首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 147 毫秒
1.
樊晓丽  林植华 《生态学报》2020,40(5):1731-1739
外来物种入侵是造成本土无尾两栖类种群下降和灭绝的最严重威胁之一。在中国南部丽水地区,克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkiion)是一种捕食本土无尾类蝌蚪的入侵物种。在实验室条件下,通过对黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)受精卵和蝌蚪先后进行克氏原螯虾捕食风险的不同处理,检测孵出蝌蚪的形态特征、中期蝌蚪的形态特征、游泳表现及活动水平、变态时间与大小以及幼蛙跳跃表现,评估克氏原螯虾的捕食风险对黑斑侧褶蛙不同生长阶段幼体生长发育、运动能力及行为的综合影响。单因素方差分析表明,捕食者长期存在条件下黑斑侧褶蛙孵出蝌蚪的体长、尾长和尾肌宽均显著短于无捕食者的空白对照组和捕食者仅存在2 d的实验组,后两者处理下的蝌蚪体长差异显著,但尾长和尾肌宽差异不显著。长期捕食者存在条件下黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪的游泳总路程和平均游速均显著小于无捕食者和捕食者存在2 d的实验组,而蝌蚪体长、尾长、尾鳍高和尾肌高的组间差异均不显著。有捕食者存在下黑斑侧褶幼蛙的体长和体重均显著大于无捕食者和捕食者存在2 d的实验组的情况,而变态时间和幼蛙跳跃距离组间差异不显著。两因素方差分析表明,测试时间、捕食者设置和两因素的相互作用均显著影响蝌蚪的活动频次。不同实验时间,长期捕食者存在实验组蝌蚪活动频次均小于无捕食者和捕食者存在2 d的实验组。无捕食者实验组蝌蚪的活动频次前期高于捕食者存在2 d的实验组,后期低于捕食者存在2 d的实验组。线性回归分析结果显示,捕食者存在2 d实验组蝌蚪相对活动频次与检测时间相关不显著,长期捕食者存在实验组相对蝌蚪活动频次与检测时间呈显著的正相关。本研究表明了黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪能够感知来自入侵捕食者克氏原螯虾的捕食风险,诱导产生较小的孵出个体、蝌蚪较低的活动水平,但这种不足可通过后期补偿生长,不影响进入陆地生境的变态个体的表型与运动能力。  相似文献   

2.
为探究黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪形态和生理特征对水位变化的响应,对480只大小相似的蝌蚪进行快速、中速和慢速干涸处理,统计各发育时期时长和存活率,测定变态完成后幼蛙的身体和内脏器官大小,以及对植物血凝素(PHA-P)的反应。结果表明: 对照组蝌蚪的变态时长最长,显著长于快速、中速和慢速干涸组;不同处理变态存活率在72.5%~90.8%,其中对照组最高,快速干涸组最低。对照和慢速干涸组幼蛙的体重和体长均显著高于中速和快速干涸组,快速干涸组体宽、体重与体长的比值、胴体湿重以及肺和脂肪体的湿重系数均最低,但心、脾、肾和消化器官的湿重系数和消化道各段的长度系数均无明显的组间差异。不同处理幼蛙对PHA-P的最大反应值均出现于注射后3 h,且中速和慢速干涸组的最大反应值均显著高于对照组,而快速干涸组与各组均无显著差异。表明黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪可通过加速变态发育进程来应对干旱胁迫,但会出现个体变小、细胞介导的免疫能力下降,不利于其成功登陆。  相似文献   

3.
黑斑侧褶蛙的两性异形和雌性繁殖特征   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10  
测定了黑斑侧褶蛙成体的体长、体重、头长、头宽、眼径、鼓膜径、前肢长、后肢长等形态指标以及雌体的怀卵数量。黑斑侧褶蛙雌体的体长和体重显著大于雄体。其它局部形态特征指标与体长呈正相关,协方差分析表明,雄体的鼓膜径大于雌体,其余形态指标不存在明显的两性差异。黑斑侧褶蛙雌体怀卵数量与体长和体重皆成正相关关系,表明黑斑侧褶蛙通过增加个体大小增加繁殖输出。  相似文献   

4.
为探究水位变化对黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylaxnigromaculatus)蝌蚪形态表型、免疫功能和应激反应能力的影响,实验室内测定了水位恒定组以及水位快速、中速和慢速下降组37期蝌蚪发育至变态完成期的变态时长、身体大小和血液中各型白细胞的百分比,以及嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值的变化。结果表明,水位快速下降显著缩短了蝌蚪的变态时长(P <0.05),体长下降明显(P <0.05),体重和体宽有所降低,但组间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。嗜中性粒细胞的百分比快速下降组显著高于其他处理组,单核细胞的百分比水位恒定组显著高于中速下降组(P <0.05),嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和淋巴细胞的百分比均无明显的组间差异(P>0.05);嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值快速下降组显著高于其他处理组(P <0.05)。水位加速下降导致登陆后幼蛙的个体变小,由嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞所代表的天然免疫能力变化趋势不同,应激反应能力增强,可能不利于幼蛙的存活。  相似文献   

5.
该文以虎纹蛙(Hoplobatrachus chinensis)蝌蚪为研究对象,检测其作为捕食者对同域分布两种不同类型(可口性和非可口性)猎物蝌蚪(黑眶蟾蜍和黑斑侧褶蛙)的食物选择及行为响应。结果表明,由于该两种被捕食物种在面对其共同捕食者或天敌时采取不同的反捕食策略(化学防卫及行为表现),即虎纹蛙蝌蚪在进食具有毒素的黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus)蝌蚪后,能够在短时间内减少对这种可口性差的食物的选择,具有短期记忆行为,而黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)蝌蚪能够采用行为防卫机制以减少被捕食风险,因此,虎纹蛙蝌蚪对两种猎物蝌蚪的总体选择不表现明显倾向。该结果为这3种两栖类动物的行为生态学研究提供了基础数据。  相似文献   

6.
金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙的两性异形与生育力   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
寿鹿  杜卫国  舒霖 《生态学报》2005,25(4):664-668
比较金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙的两性异形和生育力,首次通过种间比较来验证生育力选择理论是否能解释两栖动物两性异形的进化。金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙均为雌体大于雄体的两性异形类型,其两性异形程度存在显著差异,金线侧褶蛙两性异形程度指数为0 .30 ,而泽陆蛙仅为0 .0 8。然而,两者的怀卵量无显著差异。因此,结果与生育力选择理论预测不一致。此种不一致性可能由下述原因导致:选择压力作用于雄体而非雌体、能量分配策略和死亡率的种间差异、以及系统发育历史的种间差异。金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙雄体的身体状态指数显著高于雌体。金线侧褶蛙的头,眼和四肢都显著大于泽陆蛙;两者雌体的前后肢长度显著大于雄体。两性金线侧褶蛙的前后肢随体长呈同速生长,而泽陆蛙的前后肢随体长呈异速生长  相似文献   

7.
系统研究了我国本土两栖动物种黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)变态发育过程中甲状腺组织学和甲状腺激素水平的变化,为甲状腺生物学和甲状腺干扰研究提供基础数据。黑斑蛙蝌蚪发育的形态变化:第26—40阶段,后腿芽生长并逐渐分化出五趾结构;42阶段,开始进入变态高峰期,前肢展开,尾吸收,蝌蚪身体发生巨大形变;46阶段,蝌蚪完全变态成小蛙。随着形态学的变化,甲状腺的组织结构也发生明显的变化:26—37阶段,甲状腺体积较小,增长缓慢;38阶段甲状腺体积迅速膨大,进入高峰期,甲状腺的发育达到顶峰;随着变态完成,甲状腺又逐渐缩小。甲状腺组织学变化的同时,甲状腺激素水平也相应发生变化:在变态前期,下颌中3,3’,5-三碘代-L-甲腺原氨酸(T3)水平增长缓慢,进入变态期后,T3含量迅速升高,在变态高峰期达到峰值,随后下降。以上结果表明,黑斑蛙发育过程中甲状腺组织学的变化与甲状腺激素水平的波动相吻合。对黑斑蛙甲状腺系统的研究,可为日后使用黑斑蛙开展甲状腺干扰作用的研究提供基础。  相似文献   

8.
捕食风险是两栖动物幼体表型和生活史进化重要的选择压力之一。红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing为云南山地环境中典型的有尾两栖类,山地环境水体水量的迅速减少常导致红瘰疣螈在幼体发育阶段捕食风险增加。本研究通过实验,观察红瘰疣螈幼体的体长和体质量在不同捕食风险环境中的变化、变态时体型以及完成变态发育的时间差异,探讨捕食风险对红瘰疣螈幼体个体早期发育的影响。实验设计4个不同的捕食风险处理:无任何捕食者的无捕食组、有同种个体化学信号的同种异体组、有同种尾受伤个体化学信号的断尾组、有入侵物种——克氏原螯虾Procambarus clarkii信息的外来物种组。结果显示,红瘰疣螈幼体在不同捕食风险环境中的生长发育过程不同。在生长发育前期,所有处理组的幼体生长均相似,而在中后期,有捕食风险存在的3个处理组生长发育显著加快,最终变态时的体长和体质量要比无捕食风险组更长和更重,体型更大。幼体在有捕食风险存在的处理组完成变态的时间要比无捕食风险组显著更短。这表明,红瘰疣螈幼体在面对捕食风险增加时,通过在胚后发育后期加快生长和缩短发育时间,尽快完成变态,离开幼体发育水体来适应高捕食风险的水环境。  相似文献   

9.
谢文华  陶双伦  杨冬梅  梁静  李俊年 《生态学报》2014,34(22):6583-6588
种群密度效应主要表现在影响和调节种群的死亡率、发育速率、繁殖率以及扩散、迁移等反应种群数量动态的重要参数。分析密度对大树蛙蝌蚪生长发育和存活率的影响,有助于探究外界环境因子导致大树蛙种群密度迅速下降的作用机制。设置了15、20、25只/L和30只/L 4个密度组,测量大树蛙蝌蚪的尾长、体长、发育时间和存活率。结果表明,在15—30只/L范围内,密度升高显著降低了大树蛙蝌蚪尾长和体长的生长速率,减小其变态期的尾长和体长大小,其中与15只/L相比,20、25只/L和30只/L 3组蝌蚪的尾长分别降低了11.6%、11.8%和13.9%,体长分别降低了11.1%、9.5%和12.9%;随着密度的升高,大树蛙蝌蚪发育至跗蹠部伸长期和前肢伸出期的所需时间显著延长;大树蛙蝌蚪生长后期的存活率随密度升高显著降低,但密度对蝌蚪生长早期的存活率影响不显著。因此,密度升高可显著减小大树蛙蝌蚪的尾长和体长、延长发育时间和降低其生长后期的存活率,可能影响大树蛙蝌蚪变态后的适合度。  相似文献   

10.
为从不同遗传终点检测苯胺对黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)蝌蚪红细胞的遗传毒性,将黑斑蛙蝌蚪暴露于0、3.45、17.26、34.53、69.06μg/L不同浓度的苯胺96 h后,显微镜下观察红细胞形态和数目的变化,采用微核试验测定红细胞微核率,通过彗星试验测定彗星尾长和尾距的变化。从17.26μg/L浓度组开始出现红细胞变形拉长和细胞膜破裂,且随着苯胺浓度的增加而增多。另外,各浓度组蝌蚪红细胞数目随着苯胺溶液浓度的增加而逐渐减少,且与空白对照相比差异显著(P0.01)。微核试验结果显示,各浓度处理组微核率均显著高于空白对照组(P0.05),但由于苯胺所致的红细胞破裂和Heinz小体的影响,微核率和浓度之间并未出现明显的浓度-效应关系。彗星试验结果显示,不同浓度苯胺处理组与空白对照组相比,蝌蚪红细胞尾长和尾距均显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),并与处理浓度之间存在显著的浓度-效应关系。上述结果表明,苯胺可诱发黑斑蛙蝌蚪红细胞的染色体、DNA损伤,具有较强的遗传毒性效应;苯胺最高浓度处理组69.06μg/L蝌蚪红细胞DNA损伤水平与5 mg/L环磷酰胺相近,显现明显的DNA损伤,因此建议渔业水质标准对水体中苯胺限量的规定不应高于此值。  相似文献   

11.
无尾两栖类蝌蚪的尾巴通过产生强大的游泳速度在反捕食中起到了重要的作用。以镇海林蛙(Rana zhenhaiensis)蝌蚪为实验动物来评估断尾的运动代价。以74尾具有完整尾蝌蚪作为实验组,通过截去不同尾长片段,人为分成轻微尾损伤组(30%)和严重尾损伤组(30%)并测定两组蝌蚪在断尾前后的游泳速度。以16尾完整尾蝌蚪作为对照组在实验组断尾前后同时进行游泳速度的测定。实验结果显示断尾影响蝌蚪的游泳速度,但仅在尾损伤程度达到尾长的30%以上时才产生不利的影响。这表明轻微尾损伤并不对镇海林蛙蝌蚪的游泳速度产生严重影响。在断尾前后实验组蝌蚪的游泳速度均与尾长呈正相关。在相同尾长状态下,尾损伤蝌蚪的相对游泳速度明显快于完整尾蝌蚪。因此,尾损伤的镇海林蛙蝌蚪有可能通过改变尾和身体的摆动频次等方式在断尾后对游泳速度进行了一定的补偿。尾损伤在野外频繁发生于蝌蚪的尾远端,据此推测镇海林蛙蝌蚪在自然条件下的尾损伤并不会产生严重运动代价。  相似文献   

12.
Fast‐growing genotypes living in time‐constrained environments are often more prone to predation, suggesting that growth‐predation risk trade‐offs are important factors maintaining variation in growth along climatic gradients. However, the mechanisms underlying how fast growth increases predation‐mediated mortality are not well understood. Here, we investigated if slow‐growing, low‐latitude individuals have faster escape swimming speed than fast‐growing high‐latitude individuals using common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles from eight populations collected along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient. We measured escape speed in terms of burst and endurance speeds in tadpoles raised in the laboratory at two food levels and in the presence and absence of a predator (Aeshna dragonfly larvae). We did not find any latitudinal trend in escape speed performance. In low food treatments, burst speed was higher in tadpoles reared with predators but did not differ between high‐food treatments. Endurance speed, on the contrary, was lower in high‐food tadpoles reared with predators and did not differ between treatments at low food levels. Tadpoles reared with predators showed inducible morphology (increased relative body size and tail depth), which had positive effects on speed endurance at low but not at high food levels. Burst speed was positively affected by tail length and tail muscle size in the absence of predators. Our results suggest that escape speed does not trade‐off with fast growth along the latitudinal gradient in R. temporaria tadpoles. Instead, escape speed is a plastic trait and strongly influenced by the interaction between resource level and predation risk.  相似文献   

13.
1. Fictive swimming is an experimental model to study early motor development. As vestibular activity also affects the development of spinal motor projections, the present study focused on the question whether in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, the rhythmic activity of spinal ventral roots (VR) during fictive swimming revealed age-dependent modifications after hypergravity exposure. In addition, developmental characteristics for various features of fictive swimming between stages 37/38 and 47 were determined. Parameters of interest were duration of fictive swimming episodes, burst duration, burst frequency (i.e., cycle length), and rostrocaudal delay. 2. Ventral root recordings were performed between developmental stage 37/38, which is directly after hatching and stage 47 when the hind limb buds appear. The location of recording electrodes extended from myotome 4 to 17. 3. Hypergravity exposure by 3 g-centrifugation lasted 9 to 11 days. It started when embryos had just terminated gastrulation (stage 11/19-group), when first rhythmical activity in the ventral roots appeared (stage 24/27-group), and immediately after hatching (stage 37/41-group). Ventral root recordings were taken for 8 days after termination of 3 g-exposure. 4. Between stage 37/38 (hatching) and stage 47 (hind limb bud stage) burst duration, cycle length and rostrocaudal delay recorded between the 10th and 14th postotic myotome increased while episode duration decreased significantly. In tadpoles between stage 37 and 43, the rostrocaudal delay in the proximal tail part was as long as in older tadpoles while in caudal tail parts, it was shorter. During this period of development, there was also an age-dependent progression of burst extension in the proximal tail area that could not be observed between the 10th and 14th myotome. 6. After termination of the 3 g-exposure, the mean burst duration of VR activity increased significantly (p < 0.01) when 3 g-exposure started shortly after gastrulation but not when it started thereafter. Other parameters for VR activity such as cycle length, rostrocaudal delay and episode duration were not affected by this level of hypergravity. 7. It is postulated that (i) functional separation of subunits responsible for intersegmental motor coordination starts shortly after hatching of young tadpoles; and that (ii) gravity exerts a trophic influence on the development of the vestibulospinal system during different periods of embryonic development leading to the formation of more rigid neuronal networks earlier in the spinal than in the ocular projections.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of ontogenetic increases in total length on burst swimming performance was investigated in tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) over the total-length range of 1. 5-4 cm and Gosner developmental stages 25-38. The burst swimming performance of tadpoles at 10 degrees and 24 degrees C was determined by videotaping startle responses with a high-speed video camera at 200 Hz and analysing the sequences frame by frame. Maximum swimming velocity (Umax) and acceleration (Amax) increased with total length (L) at a rate that was proportionally greater than the increase in total length (i.e., positive allometry; exponents >1) and was described by the allometric equations Umax=0.061L1.34 and Amax=1.15L1.11 at 10 degrees C and Umax=0.114L1.34 and Amax=1.54L1. 11 at 24 degrees C. Stride length increased with a total-length exponent of approximately 1 but was unaffected by temperature. Tail-beat frequency was not affected by total length and increased from 7.8+/-0.2 Hz at 10 degrees C to 21.7+/-0.7 Hz at 24 degrees C. Developmental stage did not significantly influence the relationship between total length and Umax or Amax. Furthermore, temperature and the associated changes in water viscosity did not affect the relationship between total length and burst swimming performance. At their Umax, Reynolds numbers ranged from approximately 1,500 in the smaller tadpoles up to 50,000 for the larger animals at 24 degrees C. We suggest the positive allometry of Umax in larval L. peronii was due in part to the increases in tail width (TW) with total length (TW=-1.36L1.66), possibly reflecting the increasing importance of burst swimming performance to survival during larval development.  相似文献   

15.
In many amphibian larvae a suite of morphological and behavioural characters varies together in an induced defence against predators, but it remains unclear which features are functionally related to defence. We independently manipulated behaviour and morphology in tadpoles of Hyla versicolor and assessed their consequences for swimming performance and predator escape. Data on burst swimming showed that tadpoles which accelerated rapidly were elongate, with shallow bodies and tails. Predator escape was measured by exposing tadpoles to predators (larval Anax dragonflies or larval Ambystoma salamanders) and recording time until death. Tadpoles were first reared for 30 days in ponds containing either caged Anax or no predators; individuals responded to predators by developing large brightly coloured tails and short bodies. We placed tadpoles of both morphological phenotypes into plastic tubs, and manipulated their behaviour using food and chemical cues from predators. Mortality risk experienced by the predator‐induced phenotype was about half that of the no‐predator phenotype, and risk increased with time spent swimming. An interaction between morphology and behaviour arose because increasing activity caused higher risk for tadpoles with deep tail fins but not shallow tail fins.  相似文献   

16.
The diverse benefits of group living include protection against predators through dilution effects and greater group vigilance. However, intraspecific aggregation can decrease developmental rates and survival in prey species. We investigated the impact on tadpole development and behaviour of the interaction between population density and predation risk. Spotted tree frog (Litoria spenceri: Hylidae, Dubois 1984) tadpoles were kept at one of three different densities (two tadpoles per litre, five tadpoles per litre or 10 tadpoles per litre) until metamorphosis in the presence or absence of predatory cues. We aimed to determine the influence of population density, predation and the interaction of both factors in determining growth rates in tadpoles. Tadpoles were measured weekly to assess growth and development and filmed to quantify differences in activity and feeding frequency between groups. Generally, tadpoles housed without predators had longer developmental periods when housed with a predator, but there was no effect on tail length or total length. There was no effect of either predation cues or density on percentage of individuals feeding or moving. Although the effects of the presence of predators alone may appear to be less than the effects of the presence of competitors, the prioritisation of competitiveness over predator avoidance may increase vulnerability of tadpoles to the lethal threat of predators. This is particularly important in species such as L. spenceri, which is at risk from introduced fish predators.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of acute and developmental temperature on maximum burst swimming speed, body size, and myofibrillar ATPase activity were assessed in tadpoles of the Pacific tree frog, Hyla regilla. Tadpoles from field-collected egg masses were reared in the laboratory at 15 degrees (cool) and 25 degrees C (warm). Body size, maximum burst swimming speed from 5 degrees to 35 degrees C, and tail myofibrillar ATPase activity at 15 degrees and 25 degrees C were measured at a single developmental stage. Burst speed of both groups of tadpoles was strongly affected by test temperature (P<0. 001). Performance maxima spanned test temperatures of 15 degrees -25 degrees C for the cool group and 15 degrees -30 degrees C for the warm group. Burst speed also depended on developmental temperature (P<0.001), even after accounting for variation in body size. At most test temperatures, the cool-reared tadpoles swam faster than the warm-reared tadpoles. Myofibrillar ATPase activity was affected by test temperature (P<0.001). Like swimming speed, enzyme activity was greater in the cool-reared tadpoles than in the warm-reared tadpoles, a difference that was significant when assayed at 15 degrees C (P<0. 01). These results suggest a mechanism for developmental temperature effects on locomotor performance observed in other taxa.  相似文献   

18.
全球气候变暖引发栖息地干涸将对生活在水中的无尾类幼体提出了挑战。通过浙江丽水中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和黑眶蟾蜍(Duttaphrynus melanosticus)蝌蚪在实验条件下对不同水位变化的表型响应,检测表型可塑性的遗传性和环境近因性影响。结果表明,水位变化对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪早期发育历期、头宽和体重影响不显著,对体长影响显著,其中逐减水位最大、恒低水位最小,慢波、恒高与快波、逐增水位依次减少;水位变化对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪早期发育历期、体长、头宽和体重影响均显著;发育历期以恒高水位最大,恒低水位最小;体长以逐减水位最大,恒低、快波和慢波水位显著偏小,逐增和快波水位居中;头宽以恒低水位最小,逐增水位居中,其余较大;体重以恒低水位最小、恒高水位最大,其余居中。水位变化对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的变态时间、体长、头宽和体重影响均不显著;水位变化对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的变态时间、体长和体重影响均显著,对头宽影响不显著;恒低水位的变态时间最长,恒高水位的变态时间最短,其他水位变化之间差异不显著;恒高水位的体长最大,恒低和快波水位最小,其他居中;逐增和快波水位的体重最大,恒低水位最小。研究结果表明,繁殖季节不同的中华大蟾蜍和黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪响应水位变化的表型可塑性差异显著,长期在容易发生干旱和水位变化的冬季繁殖的中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的表型可塑性低,在雨水充沛的春季繁殖的黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的表型可塑性高,表现出表型可塑性的种间差异和遗传性;在早期发育过程中,两种蝌蚪体长的共同的表型变异与缺乏遗传基础的环境近因性影响有关;黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪对低水位或水位下降作出减速分化的消极响应,响应程度与环境信号的强弱直接相关。  相似文献   

19.
1. Conditions experienced during the early stages of development may have carry‐over effects on performance during later life. The egg laying period and embryonic development of temperate and boreal zone amphibians often coincides with peak acidity resulting from spring snow‐melt, but the effects of acid conditions during embryonic stage on subsequent performance are unknown. 2. We investigated the potential carry‐over effects of acidity during the embryonic stage on performance up to metamorphosis in the common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. There were four combinations of acid (4.5) and neutral (7.5) pH treatments applied to the egg and larval stages in a factorial laboratory experiment. In addition, we studied the difference in embryonic and larval tolerance of acidity between two populations originating from circumneutral (pH 6.6) and acidic conditions (pH 4.8). 3. The effects of acid conditions during the embryonic stage were sublethal, as indicated by delayed development and reduced size. Under acid conditions, tadpoles that had been raised in neutral water as embryos at first grew more slowly than tadpoles raised under acid conditions as embryos. At metamorphosis, no effects of embryonic acidity were detectable indicating that tadpoles were able to compensate fully for the initial reduction in growth. 4. Acid conditions during the larval period had a strongly negative effect on survival, size and age at metamorphosis. The amount of food consumed was lower under acid conditions, suggesting that reduced food consumption was at least partly responsible for the negative effects. 5. Although the two populations differed in the length of larval period, there was no indication of a differential response to the treatments in any of the metamorphic traits studied. 6. These results suggest that, although moderate acid conditions during embryonic development affect growth and development negatively, this influence does not persist after conditions have returned to normal. However, even moderately acid conditions during the larval period may have a strong negative influence on survival and performance of the tadpoles.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号