testthe hypothesis that chemical alarm cues at concentrations belowthe point at which they elicit an overt behavioral responsefunction to increase vigilance towards other sensory modalities(i.e., visual alarm cues). Shoals of glowlight tetras (Hemigrammuserythrozonus) exposed to the subthreshold concentration of hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide(the putative Ostariophysan alarm pheromone) did not exhibitan overt antipredator response in the absence of secondary visualcues (not different than the distilled water control). However,when exposed to the sight of a visually alarmed conspecific,they significantly increased the intensity of their antipredatorresponse (not different from shoals exposed to the suprathresholdalarm cue). This study demonstrates that prey may benefit fromresponding to low concentration alarm cues by increasing vigilancetowards secondary cues during local risk assessment, even inthe absence of an overt behavioral response. By increasing vigilancetowards secondary risk assessment cues in the presence of alow risk chemical cue, individuals are likely able to maximizethe threat-sensitive trade-offs between predator avoidance andother fitness related activities.  相似文献   

17.
Two potential sensory cues for sound location are interaural difference in response strength (firing rate and/or spike count) and in response latency of auditory receptor neurons. Previous experiments showed that these two cues are affected differently by intense prior stimulation; the difference in response strength declines and may even reverse in sign, but the difference in latency is unaffected. Here, I use an intense, constant tone to disrupt localization cues generated by a subsequent train of sound pulses. Recordings from the auditory nerve confirm that tone stimulation reduces, and sometimes reverses, the interaural difference in response strength to subsequent sound pulses, but that it enhances the interaural latency difference. If sound location is determined mainly from latency comparison, then behavioral responses to a pulse train following tone stimulation should be normal, but if the main cue for sound location is interaural difference in response strength, then post-tone behavioral responses should sometimes be misdirected. Initial phonotactic responses to the post-tone pulse train were frequently directed away from, rather than towards, the sound source, indicating that the dominant sensory cue for sound location is interaural difference in response strength.  相似文献   

18.
Recognition and acceptance of a suitable host plant by phytophagous insects requires the integration of visual, physical and chemical cues. The present study investigates the host cues that a specialist insect integrates to optimize oviposition decisions and whether these cues are weighted in a specific way. The study also determines whether the tomato fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an important pest on Solanaceae in Brazil, shows a preference for oviposition sites that differ in physical and/or chemical cues. When styrofoam balls are provided as artificial fruits, N. elegantalis deposit significantly more eggs on rough artificial fruits than on smooth ones. Hexane fruit extracts applied to the artificial fruits stimulate female oviposition strongly. Physical and chemical cues also affect the oviposition of females when offered together. Furthermore, certain parts of the artificial fruits are prefered, irrespective of the presence of chemical cues. Both physical and chemical cues affect oviposition decisions; hence, the fruit borer relies on cues of different sensory modalities.  相似文献   

19.
Olfactory networks, comprised of sensory neurons and interneurons, detect and process changes in the chemical environment to drive animal behavior. Recent studies combining genetics with behavioral analyses and imaging in worms, flies and mice have revealed new insights into the mechanisms of olfaction. In this discussion, we focus on three interesting findings. First, sensory neuron responses to odor are modulated by neuropeptides. This modulation might serve to extend the range of responses of the sensory neurons and also to integrate internal state information into the chemosensory circuit. Second, genetic tracing studies in mice and flies have shown that the first layer of connections in chemosensory circuits from olfactory epithelium to the glomeruli are stereotyped, while the subsequent connections to higher order sensory processing regions are not. Distributed connectivity to the higher order sensory processing regions has profound implications for how odors are represented in those regions. Third, recent work has revealed that odors are surprisingly sparsely represented in the piriform cortex. The sparse coding in the higher brain centers implies a much greater role for experience and learning in mediating responses to olfactory cues. Analyzing olfactory network function in various species provides us with fascinating clues about how sensory information is acquired, processed and represented at multiple levels within the nervous system.  相似文献   

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