利用宏DNA条形码研究浮游动物多样性——以鸭绿江口为例

为评价宏DNA条形码技术在我国海洋生物多样性监测中的应用潜力,采集了22份鸭绿江口浮游动物样品,分别利用宏条形码分子鉴定和形态鉴定方法对优势类群桡足类进行多样性的比较研究。结果显示:(1)利用宏条形码分子鉴定方法共鉴定出4目23科32属229个操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units, OTUs),形态方法共鉴定出3目5科5属6种;同时,利用形态鉴定得到的分类阶元多数(目:100%、科:80%、属:80%)能用宏条形码分子鉴定方法鉴定出来,而宏条形码分子鉴定方法鉴定得到的分类阶元多数(目:25%、科:83%、属:88%)却未能用形态鉴定出来,表明宏条形码分子鉴定方法在鉴定物种丰富度方面具有明显优势。(2)利用宏条形码分子鉴定与形态鉴定桡足类的多样性指数呈显著的一致性(r=0.524,P=0.024),表明宏条形码鉴定方法与形态方法在评价物种多样性方面具有较好的可比性。本研究表明宏条形码分子鉴定方法在我国海洋浮游动物业务化监测中具有较高的应用潜力。     

Microeukaryotic diversity in marine environments,an analysis of surface layer sediments from the East Sea

Molecular techniques, based on clone library of 18S rRNA gene, were employed to ascertain the diversity of microeukaryotic organisms in sediments from the East Sea. A total of 261 clones were recovered from surface sediments. Most of the clone sequences (90%) were affiliated with protists, dominated by Ciliates (18%) and Dinoflagellates (19%) of Alveolates, phototrophic Stramenopiles (11%), and Cercozoa (20%). Many of the clones were related to uncultivated eukaryotes clones retrieved from anoxic environments with several highly divergent 18S rRNA gene sequences. However, no clones were related to cultivated obligate anaerobic protists. Protistan communities between subsurface layers of 1 and 9 cm shared 23% of total phylotypes which comprised 64% of total clones retrieved. Analysis of diversity indices and rarefaction curve showed that the protistan community within the 1 cm layer exhibited higher diversity than the 9 cm layer. Our results imply that diverse protists remain to be uncovered within marine benthic environments.     

台湾海峡鱼类绦虫的分子系统学研究

利用DNA测序技术对台湾海峡部分鱼类绦虫的16S rRNA和18S rRNA基因片段序列进行了分析。使用PAUP4·0b10软件构建的进化树显示,目前关于绦虫二叶目、锥吻目、假叶目、盘头目和四叶目的划分是比较合理的,绦虫进化基本遵循了头节形态从简单到复杂的进化规律。报道了国内首次发现的双叶目绦虫,进化树结果初步支持了巨槽属和棘头属的划分。此外,结果也支持了前孔属绦虫的分类地位。但是,对耳槽属绦虫与阶室属绦虫的形态学划分与分子系统学相矛盾,利用16S rRNA基因对盘头目各种的进化树分析与形态学差异很大,这些问题都需要更多研究来进行深入分析。     

产β-甘露聚糖酶Aspergillus sp. LQ21的分离、鉴定及发酵条件的研究

β-甘露聚糖酶是一类能够水解甘露聚糖、葡甘露聚糖、半乳甘露聚糖的半纤维素酶类,广泛存在于动植物和微生物中,此酶在食品、医药、饲料、造纸、石油等方面已得到广泛应用;近年来,其作为食品和饲料添加剂方面倍受关注。对采自土壤和树皮的样品通过富集培养、平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,得到1株具产β-甘露聚糖酶能力的曲霉属菌株LQ21,结合形态特征、培养特征及18S rRNA基因序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Aspergillussp.真菌。考察了培养时间、起始pH、培养温度、碳源和氮源对该菌株产酶的影响。初步确定了其最适产酶培养基组成:魔芋粉0.5%,蛋白胨1%,NaNO30.2%,K2HPO40.1%,KCl 0.05%,MgSO4.7H2O 0.05%,FeSO4.7H2O 0.001%;最适培养条件:初始pH4.5,温度35℃,转速200 r/min,培养60 h发酵液上清中酶活达到最高。     

鸡球虫18S rRNA基因序列的测定与分析

为了利用18S rRNA基因进行鸡球虫系统进化分析,对巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)、柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)、堆形艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)3种共8个不同来源的虫株,分别提取总DNA进行18S rRNA基因的扩增和测序;将得到的序列登录GenBank进行同源性和趋异性分析,并结合GenBank中其它原虫的18S rRNA基因序列构建进化树.结果显示扩增获得8株鸡球虫18S rRNA基因长度为1746～1756 bp,序列比对显示同种不同株间的同源性大于不同种间的同源性,其中3株E.maxima株间同源性在98.7%～99.3%之间,4株E.tenella株间同源性在99.7%～99.9%之间;不同种间同源性为96.5%～98.1%,其中E.maxima与E.tenclla的遗传距离最大,为0.038;E.maxima与E.acervulina的遗传距离最小,为0.021.顶复器门9个不同属所构建的进化树结果显示,E.imeria和等孢属(Isospora)聚为一支,说明亲缘关系比较近.与GertBank中其它5株不同鸡球虫的18S rRNA基因共同构建的进化树显示,3株E.maxima聚为一支,与E.brunetti、E.mitis、E.mivati、E.praecox和E.acervulina聚为一大分支;4株E.tenella与1株E.necatrix共同形成一个分支,说明E.tenella与E.necattix的亲缘关系最近.本研究证实了在鸡球虫系统进化研究中,18S rRNA基因不仅可以区分不同种,而且有可能成为区分同种不同株的理想靶基因.     

基于18S rRNA的中国大陆沿海石磺科贝类分类的初步分析

对采自上海崇明、福建宁德、海南海口等沿海地区9个群体的石磺科贝类进行外部形态特征差异分析和内部结构比较,在初步分类基础上利用核糖体小亚基18S rRNA基因部分序列对9个群体进行系统发育分析,以菊花螺为外群,结合GenBank上石磺科4个18S rRNA基因序列构建系统发生树来探讨我国大陆沿海石磺科属种间的亲缘关系.结果显示:我国石磺科贝类南方沿海种类多于北方沿海;除报道的瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)和石磺(O.verruculatum)外,可能还有新记录5种:Onchidium属1种、Platevindex属2种、Peronia属1种和Paraoncidium属1种.分子系统发生树显示,我囝大陆沿海石磺科9个群体可分为4个亚群,分别为Onchidium、Platevindex、Paraoncidium、Peronia,其中Peronia亚群的置信度较高;Onchidium verruculatum应更名为Peronia verruculata.     

基于形态特征和部分基因序列的中国蚱科四个种的分类订正

为了澄清形态相似种锯齿股蚱Tetrix dentifemura和粗体蚱T. grossus及红背悠背蚱Euparatettix erythronotus和九万山悠背蚱E. jiuwanshanensis的分类问题,我们分别从形态学分类和DNA数据对这4种蚱进行了分析。形态学特征分析结果显示：锯齿股蚱和粗体蚱形态相同之处非常多,而形态的不同之处主要表现在两者后翅的长度差异相对较大;红背悠背蚱和九万山悠背蚱在形态上共同之处很多,仅在头顶与颜面隆起的形状、触角与侧单眼着生位置以及后足股节长度等方面有微小差异。对蚱科2属4种昆虫的Cyt b,16S rRNA和18S rRNA基因部分序列进行了测定,3个片段共2 902 bp。发现蚱属的锯齿股蚱和粗体蚱的这三个基因同源序列完全一致,悠背蚱属的红背悠背蚱和九万山悠背蚱的同源序列也完全一致。结合形态学比较和基因序列分析结果,提出粗体蚱和九万山悠背蚱分别是齿股蚱和红背悠背蚱的同物异名。     

草鱼MYH mRNA表达量分析中采用的内参基因稳定性比较

本研究分别以β-actin、18S rRNA和GAPDH为内参基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR对草鱼早期发育时期肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy light,MYH)基因的mRNA表达量进行分析,并比较不同内参基因对MYH基因mRNA表达水平检测结果的准确性.研究结果表明,以β-actin和GAPDH作为内参,MYH基因mRNA表达水平完全一致,其表达量从原肠到仔鱼阶段逐次递增,仔鱼与原肠期阶段相比表达量差异显著;当采用18S rRNA作为内参时,MYH基因mRNA在发育阶段的表达量呈不稳定状态.因此,β-actin和GAPDH均可作为内参基因,用于草鱼早期发育中MYH基因mRNA的相对定量研究:而18S rRNA作为内参时,可能会对检测结果造成偏差.本研究不仅准确的揭示了草鱼MYH基因mRNA的表达特征,并且为荧光定量PCR技术在鱼类基因表达研究方面提供了有价值的参考.     

γ-亚麻酸产生菌Mucor sp．EIM-10的筛选及分子鉴定

为了获得高产γ-亚麻酸（γ-linolenic acid,GLA）的菌株,利用苏丹黑染色法筛选获得1株GLA产生菌EIM-10,通过摇瓶培养,其生物量可达11．882g／L,菌丝体油脂含量可达18．86％。气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）分析表明其γ-亚麻酸质量分数（占总脂肪酸）高达27．68％。为进一步鉴定该菌株,克隆测定了该菌18SrRNA基因序列,并对其进行系统进化树分析,结果表明该菌属于毛霉属,与Mucor racemosus、Mucor plumbeus、Mucor ramosissimus与Mucor circinelloides同属一个分支。     

Phylogeny of Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda) inferred from three rDNA sequences: implications for morphological evolution and superfamily classification

The infraorder Thalassinidea is a group of cryptic marine burrowing decapods of which the higher taxonomy is often contentious. The present analysis attempts to reconstruct phylogenetic relationship among 12 of the 13 currently recognized families using partial nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. The infraorder is divided into two distinct clades, with the first clade consisting of Thalassinidae, Laomediidae, Axianassidae and Upogebiidae, and the second clade including Axiidae, Calocarididae, Eiconaxiidae, Callianassidae, Ctenochelidae, Micheleidae, Strahlaxiidae and Callianideidae. Within the first clade, the Upogebiidae is the basal family. The Axianassidae shows low affinity to other laomediid genera indicating that it is a valid family. The interfamilial relationships are less well resolved in the second clade. The Axiidae is paraphyletic with respect to Calocarididae and Eiconaxiidae. Thus, the status of these two latter families is not supported if the currently defined Axiidae is maintained. All three families appear to be basal in the thalassinidean clade. The Micheleidae is closely related to the Callianideidae and they form a sister group to the Strahlaxiidae. The monophyletic Callianassidae aligns with the Micheleidae + Callianideidae + Strahlaxiidae clade. The relationship among the Axiidae + Calocarididae + Eiconaxiidae clade, Callianassidae + Micheleidae + Callianideidae + Strahlaxiidae clade and the Ctenochelidae cannot be resolved which might be due to a rapid radiation of the three lineages. Our results do not support the generally used classification scheme of Thalassinidea and suggest that the infraorder might be divided into two superfamilies instead of three as suggested based on larval morphology, second pereiopod morphology in adults and gastric mill structure. The two superfamilies are Thalassinoidea (i.e. Thalassinidae, Laomediidae, Upogebiidae and Axianassidae) and Callianassoidea (i.e. Axioidea + Callianassoidea, as defined in Martin and Davis (2001) but excluding Laomediidae and Upogebiidae). It also appears that gill‐cleaning adaptations are important in thalassinidean evolution while the presence of linea thalassinica is a result of parallel evolution.     

Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes

The classification of taxa within Collembola (Springtails, Hexapoda) has been controversial. In this study, we combined complete 18S rRNA gene with partial 28S rRNA gene (D7-D10) sequences to investigate the phylogeny of Collembola. About 2500 aligned sites of thirty species representing 29 genera from14 families of Collembola were analyzed, including one species of Neelipleona from which no sequence has been reported previously.The phylogenetic trees were obtained by different methods (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis). Our results supported the monophyly of two of the four taxonomic groups of Collembola summarized by Deharveng [Deharveng, L., 2004. Recent advances in Collembola systematics. Pedobiologia 48, 415–433.], namely of Poduromorpha and of Symphypleona. Within Poduromorpha, Neanuridae was monophyletic with high support, but Hypogastruridae was not. Entomobryomorpha was paraphyletic, as the Tomoceroidea (Tomoceridae and Oncopoduridae) was found to be apart from the other entomobryomorphs. In the latter Isotomoidea and Entomobryoidea joined into a group with moderate support. Within Symphypleona, the phylogenetic relationship [(Sminthuridae + Bourletiellidae) + Sminthurididae] was consistent with traditional morphological studies. Neelipleona grouped with Symphypleona in all trees, with moderate support in the ML and Bayesian analyses.     

An Australian dog diagnosed with an exotic tick-borne infection: should Australia still be considered free from Hepatozoon canis?

Recent molecular and sero-surveillance studies of the tick-borne pathogen Hepatozoon canis have identified new hosts, potential vector species, and have revealed that H. canis is more widespread than previously thought. We report the first diagnosed case of canine hepatozoonosis in Australia from a Maremma Sheepdog in Sarina, Queensland. Hepatozoon canis was detected with blood smear examination and 18S rRNA sequencing. It is unknown when or how the organism was introduced into Australia, which raises questions about border biosecurity policies and the H. canis infection status of its potential vectors and hosts in Australia. Surveillance for this pathogen is required to determine whether H. canis has established in Australia.     

18SrRNA前体的加工及其在植物中的研究现状

核糖体RNA(rRNA)的转录和加工是真核生物细胞一项重要的生命活动,这一过程主要发生在核仁内。对前体rRNA(pre-rRNA)的加工程序包括对间隔区的剪切和通过2′-O-核糖甲基化或是假尿苷化对特定的核苷酸进行的修饰。介绍了18S前体rRNA在酵母细胞中的加工过程、主要参与因子以及在植物领域的最新研究进展。