交联酶晶体制备及其稳定性的研究*

酶制剂已经广泛应用在化学工艺、医学、农业、食品工业和化学分析等各个领域中,但酶的明显弱点是稳定性差,特别是应用于有机合成的酶还要耐受有机溶剂的变性作用等,所以酶的稳定化研究越来越引起重视。肪酶由于其在疏水环境的特殊催化作用,被广泛应用于有机合成中。本研究所采用Candida ru-gosa脂肪酶(CRL)是目前应用最为广泛的脂肪酶,它不仅能在水和有机介质催化酯、酸、醇的拆分,而且还能催化转酯、酰化、脱酰化等立体异构化反应和酯的水解。但是目前CRL的商业化产品是含有多种水解酶的混合物。其立体异构的专一性低,而纯化的CRL的立体异构的专一性提高,但是操作稳定性差。本文采用酶结晶技术与化学交联技术相结合的方法,制备出一种新型实用的交联酶晶体催化剂,并对它的温度、pH和在有机溶液中的稳定性进行了研究。     

微生物脂肪酶的研究与应用

脂肪酶（Lipase,Ec3．1．1．3）是一类特殊的酯键水解酶,广泛地存在于动物组织、植物种子和微生物体中,它能催化天然底物油脂（甘油三脂）水解,产生脂肪酸和甘油。在水解过程中存在中间产物甘油单酯和甘油二酯。从催化特性来看,脂肪酶可以催化酯类化合物的分解、合成和酯交换,具有化学选择性和高度的立体异构专一性,且反应不需辅酶,反应条件温和,副产物少。脂肪酶的另一显著特点是：它只能在异相系统（即油-水界面）或有机相中作用,这不仅发展了“界面酶学”,也促进了“非水酶学”的研究和深入。脂肪酸是最早研究的酶类之一,已…     

角质酶的研究进展

角质酶(EC3.1.1.74)是一种可以降解角质并产生大量脂肪酸单体的水解酶。角质酶是一种多功能酶,可水解可溶性酯、不溶性甘油三酯和各种聚酯,同时还能催化酸与醇的酯化、脂肪酸盐与醇的转酯化反应,因此在食品工业、化工工业等诸多领域都具有广泛的应用。近年来研究发现,角质酶可实现棉纤维的生物精练和合成纤维的生物改性,是推动纺织工业清洁生产的关键酶制剂。     

催化混杂性驱动的酶功能重塑

作为生物催化剂,酶蛋白介导的生化反应具有条件温和、绿色环保等优点。然而相比化学催化剂,天然酶功能的局限性制约了它在生物制造领域的广泛应用。前期研究表明,酶蛋白除了催化专一性外,同时还展现出混杂性的一面,可在特定条件下催化非天然模式反应。这一特性为酶分子功能重塑提供了新思路,可用来指导人工酶设计,拓展天然酶的催化边界,实现新颖酶促反应类型,以扩大酶催化应用场景。本文从酶催化功能混杂性背后可能的进化机制入手,综述了当前诱导酶催化功能混杂性的常用策略,如定向进化、构象动力学、反应条件诱导及祖先酶重构等技术,并从催化机制、构效关系及适应性进化等多个角度,结合近年来相关研究实例,探讨了催化功能混杂性背后的分子机制,为突破天然酶促反应局限性、创制催化非天然反应的高效人工酶元件提供参考。     

无花果拟盘多毛孢pestheic acid生物合成中PtaE参与的苯氧化偶联反应

ptaE是pestheic acid生物合成基因簇中的漆酶编码基因,前期的体内敲除实验表明其可能参与pestheic acid生物合成中的苯氧化偶联反应。本实验通过构建带有His标签的ptaE互补株,从中分离纯化了PtaE蛋白。体外酶活测定证实了PtaE参与pestheic acid生物合成中的苯氧化偶联反应,能够催化氯代二苯酮chloroisosulochrin和非氯代二苯酮isosulochrin分别生成pestheic acid及其非氯代形式RES-1214-1。对PtaE的底物专一性分析表明,PtaE具有较广泛的底物专一性,能够降解有毒物质邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、双酚A。     

水解酶和辅酶Ⅰ-脱氢酶的作用机制

酶进行催化时,一般都认为先和底质结合在一起。用什么方法结合的呢?酶的催化能力很强,又有高度的专一性,为什么呢?这些问题虽然还没有很好地解决,但是由于同位素的应用以及其他方面的进步,近年来在这方面做了不少工作。本文擬就上述各点,介绍水解酶和以DPN为辅酶的脱氢酶的作用机制。一水解酶的作用机制(一)Swain和Brown的双官能催化学说用来促进水解的催化剂,一般都用酸或硷。酸或硷和底质结合时,除底质和氢离子或氢氧离子外,还有水分子参加。酸催化酯的水解时,氢离子和酯的醇基上的氧原子结合;水分子的氧原子和酯的羰基的碳原子结合,放出一个氢离子而形成中间产物:     

有机介质中脂肪酶催化外消旋苯甘氨酸甲酯的对映体选择性氨解反应

由水解酶催化的酯的对映体选择性水解和醇解反应 ,已在外消旋物质的拆分中得到广泛应用[1 ] 。近年来的一些研究表明 ,某些水解酶还可催化一些非天然酰基受体的转化 ,如过氧化氢、烷基胺、联胺和氨等。这些非天然酰基受体的转化反应在多肽的合成及手性化合物的拆分中显示出巨大的应用前景。其中 ,以氨为酰基受体的酶促氨解反应 ,是继酶促对映体选择性水解、酯化及转酯反应之后的另一制备光学纯化合物的新反应[2 ] 。目前国际上对这一新反应的研究尚属起步 ,国内未见有对该反应研究的报道。(Ｄ ,Ｌ) 苯甘氨酸是半合成 β 内酰胺类抗生素的重…     

单胺氧化酶

单胺氧化酶（monoamine oxidase,MAO）是生物体内一种十分重要的酶,它在大脑和周围神经组织中催化一些生物体产生的胺,氧化脱氨产生过氧化氢（H₂O₂）.单胺氧化酶A和B基因的克隆清楚地证明了这些酶是由不同的多肽组成的.单胺氧化酶A和B的基因定位于X染色体（Xp11.23）,都由15个外显子组成,而且它们的内含子-外显子组织是完全一致的.这些事实表明单胺氧化酶A和B的基因很可能从同一个祖先进化而来.单胺氧化酶A和B具有不同的底物和抑制剂专一性,在生物神经递质代谢和行为方面具有不同的作用.     

木瓜蛋白酶和无花果蛋白酶的研究——ⅥⅠ.无花果蛋白酶对不同底物的作用

观察无花果蛋白酶对一些合成底物作用的结果,说明酶的专一性和木瓜蛋白酶相似。它的特点是在pH7.4对白-NH_2的作用速度此对Bz-精-NH_2水解速度还快,并且在一定条件下只有白-NH_2的聚合反应而无供体的水解。酶作用于白-NH_2及Bz-精-NH_2共同存在时的反应速度也和木瓜蛋白酶相似,为在相同条件下分别作用于二者的速度之和。但从对氯汞苯甲酸和溴代乙酸的抑制看来,这两种活力是由同一酶所催化,可能酶对于二种反应的活性中心不完全相同。     

生物转化中的逆胶囊酶催化

作为生物催化剂的酶以其催化力强、范围广、专一性高,适合于温和条件、水溶液和低底物浓度中催化等特点而得到广泛应用。酶固定化技术的发展使酶催化的工业应用范围更为广阔,但酶促反应需要以水为反应介质,若反应物难溶于水或反应本身要求不能有大量水存在(如酯化反应),则传统的酶反应就难于实现。这些因素限制了酶在工业上的应用。     

Purification and properties of an acetylxylan esterase from Thermobifida fusca

An acetylxylan esterase from Thermobifida fusca NTU22 was purified 51-fold as measured by specific activity from crude culture filtrate by ultrafiltration concentration, Sepharose CL-6B and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The overall yield of the purified enzyme was 14.4%. The purified enzyme gave an apparent single protein band on an SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass of purified enzyme as estimated by SDS-PAGE and by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B was found to be 30 and 28kDa, respectively, indicating that the acetylxylan esterase from T. fusca NTU22 is a monomer. The pI value of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 6.55 by isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified esterase was ANPYERGP. The optimum pH and temperature for the purified enzyme were 8.0 and 80°C, respectively. The Zn(2+), Hg(2+), PMSF and DIPF inhibited the enzyme activity. The K(m) value for p-nitrophenyl acetate and acetylxylan were 1.86μM and 0.15%, respectively. Co-operative enzymatic degradation of oat-spelt xylan by purified acetylxylan esterase and xylanase significantly increased the acetic acid liberation compared to the acetylxylan esterase action alone.     

慈菇（Sagittaria safittifolia）α－半乳糖苷酶的纯化与性质

以对硝基苯糖苷基为底物,测定了慈菇的１２种糖苷酶,其中α－甘露糖苷酶、α－和β－半乳糖苷酶活力较高;经硫酸铵分级沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０分子筛层析,ＣｏｎＡＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ－６Ｂ离子交换层析,从慈菇抽提液纯化了α－半乳糖苷酶。纯化酶的比活提高１０７２倍,活力回收１５．６％,在圆盘聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上均显示１条蛋白质带,在α－半乳糖苷酶浓度为１５０ｍＵ／ｍｌ的溶液中测不到其他糖苷酶的活力。慈菇α－半乳糖苷酶的分子量用ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００凝胶过滤柱测定或在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上测定均为６０ｋＤ,酶反应的最适ｐＨ在５．８附近,最适温度为６０℃。该酶分解对硝基苯基－α－半乳糖苷的Ｋ＿ｍ值为３．７×１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖ＿ｍ值为２．１×１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。银离子、汞离子显著抑制酶活力,Ｄ－半乳糖和密二糖均竞争性地抑制该酶水解对硝基苯基α－Ｄ－半乳糖苷的活力,根据Ｄｉｘｏｎ作图求得其Ｋ＿ｉ值分别为０．９２×１０￣（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１．９８×１０￣（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。２－脱氧－Ｄ－半乳糖和Ｌ－岩藻糖为酶活力的非竞争性抑制剂。化学修饰     

Apoplastic β-1, 3-Glucanases in Leaves of Tomato Systematically Infected by TMV

Apoplastic β-1, 3-glucanase was purified from leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) which were systematically infected by TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). The enzyme obtained through -20℃ acetone precipitation, CM-Sephadex C-25 ion exchange chromatography, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, showed homogeneity in PAGE, and SDS-PAGE which had two isoenzymes of 27 kD and 36 kD. The enzyme hydrolysed laminarin at an optimum pH of 4.8--5.2 and was stable between pH 4--8 and at an optimum temperature between 30--40℃, and stable at 40℃ after 1 hour of incubation, It had a Km of 9. 2 mg/mL. SDS-PAGE profiles of the proteins in the tomato leaf intercellular fluid had the bands of 22 kD, 27 kD and 36 kD that were β-1, 3-glucanases.     

Purification of an Apoplastic β-N-Acetyl-D-Hexosaminidase from Tomato Leaves Infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Systematic infection of tomato (Lycopersicon esculenturn) leaves by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) increased the levels of β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase activity. The enzyme was purified from intercellular fluid by --20℃ acetone precipitation, CM-Sephadex C-25 ion exchange chromatography, Polybuffer Exchanger 94 chromatofocusing and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration column to homogeneity. The molecular weight obtained by SDS-PAGE and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration was 75 kD and 145 kD respectively. The enzyme hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-galaetosaminide, it was a glycoprotein. Most of the enzyme activity in the TMV-infected tomato leaves was found in the intercellular spaces.     

A Proteinase from Mung Bean Sprouts That Inactivaties Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (in English)

By 30%-60% (NH4)2SO4 fractional precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and anion-exchange chromatography on Waters AP-1 column (ProteinPM-Pak DEAE 15HR), a proteinase which can inactivate soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) was purified from mung bean (Vigna rabiata (L.) Wilczek) sprouts. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 29.8 kD by SDS-PAGE, and its Km and Vmax for STI were 769.2N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester BAEE/mL and 115.3 BAEE·mL-1·min-1 respectively. This proteinase was stable at temperatures lower than 50℃ and pH 6.5-8.5, and 90.91% STI activity of defatted soybean powder was inactivated by this preparation, with proteolytic activity 5 000 BAEE/mL at 50℃ and pH 8.0 in 4 h.     

人胃腺苷脱氨酶的分离纯化及性质研究

用硫酸铵分级沉淀、ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素离子交换层析、免疫亲和层析、ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ１００凝胶柱层析从人胃组织中提取出腺苷脱氨酶,酶纯化１９３２４倍,比活力为５７９７Ｕ／ｍｇ蛋白．提取酶液经ＰＡＧＥ、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和等电聚焦只呈现一条区带。测得该酶的分子量为４１．２ｋＤ,等电点为ｐＨ４．８．氨基酸组成分析表明该酶由３８８个氨基酸残基组成,Ｎ端氨基酸为精氨酸。酶的最适ｐＨ为６．５,ｐＨ小于５．０或大于９．０时不稳定;最适温度为３７℃,对热不太稳定,以腺苷及２－脱氧腺苷作为底物,其Ｋｍ分别为８７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和４１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

Purification and properties of pyridoxal kinase from bovine brain

A 27,000-fold purification of pyridoxal kinase from bovine brain tissue has been achieved by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, Blue Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, and Phenyl-Superose chromatography. The final chromatography step yields a homogeneous preparation of high specific activity (2105 nmol/min/mg protein). The molecular mass of the native enzyme was estimated to be approximately 80,000 on gel filtration. The subunit molecular mass was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be approximately 39,500. This indicates that pyridoxal kinase is a dimeric enzyme.     

Isolation, purification, and properties of aminopeptidase H from skeletal muscle of the lizard Agama stellio stellio

Aminopeptidase H was isolated and purified from fresh skeletal muscle of the lizard Agama stellio stellio by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, Ultrogel AcA-34, activated thiol-Sepharose 4B, phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, and DEAE-cellulose again. This is the first report of the isolation of aminopeptidase H from a reptile. The purified enzyme migrated as a single band on SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 48 kD by SDS-PAGE and 384 kD on Ultrogel AcA-34 column chromatography. The optimum pH for hydrolysis of L-leucine beta-naphthylamide (Leu-Nap) was 7.8. The Km values for the hydrolysis of Leu-Nap and Nalpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine beta-naphthylamide (BzArg-Nap) were 0.48 and 0.99 mM, respectively. These activities were strongly inhibited by iodoacetic acid and leupeptin but were not affected by EDTA, pepstatin, bestatin, or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The enzyme has been shown not to hydrolyze proteins such as hemoglobin, BSA, myofibrillar proteins, and sarcoplasmic proteins.     

广西眼镜蛇毒磷酸二酯酶分离纯化及部分性质

磷酸二酯酶(PDE)广泛存在于各种蛇毒中,在响尾蛇科、蝰蛇科、眼镜蛇科和海蛇科的部分蛇毒中都存在着该酶.不同的蛇毒其PDE活力及含量有很大差异.即便在生物学分类上十分接近的蛇种,其PDE活力亦相差甚远.该酶是核酸结构分析的一种重要工具酶,具有核酸水解酶作用,是一种核酸外切酶,它能从3'-端顺序地降解核糖或脱氧核糖多核苷酸,生成5'-单核苷酸.该酶既能水解DNA又能水解RNA,因而在核酸的鉴定和序列测定方面获得了广泛的应用.由于蛇毒PDE在核酸顺序测定中显示的重要性,因而对各种蛇毒纯化PDE的研究工作引起了国内外学者的广泛兴趣.王殿洪等[1]曾对江西蝮蛇毒中PDE的分离纯化及某些性质做过报道,但广西眼镜蛇毒中PDE的分离纯化及性质在国内外均未有报道.广西有丰富的眼镜蛇毒资源,而且有高活性的PDE.蛇毒PDE的生物学活性,国外研究得较少.它没有出血、凝血、纤溶及致死作用.蛇毒PDE水解核糖核酸产生5'-单核苷酸,5'-单核苷酸在医药上均有十分重要作用,制成药物治疗白血病和血小板减少症等.     

Hydrophobic chromatographic purification of ethylene-enhanced chlorophyllase from Citrus unshiu fruits

Ethylene-enhanced chlorophyllase from Citrus unshiu fruits was purified to a homogeneous state after solubilization with sodium cholate, using acetone precipitation and hydrophobic chromatography. The enzyme adhered to phenyl Sepharose CL-4B in 3M KCl and was eluted with a linear gradient of Triton X-100 (0–0.5%). Its MW (SDS-PAGE) was 27 000. The enzyme behaved as a protein of MW 110 000 on Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The enzyme showed a specific activity of 0.069 μamol chlorophyllide a produced/min/ mg protein. This purification procedure is a rapid method for obtaining pure chlorophyllase.