NF-κB与持久炎症及肿瘤发生关系

NF-κB是一种序列特异性转录因子.早先的研究证明其主要功能是参与炎症反应和天然免疫应答.最近的研究发现,某一部位的持久炎症反应将导致NF-κB信号通路组成性持续激活,导致NF-κB靶基因的异常表达,这些基因的异常表达往往与肿瘤的发生、转移、组织浸润以及肿瘤细胞的抗凋亡作用相关.因此,将NF-κB作为靶向分子,抑制其活性已成为肿瘤防治的研究热点和新的思路.     

大气可吸入颗粒物造成肺损伤的NF-κB研究进展

NF-κB信号通路在大气可吸入颗粒物（PM10）对肺的损伤过程中起到重要的作用,但NF-κB信号通路参与的损伤机理尚不清楚。本文对NF-κB的结构与组成、颗粒物中NF-κB的激活因素、激活过程和抑制剂的相关研究等内容做简要综述。     

NF-κB信号转导途径与肿瘤抗凋亡关系的研究进展

细胞核因子κB(NF—κB)家族及其介导的细胞信号转导通路广泛调控着人类免疫和炎症反应中一系列基因的表达,同时也发现它对肿瘤的发生发展有着重要作用,特别是它可以调控一些细胞凋亡相关基因如TRAF家族、IAPs家族、Bcl-2家族及FLIP基因、p53基因、COX-2基因的转录表达,从而大大提高肿瘤细胞的抗凋亡能力。本文就近年来对NF—κB通路与肿瘤抗凋亡关系的研究进展作一综述。     

痘病毒介导的NF-κB信号通路的调控

痘病毒是人和多种动物痘病的病原体,作为嗜上皮型的DNA病毒,在进化过程中,痘病毒特定的基因产物作用于机体免疫调控系统,调节免疫反应的进程和作用方式,进而完成其感染细胞、复制和繁殖的生物学过程。NF-κB信号通路是机体免疫系统重要的信号转导调节系统,各种痘病毒采用自身特殊的策略作用于这一免疫调节的重要靶系统,应对机体对其免疫清除和免疫反应。对痘病毒介导的宿主免疫调节的深入研究有助于研发新型疫苗和治疗性制剂。本文对近十年来各种痘病毒编码的多种目标蛋白参与宿主NF-κB信号通路调控的分子机制进行综述。     

NF-κB的生物学功能

NF—κB因其广泛参与机体的免疫及其它应激反应而受到人们的关注,其常见的形式是由p50和p65组成的异源二聚体。细胞受到外部因素刺激后,NF-κB由细胞质转移到细胞核中,并发生磷酸化和乙酰化,启动相关基因的表达。目前研究表明受NF-κB调节的基因有200多种,其激活因子不少于150种,所以对NF-κB在各种条件下的激活过程及信号传导网络的研究具有重要的意义。本文综合了当前关于NF—κB研究的最新进展,着重阐述了由TNF-α、IL-Ⅰ及LPS刺激而引起NF—κB激活的信号传导通路,并进一步阐述了其在人类某些疾病当中的生物学功能。     

核因子-κB与炎症

NF-κB是近年来研究较多的一类重要的转录因子,它参与许多与免疫炎症有关的细胞因子、粘附分子的转录调控,在免疫反应、炎症的形成过程中起重要作用.抑制NF-κB的活性,可能有助于炎症的治疗.     

NF-κB与疾病

NF－κB是一种多极性基因调控性能的转录因子,能够激活若干个炎症反应、机体免疫反应及多种细胞因子的基因转录过程,从而控制它们的生物合成。本文综述了近年来国外对NF－κB的研究进展,对NF－κB的结构组成、激活途径、生物学功能及其与多种疾病的关系作一介绍。     

Rel/NF-κB与神经系统疾病

自从 1 986年真核细胞核转录因子Ｒｅｌ/ＮＦ κＢ被发现以来 ,对它的研究就一直方兴未艾。Ｒｅｌ/ＮＦ κＢ参与一系列病理和生理过程反应 ,如免疫反应、炎症反应等 ,在细胞的生长、分化、粘附、凋亡等过程中也具有十分重要的作用。1 .Ｒｅｌ/ＮＦ κＢ信号转导通路在静息状态时 ,Ｒｅｌ/ＮＦ κＢ与抑制蛋白ＩκＢ结合 ,抑制其核转位信号 ,使之以无活性形式存在于胞浆中 ;胞外刺激信号如活性氧介质 (ＲＯＩ)、细胞因子、神经递质、病毒、ＵＶ、内质网超载等通过转导激活ＩＫＫ上游激酶ＭＥＫＫ 1或ＮＩＫ而使ＩＫＫ复合物活化 ,在酪蛋白激…     

NF-κB信号转导通路对细胞周期的调控

核转录因子NF-κB是哺乳动物Rel蛋白家族成员,属DNA结合蛋白,具有结合某些基因启动子κB序列并启动靶基因转录的功能。静息状态下,NF-κB二聚体在胞浆肉没有活性,当细胞受刺激后,它在NF-κB信号转导通路的上游激酶级联作用下被激活,并易位到细胞核内,增强靶基因表达。NF-κB是细胞分裂和生存的关键调节因子,参与调控细胞周期、细胞增殖和细胞分化。现就NF-κB对细胞周期的影响作一综述,着重阐述NF-κB通过细胞周期蛋白和CDK／CKI作用G1/S期检测点、G2/M期检测点,调控细胞周期进程。     

核呼吸因子1调控NF-κB介导LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

本文旨在研究核呼吸因子1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1, NRF1)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的肺上皮细胞炎症应答中关键分子核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa B, NF-κB)的影响,以阐明NRF1对肺上皮细胞炎性应答的调控作用及机制。在体内水平上,雄性BALB/c小鼠经呼吸道转染NRF1小干扰RNA,LPS (4 mg/kg)或生理盐水经呼吸道雾化给药,48 h后取肺组织。采用免疫印迹(Western blot, WB)及real-time PCR法检测肺组织NRF1、NF-κB p65及其靶基因表达变化,免疫荧光染色法检测NRF1及NF-κB p65核转位情况。体外培养L132肺上皮细胞,转染NRF1小干扰RNA,或给予BAY 11-7082 (5μmol/L)处理24 h后,给予1 mg/L LPS刺激6 h,用real-time PCR法检测NRF1、NF-κB p65及其靶基因表达变化。采用染色质免疫沉淀技术(chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, Ch...     

调控肺部炎症消退的内源性介质

炎症反应是宿主重要防御机制之一。慢性炎症或过度炎症反应可导致严重的肺部疾病,如哮喘、急性呼吸窘迫综合征等。新近研究表明炎症消退是一个主动过程,炎症的及时消退是防止炎症过强及走向慢性化的关键环节。因此,调控炎症消退的内源性介质成为新的研究热点。促进炎症消退内源性介质的发现不仅为肺部疾病研究提供新视野,也为全新的促炎症消退治疗策略防治肺部疾病提供理论依据。     

Endothelial dysfunction in aged humans is related with oxidative stress and vascular inflammation

Vascular endothelial dysfunction occurs during the human aging process, and it is considered as a crucial event in the development of many vasculopathies. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of this process, particularly those related with oxidative stress and inflammation, in the vasculature of subjects aged 18–91 years without cardiovascular disease or risk factors. In isolated mesenteric microvessels from these subjects, an age‐dependent impairment of the endothelium‐dependent relaxations to bradykinin was observed. Similar results were observed by plethysmography in the forearm blood flow in response to acetylcholine. In microvessels from subjects aged less than 60 years, most of the bradykinin‐induced relaxation was due to nitric oxide release while the rest was sensitive to cyclooxygenase (COX) blockade. In microvessels from subjects older than 60 years, this COX‐derived vasodilatation was lost but a COX‐derived vasoconstriction occurred. Evidence for age‐related vascular oxidant and inflammatory environment was observed, which could be related to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Indeed, aged microvessels showed superoxide anions (O₂^?) and peroxynitrite (ONOO^?) formation, enhancement of NADPH oxidase and inducible NO synthase expression. Pharmacological interference of COX, thromboxane A₂/prostaglandin H₂ receptor, O₂^?, ONOO^?, inducible NO synthase, and NADPH oxidase improved the age‐related endothelial dysfunction. In situ vascular nuclear factor‐κB activation was enhanced with age, which correlated with endothelial dysfunction. We conclude that the age‐dependent endothelial dysfunction in human vessels is due to the combined effect of oxidative stress and vascular wall inflammation.     

Thiol modulation of TNFα and IL-1 induced MnSOD gene expression and activation of NF-κB

TNF and IL-1 each can activate NF-B and induce gene expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial matrix enzyme which can provide critical protection against hyperoxic lung injury. The regulation of MnSOD gene expression is not well understood. Since redox status can modulate NF-B and potential B site(s) exist in the MnSOD promoter, the effect of thiols (including NAC, DTT and 2-ME) on TNF and IL-1 induced activation of NF-B and MnSOD gene expression was investigated. Activation of NF-kB and increased MnSOD expression were potentiated by thiol reducing agents. In contrast, thiol oxidizing or alkylating agents inhibited both NF-B activation and elevated MnSOD expression in response to TNF or IL-1. Since protease inhibitors TPCK and TLCK can inhibit NF-B activation, we also investigated the effect of these compounds on MnSOD expression and NF-B activation. TPCK and TLCK each inhibited MnSOD gene expression and NF-B activation. Since the MnSOD promoter also contains anAP-1 binding site, the effect of thiols and thiol modifying agents on AP-1 activation was investigated. Thiols had no consistent effect onAP-1 activation. Likewise, some of the thiol modifying compounds inhibited AP-1 activation by TNF or IL-1, whereas others did not. Since diverse agents had similar effects on activation of NF-B and MnSOD gene expression, we have demonstrated that activation of NF-B and MnSOD gene expression are closely associated and that reduced sulfhydryl groups are required for cytokine mediation of both processes.Abbreviations O₂ Superoxide radical - H₂O₂ Hydrogen peroxide - NAC N-acetyl L-cysteine - DTT Dithiothreitol - 2-ME 2-Mercaptoethanol - MnSOD Manganese superoxide dismutase - NF-B Nuclear factor kappa B - AP-1 Activator protein-1 - NBT Nitroblue tetrazolium - CAT Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase - TPCK N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone - TLCK Na-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone - TAME N--p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester - NEM N-ethyl maleimide - DEM Diethyl maleate - CDNB 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene - DTT_OX Oxidized dithiothreitol     

Identification of a wound-induced inhibitor of a nuclear factor that binds the carrot extensin gene

Following wounding of carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots, the activity of a nuclear factor (EGBF-1) that binds a 5′-region of the carrot extensin gene declines to undetectable levels within 48 h. Mixing of nuclear extracts from wounded roots with nuclear extracts from unwounded roots has demonstrated the existence of a wound-induced inhibitor of EGBF-1. Inhibition of EGBF-1 DNA-binding activity by nuclear extracts from wounded roots is shown to be specific for EGBF-1, and to be destroyed by heat treatment. In addition, inhibition is saturable and occurs rapidly. Active EGBF-1 can be reconstituted from its inhibited state by renaturation of proteins from mixed extracts following denaturation by boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol, and electrophoretic separation, indicating that inhibition is dependent upon the reversible interaction of EGBF-1 with a titratable factor. However, EGBF-1 activity could not be detected in nuclear extracts from wounded roots following denaturation and electrophoretic separation. Inhibitory activity was not detectable in nuclear extracts from roots that had been trated with ethylene. The action of the inhibitor indicates one possible mechanism for the control of EGBF-1 activity in carrot roots following wounding.     

炎症与急性缺血性肾损伤

近年来研究发现细胞间黏附分子-1和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1等炎症因子、核因子-κB及中性粒细胞、单核/巨噬细胞等炎症细胞参与了急性缺血性肾损伤的发生发展,抑制急性缺血性肾损伤时肾脏的炎症反应具有保护肾脏作用.     

Activation of MTOR in pulmonary epithelium promotes LPS-induced acute lung injury

MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) plays a crucial role in many major cellular processes including metabolism, proliferation and macroautophagy/autophagy induction, and is also implicated in a growing number of proliferative and metabolic diseases. Both MTOR and autophagy have been suggested to be involved in lung disorders, however, little is known about the role of MTOR and autophagy in pulmonary epithelium in the context of acute lung injury (ALI). In the present study, we observed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced MTOR phosphorylation and decreased the expression of MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β)-II, a hallmark of autophagy, in mouse lung epithelium and in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. The activation of MTOR in HBE cells was mediated by TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) signaling. Genetic knockdown of MTOR or overexpression of autophagy-related proteins significantly attenuated, whereas inhibition of autophagy further augmented, LPS-induced expression of IL6 (interleukin 6) and IL8, through NFKB signaling in HBE cells. Mice with specific knockdown of Mtor in bronchial or alveolar epithelial cells exhibited significantly attenuated airway inflammation, barrier disruption, and lung edema, and displayed prolonged survival in response to LPS exposure. Taken together, our results demonstrate that activation of MTOR in the epithelium promotes LPS-induced ALI, likely through downregulation of autophagy and the subsequent activation of NFKB. Thus, inhibition of MTOR in pulmonary epithelial cells may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing ALI induced by certain bacteria.     

Involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B in bcl-xL-induced interleukin 8 expression in glioblastoma

We recently reported that bcl-xL regulates interleukin 8 (CXCL8) protein expression and promoter activity in glioblastoma cells. In this paper we demonstrate that CXCL8 induction by bcl-xL is mediated through a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB)-dependent mechanism. Mutational studies on the CXCL8 promoter showed that NF-kB binding site was required for bcl-xL-induced promoter activity and an enhanced nuclear expression of NF-kB subunits p65 and p50 was observed after bcl-xL over-expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed an increased DNA-binding activity of NF-kB in bcl-xL over-expressing cells and the use of specific antibodies confirmed the involvement of p65 and p50 in NF-kB activity on CXCL8 promoter sequence. NF-kB activity regulation by bcl-xL involved IkBalpha and IKK complex signaling pathway. In fact, bcl-xL over-expression induced a decrease of cytoplasmic expression of the IkBalpha protein, paralleled by an increase in the phosphorylation of the same IkBalpha and IKKalpha/beta. Moreover, the down-regulation of the ectopic or endogenous bcl-xL expression through RNA interference confirmed the ability of bcl-xL to modulate NF-kB pathway, and the transient expression of a degradation-resistant form of the cytoplasmic NF-kB inhibitor IkBalpha in bcl-xL transfectants confirmed the involvement of that inhibitor in bcl-xL-induced CXCL8 expression and promoter activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the role of NF-kB as the mediator of bcl-xL-induced CXCL8 up-regulation in glioblastoma cells.