标记回收法确认我国北方地区草地螟的迁飞

为了证实草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.（鳞翅目： 螟蛾科）由我国华北越冬区向东北迁飞危害的假说并提供直接的证据, 采用网捕成虫喷雾染料标记释放回收的方法,于2009年越冬代草地螟成虫盛发期间（6月1-4日）分别在内蒙古武川县（41.07°N, 111.42°E）和察右中旗（41.13°N, 112.58°E）的6个标放点共标记当地越冬代草地螟成虫约181万头并自然释放。标记释放后, 在东北、 西北和华北11个草地螟常发省（市、 区）组织各级监测预警部门利用虫情测报灯、 捕虫网和性诱剂诱捕器等多种器械进行回收, 先后于2009年6月7-29日在内蒙古科右中旗、 乌兰浩特、 扎兰屯分别回收到由察右中旗标记释放的成虫9头, 在辽宁省北票市回收到由武川县标记释放的成虫1头。标记释放点至回收点直线距离为725~1 117 km。这是迄今为止世界上确认的草地螟最远迁飞距离。这些证据不仅证实了我国越冬代草地螟成虫能从华北迁往东北危害, 而且为进一步了解草地螟的种群动态规律, 改善草地螟的预测预报技术提供了重要的科学依据。     

2010年牧区2代草地螟成虫迁飞的虫源分析

草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)是危害我国北方农牧区的重要迁飞性害虫,明确其迁飞、扩散规律以及与境外虫源交流情况,对早期预警和有效防治具有重要意义。2010年6月1日至9月17日,利用垂直监测昆虫雷达的观测资料,结合探照灯和地面灯灯诱虫情、迁飞高峰期雌虫卵巢解剖、区域大气环流形势和迁飞轨迹分析,在内蒙古锡林浩特西郊研究了牧区2代草地螟的迁飞过程,结果表明:2010年牧区2代草地螟迁飞高峰期出现在2010年8月8日至8月21日,高峰日为8月11日,高峰日探照灯诱虫量达9167头,卵巢发育级别以1—2级为主,高峰日雷达回波主要集中在300—400 m。轨迹分析显示:迁飞高峰期8月8日、8月10—12日牧区草地螟迁飞虫源主要来自蒙古共和国东南部及中蒙边境地区,由蒙古气旋西南侧的西北气流输送进入我国内蒙古锡林郭勒盟,再随西南气流迁入呼伦贝尔草原。     

东北地区草地螟（Loxostege sticticalis）越冬代成虫虫源地轨迹分析

草地螟是我国东北地区重要的暴发性害虫,某些年份春季越冬代成虫的来源无法应用传统理论来解释.分析了1997～2007年草地螟历次迁入峰的虫源地,结果表明:华北地区草地螟"发生基地"的种群虽可迁入东北构成当地大发生虫源之一,但并非主要虫源.多数年份天气系统不利于华北地区的草地螟向东北进行远距离迁飞.最近一次暴发周期中(1996～2007年),东北地区草地螟种群主要来自当地及境外越冬区.全球变暖使二代幼虫发生频率明显增加是越冬虫茧在这一地区大量出现的原因.     

草地螟2007年越冬代成虫迁飞行为研究与虫源分析

草地螟 Loxostege sticticalis L.是危害我国北方农牧业的一种重要迁飞性害虫,明确草地螟的虫源地及迁飞路线对其早期预警具有重要意义。本文利用垂直监测昆虫雷达的长期观测,迁飞高峰期雌虫卵巢解剖、大区环流分析、各地虫情信息收集和利用Hysplit_4模型进行轨迹分析,研究了2007年越冬代草地螟的空中迁飞行为和东北地区严重暴发的草地螟虫源。结果表明：6月7–9日,雷达观测点诱虫灯内草地螟具有典型迁飞昆虫生理特征;草地螟主要在夜间迁飞,飞行高度集中在300～500 m,400 m是主要飞行高度,迁飞高峰期夜间迁移可持续9 h。东北地区严重发生的草地螟虫源,一部分来自内蒙古乌盟地区,一部分来自蒙古共和国中东部及中俄边境地区。据此推测我国与国外草地螟存在虫源交流。     

贵阳地区白背飞虱的越冬及迁飞的观察

白背飞虱在我省常大发生,给水稻造成严重的为害。 本文根据1979—1981年在贵州省贵阳地区进行白背飞虱越冬及迁飞的观察结果,用大量新事实证明白背飞虱是迁飞的害虫。其迁飞规律为:春季白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流由西南迁入;夏季白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流往东北迁出,与此同时也有白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流由东南或西南迁入的;秋季白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流由东北迁入(回迁),与此同时也有白背飞虱长翅成虫随气流往西南迁出的。 本文还探讨了有关白背飞虱迁飞的一些问题。     

华北二点委夜蛾种群动态监测及北京北部地区虫源性质分析

二点委夜蛾Proxenus lepigone是玉米生产中的一种新发害虫, 2011年曾在黄淮海夏玉米主产区全面暴发, 对夏玉米生产构成严重威胁。为了明确二点委夜蛾的种群动态, 探讨北京北部二点委夜蛾种群是否为迁入虫源, 2012年, 在华北地区的河北省栾城县、 北京市区和北京延庆县等地, 利用高空探照灯诱虫器、 垂直监测昆虫雷达等对二点委夜蛾成虫进行了监测, 并结合气象资料, 对北京延庆的虫源性质进行了综合分析。结果表明： 二点委夜蛾老熟幼虫作茧后可在北京延庆越冬。2012年, 北京延庆诱集二点委夜蛾累计33 951头, 可划分为3个世代。第1代成虫的诱集数量不符合正态分布, 且在姊妹灯下的数量差异符合迁飞种类的特点。在当地条件不适宜的情况下, 北京延庆监测点第1代成虫日均诱虫数量高于条件相对适宜的河北栾城。在北京延庆, 第1代成虫的逐日诱集数量与空中风向密切相关。雷达监测还表明二点委夜蛾可能是雷达回波的目标。综合以上证据表明, 北京延庆第1代成虫包含从周边迁飞而来的个体, 二点委夜蛾可能是一种兼性迁飞昆虫。本研究可为二点委夜蛾成虫能否远距离迁飞提供例证, 对今后提高其预测预报和防治水平具有重要意义。     

桂东北稻区第七代褐飞虱迁飞规律及虫源分析

褐飞虱是我国水稻上的一种重要迁飞性害虫,在桂东北稻区不能越冬。近年来,作为次害代的第7代褐飞虱在桂东北稻区频繁暴发,桂东北稻区作为褐飞虱南北往返迁飞的重要通道,研究阐明该稻区第7代褐飞虱的迁飞规律及虫源分布,对第7代褐飞虱的早期预警和有效防控意义重大。利用灯光诱捕的方法研究了2007—2010年桂东北稻区褐飞虱的迁飞动态,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)和气象图形处理软件GrADS(Grid Analysis and Display System)对褐飞虱迁入、迁出峰次进行轨迹分析和气象背景分析。结果表明:(1)桂东北稻区第7代褐飞虱每年都会出现2—3次迁飞高峰,虫量高峰期主要集中在9月底至10月上旬。(2)迁入虫源主要来自江西中西部和湖南中东部稻区,从本地起飞的部分褐飞虱飞行24 h或36 h后能到达广西南部沿海、越南北部和海南等越冬区。(3)925 hPa的温度高则褐飞虱虫量高;盛行东北气流较多的年份,褐飞虱发生严重;微弱的下沉气流和无雨天气有利于褐飞虱的迁飞。     

2016年华北南部二代二点委夜蛾成虫迁飞的雷达观测

【目的】为了明确玉米新发害虫二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone的迁飞行为,为该虫的区域性监测预警提供依据。【方法】2016年7月在华北南部的新乡市原阳县,利用旋转极化垂直昆虫雷达和高空诱虫灯观测了2代二点委夜蛾成虫在空中的迁飞行为,利用轨迹分析软件HYSPLIT分析该虫的迁飞范围。【结果】2代二点委夜蛾成虫在日落后(19:00左右)开始起飞,2 h后达到最大值,二点委夜蛾成虫最大高峰时间主要出现在前半夜,次日凌晨虫量逐渐降低,至7:00左右迁飞活动停止,整个迁移活动持续12 h。二点委夜蛾成虫在空中成层分布,其最髙飞行高度低于1 200 m,但虫量最大处位于600-700 m。第2代二点委夜蛾成虫每晚的平均最长飞行时间为7.972 h,平均位移速度为9.12 m/s,每晚平均最远距离大约为261.74 km。结合风场和轨迹模拟分析表明,7月份二点委夜蛾以北迁为主,河南中部的漯河及许昌等地区是雷达观测点二点委夜蛾峰值时的直接虫源区,其余来自邻近区域。【结论】本研究明确了华北南部地区2016年2代二点委夜蛾在空中的迁飞参数及迁飞范围。     

汉江中游流域宜城地区黏虫成虫世代特点分析

黏虫Mythimna separata是为害禾本科作物的重大迁飞性害虫。汉江中游流域是湖北小麦等作物的主产区,也是黏虫的常年发生地。2012年至2017年,连续6年在汉江中游湖北省宜城市利用糖醋液、频振式杀虫灯调查了黏虫成虫种群动态。结果表明:宜城地区黏虫成虫可分为4代:越冬代及1代至3代。越冬代成虫峰期出现在2月中下旬至3月底,其中最早始见期为2017年2月14日,最晚为2015年3月10日。1代成虫峰期为5月中旬至6月底,且1代为黏虫累积虫量最多的世代,7月至10月的2代、3代黏虫成虫数量稀少,没有明显的成虫峰期,但2017年7月底至8月初出现较明显2代成虫峰期。汉江中游流域宜城地区属于1代黏虫多发区;1月份温度不足以影响此地黏虫越冬,此地可能为黏虫常年越冬地;在田间变温环境下,夏季高温对宜城黏虫成虫种群无显著抑制作用;黏虫在宜城越冬代及1代成虫量是全国黏虫发生量的重要预警指标。     

棉叶蝉(Empoasca biguttula Shiraki)迁飞的研究

通过冬季田间调查和笼罩饲养、雌成虫卵巢解剖、发育积温和过冷却点等项测定,证实棉叶蝉Empaasca biguttula是迁飞性昆虫,据起飞行为和起飞日节律观察及飞翔力测定,及起飞与环境条件和虫体本身状况的关系、各地棉叶蝉始见日及突增日与天气关系的分析,提出：①棉叶蝉在湖南不能安全过冬,并基本上查明了在华南的主要越冬寄生。②起飞发生于一定季节,有一定日节律,具特定的起 行为,在成虫幼嫩期起飞,雌成虫在羽化后第2天为起飞高峰日。“迁飞型”较长,“居留型”却较短。光照强度、风速、温度及降雨等,对起飞有很大影响。③成虫有明显的异地同期突增现象,并与一定的天气条件相吻合。从此虫远距离迁移的天氯图分析表明,其迁入天气有2个类型：a.迁入Ⅰ型：迁入地区处在冷锋（静止锋）和切变线南部,也处在槽前西南气流中;b.迁入Ⅱ型：迁入地区正处在脊前、槽后的偏北气流中。     

东北地区草地螟1999年大发生的虫源分析

草地螟是我国北方重要的迁飞性害虫,对其虫源地及迁飞路线尚缺乏全面的认识。本文分析了1999年各地草地螟主要迁入峰期的天气学背景,并对风场的时空分布及草地螟迁飞轨迹进行了模拟。结果表明：1999年东北地区大发生的草地螟只有少部分来自以往认为的“主要发生基地”,其主要虫源来自蒙古共和国东部及中蒙边境地区;草地螟盛发期东北地区气旋性天气系统对草地螟的迁入和扩散有密切的关系,据此提出可将“东北低压”、“东北低涡”的发生、发展趋势与虫源地的情况结合起来作为监测草地螟迁入的预警指标。     

Migration sources and pathways of the pest species Sogatella furcifera in Yunnan,China, and across the border inferred from DNA and wind analyses

The migration sources and pathways of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) in topologically complex regions like Yunnan, China, and adjacent montane areas have long been a challenging task and a bottleneck in effective pest forecast and control. The present research reinvestigated this issue using a combination of mtDNA and long‐term historical wind field data in an attempt to provide new insights. Genetic analyses showed that the 60 populations of S. furcufera collected across Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan lack genetic structure and geographic isolation, while spatial analysis of haplotype and diversity indices discovered geographic relevance between populations. Migration rate analysis combined with high‐resolution 10‐year wind field analysis detected the following migration sources, pathways, and impacted areas which could explain the outbreak pattern in Yunnan. (a) Dominating stepwise northward migrations originated from northern Indochina, southern Yunnan, and central‐eastern Yunnan, impacting their northern areas. (b) Concurring summer–autumn southward (return) migration originated from nearly all latitude belts of Sichuan and Yunnan mainly impacting central and southern Yunnan. (c) Regular eastward and summer–autumn westward migrations across Yunnan. The northward migration reflects the temporal rhythm of gradual outbreaks from the south to the north in a year, while the return migration may explain the repeated or very severe outbreaks in the impacted areas. To form a better pest forecast and control network, attention must also be paid to the northern part of Yunnan to suppress the impact of return migration in summers and autumns.     

Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects

Abstract. 1. The spring migration of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata (Walker), and other insects into northeastern China was observed by radar at a site in central Jilin province. Samples of the migrants were obtained in a net flown from a kite, and M.separata populations in the surrounding region were monitored with a trap network. 2. The radar regularly detected echoes which were of the type characteristic of large insects, and three out of four large insects in the aerial samples were noctuid moths, including one M.separata. Catches of armyworm moths in the regional trap network peaked during the period of radar observations. 3. Migration occurred at night. It commenced with a take-off flight at dusk and generally continued until dawn, with numbers often being highest around midnight. Most migration took place at altitudes below 500 m, with strong layer concentrations forming at 200–400 m during the middle part of some nights. 4. Migration was approximately downwind. The net movement was overwhelmingly to the northeast because southwesterly winds occurred most frequently and were relatively strong, and because migration was more intense and prolonged on these winds. Orientation tended to be to the left of the downwind direction, and was most often to the north or northeast. 5. Migration into northeastern China was accomplished in a series of night-time movements of 100–300 km rather than by a single non-stop flight. 6. The net movement of insects towards the northeast was sufficient to produce the observed regional infestation of M.separata moths. Oviposition by immigrant armyworm moths in vulnerable crops would have been at a level where economically significant damage would be expected from the resulting larval population. 7. Analogous springtime migrations of noctuids leading to temporary colonizations of habitats at higher latitudes occur in other continents. Such colonizations may be unproductive if, as appears possibly the case for northeastern China, prevailing winds later in the season are generally unfavourable for a return migration towards overwintering areas at lower latitudes.     

白腹管鼻蝠华北与东北冬眠群内RAPD分析和亲缘关系的比较研究

用随机扩增ＤＮＡ多态（ＲＡＰＤ）方法分析白腹管鼻蝠在华北和东北两地冬眠群群内与群间个体之间的亲缘关系,探讨冬眠群的结构组成及其相互关系。结果显示：华北两个白腹管鼻蝠冬眠群内个体间遗传相似性平均分别为０８５８和０９３３,两群之间的遗传相似性平均为０８４２,群内与群间个体之间在遗传相似性方面没有明显差别;东北冬眠群内的遗传相似性平均为０６０４;华北和东北两地冬眠群间的相似性只有０５１３和０５２１。据此可认为,在同一及邻近洞中形成的白腹管鼻蝠冬眠群的组成可能是选择来自同一种群中亲缘关系较近的个体,在华北冬眠的种群和在居留地东北冬眠的种群之间的亲缘关系较远。     

2002年我国华北三代粘虫大发生的虫源分析

华北平原地区三代粘虫的大发生是一小概率事件,对其虫源问题尚无确切回答.应用HYSPLIT 4.8轨迹分析平台对2002年华北平原地区三代粘虫主要迁入峰期进行轨迹回推以确定此次迁入的虫源区,同时对东北地区虫源在迁出期的去向进行了模拟;并运用GrADS气象图形软件对华北地区和东北地区迁飞期天气学背景和风场的时空分布进行了分析.结果表明:2002年华北平原地区大发生的三代粘虫主要虫源来自陕西、山西二省;东北地区虫源对本次华北平原地区的迁入无影响.     

Source area of spring population of meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Northeast China

The meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L., is an important outbreak pest in Northeast China. The spring population in Northeast China was considered as immigrants from North China; however, the population dynamics during 1996–2007 was not consistent with this traditional theory. In this study, the source area of the spring population of the meadow moth in Northeast China was identified by trajectory analysis using the wind field simulated by mesoscale numerical forecast model MM5. The results indicated that the population of the meadow moth in North China was able to migrate into Northeast China, but had not made a crucial contribution to the outbreaks there since the weather systems were generally adverse for such a long range migration in most of the years. On the other hand, high density cocoons of L. sticticalis have frequently been found in autumn in Northeast China since 1996. The trajectory analyses indicated that most of L. sticticalis in Northeast China in spring emerged from the cocoons that had overwintered either locally or in neighboring countries, i.e. Mongolia and Russia. The development of overwintering areas at higher latitudes coincides with the increased frequency of second-generation larvae; both phenomena might be attributed to the regional climate change associated with global warming.     

Return migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during autumn in northern China

The autumn migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was observed with radar and two types of light-trap at Langfang, Hebei province, China in 2001 and 2002. The sudden increase in the proportion of H. armigera moths in the searchlight trap indicated migration into the area and catches increased 10-fold during the second half of the night due to the landing of migrants before dawn. The moths' migratory flights took place at up to 2000 m above the ground, and moths flew differentially at times, and heights, when favourable (i.e. northerly) winds occurred. This facilitated the maximum displacement of moths towards the south during these 'return' migrations. The moths flew over the radar site at consistently high densities through the night, and the resulting flight durations of c. 10 h, at displacement speeds of 30-33 km h-1, would allow moths emerging in the far northeast of China (i.e. Liaoning and Jilin provinces and the Inner Mongolia autonomous region) to migrate into northern China (Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces). The association of the seasonal migratory movements of H. armigera with crops in northern China is briefly discussed.     

草地螟交配行为及能力

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.(鳞翅目:螟蛾科)是我国北方地区的重大农牧业害虫.但国内外对草地螟的交配行为和能力尚无报道.为了阐明草地螟的大发生机理及改善其监控技术水平,本文在(22±1)℃、相对湿度70±5%、光周期为L:D=16:8的条件下研究和揭示了草地螟的交配行为和能力.首次获得的结果表...