降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究

东北黑土区上坡汇流对坡面土壤侵蚀有重要影响,因此辨析降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响对农田土壤侵蚀防治有重要意义。通过设计不同降雨强度和汇流速率以及二者组合的模拟降雨及上方汇流试验,分析了降雨和汇流对黑土坡面侵蚀的影响及其贡献。试验处理包括两个降雨强度(50 mm/h和100 mm/h)、两个汇流速率(50 mm/h和100 mm/h,即:10 L/min和20 L/min)、以及4种不同降雨强度和汇流速率的组合((50+50)mm/h、(50+100)mm/h、(100+50)mm/h和(100+100)mm/h)。结果表明,在50 mm/h和100 mm/h上方汇流引起的坡面侵蚀量仅分别是50 mm/h和100 mm/h降雨引起坡面侵蚀量的1.9%和0.6%;当降雨强度和坡上方汇流速率分别由50 mm/h增加至100 mm/h时,降雨试验处理下的坡面侵蚀量增加6.1倍,汇流试验处理下的坡面侵蚀量增加3.2倍,说明降雨对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响显著大于汇流的作用。在降雨和汇流组合试验中,总供水强度(降雨强度+汇流速率)为150 mm/h时,降雨强度为100 mm/h和汇流速率为50 mm/h组合试验的坡面侵蚀量是降雨强度为50 mm/h和汇流速率为100 mm/h组合试验坡面侵蚀量的7.9倍。在相同汇流条件下,降雨强度由50 mm/h增加到100 mm/h时,降雨强度的增加对坡面侵蚀量的贡献率为89.6%-99.5%;而在相同降雨条件下,坡面汇流速率由50 mm/h增加100 mm/h时,汇流速率的增加对坡面侵蚀量的贡献率为17.2%-78.7%,说明在东北黑土区防治坡面汇流对坡面土壤侵蚀影响也尤为重要。     

不同开垦年限黑土溅蚀与团聚体分选特征

分别以开垦年限为8 a、30 a、50 a的典型黑土耕地和未开垦的天然次生林林地表层土壤为对象,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,对比分析了不同开垦年限土壤的溅蚀规律及溅蚀过程中团聚体分选、分布特征,并通过析因分析研究了开垦对黑土溅蚀的影响机制.结果表明：不同开垦年限黑土耕地土壤的溅蚀量明显高于未开垦次生林林地土壤,且随开垦年限的延长而增加,变化范围为0.95～7.06 g·cm^-1;土壤溅蚀量与溅蚀距离表现出紧密的指数函数关系,而且随着水平空间距离的增加,小粒级水稳性团聚体比例逐渐增加;溅蚀对黑土团聚体产生富集作用与损耗作用的临界粒级为1.0 mm;粒级＞2 mm、＜0.25 mm水稳性团聚体及有机质含量是典型黑土土壤溅蚀量及其变化特征的主要影响因子.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区黄土坡面侵蚀过程及其影响因素

降雨强度、坡长、坡度是影响坡面产流产沙的重要因素。为定量分析降雨强度、坡长、坡度对黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞黄土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,本研究基于室内人工模拟降雨试验,分析2个坡长(5、10 m)、3个坡度(5°、10°、15°)、2个降雨强度(60、90 mm·h^-1)下安塞黄土坡面产流产沙规律。结果表明: 初始产流时间随坡长增加呈减小趋势,但总体变化不大;初始产流时间随降雨强度增加而减小,与60 mm·h^-1相比,90 mm·h^-1下缩短5.7～18 min;10°坡度上的径流起始时间最快。随降雨历时延长,产流率先快速增加,最终逐渐稳定在某一产流率值上下波动;产沙率在产流初期短时间内突然升高,达到最大值后减小,再逐渐达到稳定。产流率和产沙率随坡长和降雨强度的增加而增加,但随坡度变化规律不明显。随着降雨强度、坡长和坡度的增加,总产沙量相应增加。在降雨强度90 mm·h^-1时,坡长和坡度分别为10 m和15°的坡面产生了细沟,导致总侵蚀量最大(11885.66 g)。降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1时,随着坡长增加单位面积侵蚀量减小,在5～10 m坡段存在临界侵蚀坡长。坡长、坡度和降雨强度对坡面径流过程均有促进作用,降雨强度、坡长和两者之间交互作用对产流率和总侵蚀量的贡献率较大,其中,对产流率贡献最大的影响因素是降雨强度,贡献率为49.8%;坡长对总侵蚀的贡献率最大,为37.8%。     

东北黑土区片蚀和沟蚀对土壤团聚体流失的影响

土壤侵蚀方式的差异必然会导致土壤团聚体破碎程度及流失过程的不同。基于室内模拟降雨试验,对比研究了黑土坡耕地片蚀和沟蚀对土壤团聚体流失的影响。结果表明,在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,沟蚀试验处理的侵蚀量分别是片蚀试验处理的1.42倍和3.51倍左右。在片蚀试验处理下,当降雨强度由50 mm/h增加至100 mm/h时,侵蚀泥沙中微团聚体（< 0.25 mm）含量由45.7%增加至74.2%;而在沟蚀试验处理下,侵蚀泥沙中以大团聚体（≥0.25 mm）为主,其占团聚体流失量为65.5%。片蚀试验处理下,50 mm/h降雨强度时,侵蚀泥沙中 > 5和2-5 mm粒级的团聚体含量均小于沟蚀处理,而其它粒级的团聚体含量均大于沟蚀处理;在100 mm/h降雨强度下,侵蚀泥沙中团聚体各粒级的含量均小于沟蚀处理。与试验土壤相比,表征团聚体流失的两个特征指标平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）均明显减少;在两种降雨强度下,片蚀试验处理的MWD和GMD均明显小于沟蚀处理。研究还发现MWD和GMD两种团聚体指标均能反映黑土农耕地坡面片蚀和沟蚀方式下的团聚体流失特征,且MWD能够更好的反映出雨强变化时两种侵蚀方式下土壤团聚体的流失特征。     

山杨林地枯落物层对溅蚀的影响

天然降雨下３０年生山杨林内溅蚀试验结果表明,当Ｉ＿（３０）（最大３０分钟雨强）为０．０７６ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ或Ｐ＿ｏ（林内降雨量）为３．３ｍｍ时,清除枯落物层林地发生溅蚀,在Ｉ＿（３０）为０．３５ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ或Ｐ＿ｏ为２５．５６ｍｍ时具１ｃｍ枯落物层的林地不发生溅蚀;从溅蚀月动态看出７、８月份占全年溅蚀量的６０％以上;在同一土壤和坡度条件下,Ｉ＿（３０）、Ｐ＿ｏ、Ｈ＿１（枯落物层厚度）是溅蚀发生的主要因素,且溅蚀量（Ｓ＿ｔ）与其呈二次多项式回归关系,但当枯落物层具有一定厚度时溅蚀与其他因素无关。溅蚀主要发生在清除枯落物层的林下,随枯落物层厚度增加,溅蚀量剧减,当枯落物层积累到１ｃｍ时防止土壤溅蚀量达９７．５０％。     

模拟降雨下植被盖度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响

通过模拟降雨实验的方法,分析研究了坡度10°和20°,降雨强度30mm/h和60mm/h条件下不同盖度黑麦草对坡面产流产沙的调控过程,并从雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数三个方面对水流运动过程和黑麦草调控坡面流的水力学特性进行了剖析。研究结果表明:雷诺数随坡度增加而相对增大,随降雨强度增大有明显增大趋势。黑麦草覆盖能够明显减小坡面径流雷诺数,在各降雨强度和坡度条件下,雷诺数随黑麦草盖度增加而减小,雷诺数大小一般呈现:裸坡20%40%60%80%。黑麦草盖度对坡面流弗劳德数有显著影响,随着黑麦草盖度增加弗劳德数减小,并且弗劳德数随盖度变化为:裸地20%40%60%80%,坡面阻力系数与坡面产沙率有良好的拟合关系,随坡面阻力系数的增大,坡面产沙率呈对数减小,并且阻力系数在0—1时减小速率很大,阻力系数大于1以后减小曲线较为平缓。     

模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程

生产建设项目开发过程中形成的工程堆积体具有特殊的结构和复杂的物质组成,坡面侵蚀特征明显有别于一般农地.采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,研究降雨强度对红壤区不同砾石含量(0%、10%、20%、30%)工程堆积体产流产沙过程的影响.结果表明: 坡面产流开始时间随降雨强度和砾石含量的增大而减小,减幅分别为48.5%～77.9%和4.2%～34.2%,且与降雨强度呈显著的幂函数关系.坡面径流流速和径流率均随产流历时呈先上升随后趋于稳定的变化趋势,降雨强度是其主要影响因素,砾石含量对其影响不显著.砾石对径流量的影响存在一个10%左右的阈值,1.0 mm·min^-1雨强、10%砾石含量时坡面产流量最小;雨强＞1.0 mm·min^-1时,10%砾石含量坡面产流量最大.随雨强增大径流量增加10%～60%.坡面含沙量在产流前6 min急剧下降后趋于稳定,随砾石含量增大,降雨强度对含沙量的影响减小.雨强＞1.0 mm·min^-1时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应,产沙量与降雨强度和砾石含量呈显著的线性函数关系.     

水蚀风蚀交错区退耕坡面植被利用对产流产沙的影响

为有效利用水蚀风蚀交错区退耕封育坡面植被,确定合理的植被利用强度非常必要.本试验选取黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型小流域——六道沟小流域为试验区,在多年退耕封育坡面布设径流小区,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究植被地上部分在不同利用强度下各坡度(10°、20°和30°)坡面产流、产沙变化特征,以确定合理的利用强度. 结果表明: 次降雨过程中径流速率大体可分为两个阶段:初期迅速增长阶段和中后期增长变缓或趋于准稳定阶段.侵蚀速率的变化趋势因坡度的不同而略有差异.利用强度对产流量有显著影响,产流量随利用强度的加强而增加.坡度对侵蚀量影响显著,侵蚀量表现为20°坡面＞30°坡面＞10°坡面.以植被地上部分未利用小区为对照,相对增水量和相对增沙量均随利用强度加强而增加.结合降雨资料推测,退耕15年左右坡面植被地上部分盖度达到25%时,坡面年土壤侵蚀量基本低于容许土壤流失量.应重视该区20°坡面植被的恢复治理工作.     

基于SWMM模型的城市排水区域降雨及地表产流特征

以上海市中心城区典型排水区域为研究对象,基于SWMM模型连续模拟2009—2011年降雨径流,分析区域235场降雨及地表径流特征.结果表明: 该区域发生频率较高的降雨具有雨量小、强度低的特点,雨量为0～10 mm、平均降雨强度为0～5 mm·h^-1、降雨峰值为0～10 mm·h^-1的降雨发生频率最大,分别占所有研究降雨场次的66.4%、88.8%和79.6%,这对于该区域应用低影响开发措施削减小雨量或低强度降雨下的径流和面源污染具有重要意义;径流量总体随着降雨量增大而增大,区域降雨产流临界值不仅与降雨量有关,还与平均降雨强度和降雨历时有关,2 mm以下的降雨基本不产流;2～4 mm的降雨如降雨强度在1.6 mm·h^-1以下,产流量不到1 mm,当降雨量在4 mm以上、平均降雨强度大于1.6 mm·h^-1时,区域基本产流.基于SWMM径流模拟结果,建立适合该区域的径流量与降雨因子的回归方程,其调整R²均大于0.97,能较好反映该区域径流量与降雨因子的关系.研究结果可为该区域更好地规划低影响开发措施和削减排水系统溢流污染提供计算基础,并为类似区域的径流研究提供参考.     

降雨侵蚀过程中黑土团聚体流失特征

坡面侵蚀过程中土壤团聚体流失可直接反映土壤团聚体的破碎程度以及雨滴打击和径流搬运之间的相互作用。基于模拟降雨试验,研究降雨侵蚀过程中黑土坡面土壤团聚体流失特征。试验处理包括黑土区常见的2个侵蚀性降雨(50、100mm/h降雨强度)和2个坡度(5°和7.5°)以及2种地面处理(裸露休闲和秸秆覆盖)。结果表明:裸露休闲处理下径流含沙量是秸秆覆盖处理的27.5—141.3倍,且不同处理下含沙量最大值均出现在降雨初期。覆盖秸秆与无覆盖试验处理下土壤团聚体流失均以0.25 mm微团聚体为主。秸秆覆盖试验处理下泥沙中0.25 mm微团聚体流失量占团聚体流失总量的34.5%—56.8%,而在裸露休闲处理下其值达到82%以上。秸秆覆盖处理下的各粒级团聚体流失量较裸露休闲试验处理减少了33.3%以上,其中差异最明显的是≥1 mm粒级团聚体与0.25 mm微团聚体,二者分别较裸露休闲处理减少了43.1%—96.4%和99.0%以上。秸秆覆盖处理下的0.25—2 mm粒级团聚体流失比例较裸露休闲处理明显增加。秸秆覆盖试验处理下流失团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别是裸露休闲处理的1.5—2.9和1.7—2.0倍;而秸秆覆盖处理下的平均重量比表面积(MWSSA)和分形维数(D)较裸露休闲处理分别减少了26.2%—32.9%和5.1%—6.7%。     

Response of biological soil crusts to raindrop erosivity and underlying influences in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are ubiquitous living covers in arid and semiarid regions, playing a critical role in soil erosion control in semiarid regions. So far, research separating the multiple mechanisms of erosion control by biocrusts has been limited. It was problematic to link the influence of biocrusts to existing erosion models. In the present study, the response of biocrusts of different successional stages to raindrop erosivity and underlying influences was investigated. Using single drop simulated rainfall, the erosion controlling capacities of biocrusts were analyzed from an energetic perspective. The results showed that biocrusts caused a dramatic improvement of soil erosion resistance, which depended on species composition and increased considerably with higher succession stages. While the accumulated raindrop kinetic energy sustained by dark cyanobacterial crusts was 0.93 J (~15 times higher than that of bare soil), that of 60 % moss covered crusts reached values up to 20.18 J (~342 times higher than that of bare soil) and for 80 % moss covered crusts even 24.59 J were measured. Besides the composition and successional stages, the resistance of biocrusts to raindrop erosivity was related to the substrate soil moisture, soil texture, slope gradients and seasonal variation. The accumulated raindrop kinetic energy measured for cyanobacterial crusts was highest on silty, followed by loamy and sandy soil. For moss-dominated crusts raindrop kinetic energy was highest on sandy, followed by silty and loamy soil. Dry biocrust samples reached significantly higher accumulated raindrop kinetic energies compared to moist biocrusts, whereas the moisture content within moist crusts did not have a significant influence. Erosion resistance increased significantly with higher slope gradients. The resistance capacities of biocrusts during monsoon and post-monsoon were significantly higher than these of pre-monsoon biocrusts. Our results suggest that the influence of biocrusts can be included into erosion models from an energy point of view. The raindrop kinetic energy resistance capacity provides a potential bridge between biocrust succession and soil erodibility in commonly used erosion models.     

Effects of Crop Canopies on Rain Splash Detachment

Crops are one of the main factors affecting soil erosion in sloping fields. To determine the characteristics of splash erosion under crop canopies, corn, soybean, millet, and winter wheat were collected, and the relationship among splash erosion, rainfall intensity, and throughfall intensity under different crop canopies was analyzed through artificial rainfall experiments. The results showed that, the mean splash detachment rate on the ground surface was 390.12 g/m²·h, which was lower by 67.81% than that on bare land. The inhibiting effects of crops on splash erosion increased as the crops grew, and the ability of the four crops to inhibit splash erosion was in the order of winter wheat>corn>soybeans>millet. An increase in rainfall intensity could significantly enhance the occurrence of splash erosion, but the ability of crops to inhibit splash erosion was 13% greater in cases of higher rainfall intensity. The throughfall intensity under crop canopies was positively related to the splash detachment rate, and this relationship was more significant when the rainfall intensity was 40 mm/h. Splash erosion tended to occur intensively in the central row of croplands as the crop grew, and the non-uniformity of splash erosion was substantial, with splash erosion occurring mainly between the rows and in the region directly under the leaf margin. This study has provided a theoretical basis for describing the erosion mechanisms of cropland and for assisting soil erosion prediction as well as irrigation and fertilizer management in cultivated fields.     

森林植被对坡面土壤水蚀作用的动力学机理

水力侵蚀是目前世界上分布最广、危害也是最为普遍的一种土壤侵蚀类型。坡面土壤侵蚀主要是由雨滴击溅、坡面径流引起，而森林植被作为陆地上最重要的生态系统以其林冠层、林木茎杆、林地上富集的枯枝落叶层、根系层以及发育疏松而深厚的土壤层截持和蓄储大气降水，发挥着其特有的水文生态功能，从多个角度影响降雨和坡面流的水力特性，在防治土壤侵蚀方面有其不可缺少的意义，然而目前对森林植被防治坡面土壤水蚀机理系统的研究还较少。系统的总结了森林植被各个垂直层次对坡面水蚀作用的动力学机理以及不同学者在此领域所做出的研究成果及此项研究的研究现状，并从以下几个方面指出了林地坡面水蚀作用动力学机理研究中尚存在的问题及发展方向：林冠对降雨重新分配出现林冠截持和干流等现象，降雨雨滴的大小、分布、降落速度和动能等性质发生变化，林冠层通过改变雨滴特性来影响坡面流水力特性，进而改变坡面流对坡面的侵蚀机理；森林植被茎干对径流的分散阻止作用，增大地表径流的阻力系数，茎干绕流现象对坡面土壤侵蚀的作用有正反两方面，林木在一定种植密度内，会使得泥沙起动流速减小，增加坡面侵蚀，因此应合理选择林木的种植密度才能起到减少坡面水蚀的作用；坡面流在枯落物层中流动并穿过枯落物层后下渗进入土壤的过程，类似于水流在多孔介质中的流动，枯落物的物理性质如分解程度、空隙度等的变化，引起水流流动的状态变化复杂，有必要应用渗流理论来深入研究以搞清其流动机理；根系层的存在能逐步改善土壤的内在特性，稳定表土层结构、提高土壤入渗性能使其抗侵蚀能力加强，植物根系层对坡面水蚀作用的研究是一个崭新的领域，需从土力学和植物根系影响土壤力学性质的角度研究土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀形态试验

基于同一降雨强度下的室内连续模拟降雨试验,研究了典型坡度条件下黄土坡面细沟侵蚀形态,分析了细沟的空间分布特征、发育状况及距细沟沟头长度、细沟宽度和深度关系。结果表明:第1次降雨坡面以断续细沟为主,侵蚀方式主要为溯源侵蚀,细沟累积长度为39.3 m,坡面细沟总面积占试验土槽面积的14.2%;第2次降雨坡面以连续细沟为主,细沟沟壁崩塌增强,坡面的破碎程度增加,细沟累积长度增加32.1%,坡面细沟总面积增加115.6%。与第1次降雨相比,第2次降雨后细沟平均宽度、深度和坡面细沟侵蚀平均深度均增加,且在4—7 m坡段内增加幅度最大。单位斜坡长上细沟平均宽度和深度随斜坡长度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,表明径流能量的消长对坡面细沟侵蚀发育过程及形态特征有明显影响。第1次降雨单条细沟长度均小于3 m,细沟宽度随距细沟沟头长度的增大而增大,第2次降雨则呈现先增大后减小的趋势,细沟深度随距细沟沟头长度的增加一直呈现先增大后减小的趋势,细沟宽度与深度的拟合关系最好,细沟深度随宽度的增加而增大,后趋于稳定。     

The effects of sloped surfaces on locomotion: a kinematic and kinetic analysis

Previous findings from studies of demanding tasks in humans and slope walking in quadrupeds suggest that human slope walking may require specialized neural control strategies. The goal of this investigation was to gain insight into these strategies by quantifying lower limb kinematics and kinetics during up- and downslope walking. Nine healthy volunteers walked at a self-selected speed on an instrumented ramp at each of five grades (-39%, -15%, 0%, +15%, +39%; or -21 degrees, -8.5 degrees, 0 degrees, +8.5 degrees, +21 degrees, respectively). For each subject, the selected speed was maintained at all grades to minimize the effect of speed on gait dynamics. Points of interest were identified in the kinematic and kinetic outcome measures and compared across grades; a significant grade effect was found for all points except the magnitude of the peak hip extensor moment during late stance. Kinematic postural changes were consistent with the need to raise the limb for toe clearance and heel strike and to lift the body during upslope walking, and to control the descent of the body during downslope walking. The support moment increased significantly during both upslope and downslope walking compared to level: the increases were predominantly due to the increasing hip extensor moment during upslope walking, and to the increasing knee extensor moment during downslope walking. In addition, the hip and knee joint moment patterns showed significant differences from the patterns observed during level walking. This non-uniform distribution of joint moment increases during up- and downslope walking compared to level walking suggests that these three tasks are not governed by the same control strategy.     

Water,nutrients and slope position in on-farm pearl millet cultivation in the Sahel

In the Sahel, short periods of intra-seasonal drought, caused by unfavourable rainfall distribution, often have stronger effect on crop growth than fluctuations in annual rainfall. The interactive effects of nutrient deficiency and water shortage (during panicle initiation, flowering and grain filling) on yield and yield components of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), were studied on-farm along a cultivated slope, during three years with close to average annual rainfall. Grain yield was correlated to plant nutrient availability but not to annual rainfall, which was explained by the capacity of the crop to compensate for damage caused by water shortage during early growth phases. The performance of each yield component was positively correlated to cumulative rainfall during the growth phase when it was formed. Leaf area index (LAI) was very low, and leaf development followed rainfall distribution. Water and nutrients interacted during each growth phase for all fertility levels. Fertilised millet suffered less during water shortage at panicle initiation and at grain filling compared to non-fertilised millet. However, compared to favourable soil water conditions yield components were systematically lower for all treatments, indicating the synergistic effect of water and nutrients. The results suggest that water availability plays an exclusive role during flowering. Grain number dropped significantly due to water shortage and was similar for all treatments. Despite extremely high spatial variability in yields (varying with a factor 46 within the field), a significant slope effect was observed, of progressively increasing yields when moving downslope. Spatial redistribution of surface runoff resulting in higher soil water availability on lower slope positions, contributed to the yield gradient, which was reinforced for fertilised millet. For each drought period, yield components suffered systematically more upslope than downslope. This slope effect was smoothed out for manured millet, which indicates that manure increased soil infiltrability on crusted zones upslope. The slope interaction observed here – indicating that downslope (i) the risk for crop failure during droughts is lower and (ii) the response to fertilisers is greater – suggests that farmers can benefit relatively more from fertilisers applied in lower parts of the watershed. Taking advantage of spatial soil and water variability is an interesting system of low technology precision farming, which combined with water harvesting systems to master droughts, can constitute options for increased crop yields in the Sahel.     

不同近地表土壤水文条件下雨滴打击对黑土坡面养分流失的影响

目前,土壤水分饱和和壤中流条件下,雨滴打击对养分流失的影响尚不清楚.通过3个近地表土壤水文条件(自由入渗、土壤水分饱和与壤中流)下,土槽上方架设与不架设尼龙纱网模拟降雨对比试验,研究雨滴打击对黑土坡面侵蚀过程及NO3-N、NH4-N与PO4-P随径流和侵蚀泥沙迁移的影响.结果表明,纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击后坡面侵蚀量和泥沙浓度分别减少59.4％-71.6％和57.3％ -73.0％,不同水文条件下减少量的排序为:自由入渗＞壤中流＞土壤水分饱和.消除雨滴打击后养分随径流流失的减少仅在自由入渗条件下体现较明显,该水文条件下NO3-N、NH4-N与PO4-P流失分别减少33.3％、23.1％和40.7％;3种水文条件下,消除雨滴打击均明显减少养分随泥沙的流失,其中自由人渗条件下减少效果最明显,该水文条件下,NO3-N和NH4-N流失分别减少20.9％ -54.9％和25.0％ -62.3％,而PO4-P流失减少在74.6％以上.雨滴打击增大了NO3-N的淋失,但对NH4-N与PO4-P的淋失几乎无影响.消除雨滴打击后,自由人渗条件下养分的等效径流迁移深度减少26.7％-42.6％,而土壤水分饱和与壤中流条件下基本无变化.以上研究结果为有效防治坡面土壤侵蚀和农业非点源污染提供科学理论依据,尤其是在壤中流出现的地方.