靴隼雕繁殖习性初报

国内关于靴隼雕(Hieraaetus pennata)资料缺乏,仅有几例新纪录报道,无繁殖信息。本文报道2010~2016年间靴隼雕在新疆南部和北部的繁殖与分布状况。靴隼雕巢址选择开阔的地带,营巢于大树上(n=7),巢距地面高度在7~12 m,巢直径约74~102 cm。窝卵数2~3枚,孵卵期37~40 d,育雏期48~58 d,繁殖期持续4~5个月。育雏前期与后期亲鸟的行为变化较大。其巢区附近野生动物资源丰富,食物以鸟类为主,主要是水鸟的幼鸟(体重小于300 g);哺乳类包括草兔(Lepus capensis)、大耳猬(Hemiechinus auritus)、鼹形田鼠(Ellobius talpinus)等。在新疆和硕利用红外相机监测32 d,共收获77 894张图片。育雏期人工观察16 d,约248 h,同时拍下行为照片及录像作为辅助记录。育雏前期,雌鸟的陪护时间占88.43%,雄鸟只有3.26%。亲鸟育雏期的活动节律、投食次数呈现单峰型;续巢频次则为双峰型。在中亚,靴隼雕有明显"东扩"之趋势。通过野外观察靴隼雕的行为,了解繁殖状况,积累基础资料,对其种群保护和管理具有意义。     

河南省鸟类新纪录——靴隼雕

2011年10月5日,作者在河南省洛阳市洛河凌波大桥至瀛洲大桥段南岸(34°36’N,112°23’E,海拔152m)观察到一只猛禽在空中盘旋,并拍摄到照片。根据现场观察和对照片的仔细辨认,鉴定该猛禽为靴隼雕Hieraaetus pennatus的深色型个体。     

松雀在中国的春夏季分布

2012年7月29日在内蒙古大兴安岭西坡汗马国家级自然保护区野外考察时,记录到1只松雀(Pinicola enucleator)。经查阅文献和检视标本,发现该种在中国实际已有若干春夏季的分布记录。该种已知在某些年份具有爆发式迁徙的习性,繁殖期和越冬期分布范围的年际变化很大。根据上述记录,推测松雀在国内的分布状况除以往所认知的冬候鸟而外,还应是罕见的夏候鸟。而在四川金城山地区的松雀记录实际应为红眉松雀(P.subhimachala)。     

松雀在中国的春夏季分布

2012年7月29日在内蒙古大兴安岭西坡汗马国家级自然保护区野外考察时,记录到1只松雀（Pinicola enucleator）。经查阅文献和检视标本,发现该种在中国实际已有若干春夏季的分布记录。该种已知在某些年份具有爆发式迁徙的习性,繁殖期和越冬期分布范围的年际变化很大。根据上述记录,推测松雀在国内的分布状况除以往所认知的冬候鸟而外,还应是罕见的夏候鸟。而在四川金城山地区的松雀记录实际应为红眉松雀（P. subhimachala）。     

大鵟

人扁大篱Buteohemilasius,隶属于鸟纲,鹰科,蔫属。属大型猛禽,雌鸟体长达70em,体重1300。2100g左右。依据其体色可将其分为淡色型、暗色型和中间型等类型,常见为淡色型。头顶至后颈为白色杂以褐色纵纹。上体主要为暗褐色,下体为白色至棕黄色,均具有暗色的斑纹,尾羽上具有3～1l条暗色横斑,端斑灰白色。     

淡色斧瓢虫(Axinoscymnus cardilobus)对烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)种群的控制作用

研究了大田笼罩条件下释放淡色斧瓢虫(Axinoscymnus cardilobus)对变叶木上烟粉虱种群的控制作用.每株释放1对淡色斧瓢虫对不同密度烟粉虱种群的控制效果差异显著.瓢虫和烟粉虱以1∶20比例释放对烟粉虱的防治效果较差,以1∶80比例释放对烟粉虱的防治效果不稳定、总体上看对烟粉虱的种群几乎没有控制效果;而以1∶40的比例释放的防治效果较好、较稳定,防效为35%～95%.释放不同数量的淡色斧瓢虫对同一密度烟粉虱种群的防治效果也差异显著.7周内在1∶40、3∶40、5∶40处理区,瓢虫对烟粉虱种群的防治效果分别为35%～95%、46%～90%和50%～98%.从经济学和生态学的角度综合考虑,瓢虫和烟粉虱以3∶40比例释放比较适宜.     

上海郊区冬季红隼行为时间分配

2003年11月~2004年2月采用随机个体、连续取样的方式,在上海郊区获取了越冬112只次红隼(Falco tinnunculus)123.33 h的行为数据,对红隼的时间行为分配模式进行了研究与分析。结果表明,冬季红隼白天活动时间大部分用于栖停(44.45%),其次为捕食(18.83%)、停落(12.17%)、飞行(9.98%)、滑翔(8.11%)、悬停(3.46%)、梳羽(1.70%)、戏耍和交互(1.32%)。栖停在早中晚占有较高的比例,而捕食在上午和下午分别具有一个高峰时段。红隼在1 d中具有两个活动高峰分别在上午(8∶00~10∶00)和下午(13∶00~15∶00)。通过对行为发生时间的相关性分析,发现活动高峰主要是由捕食行为及相关的飞行、悬停等行为组成。     

中国靴耳属6个新种

本文在形态学及分子系统学基础上,对6个采自云南、广西、福建和江西的靴耳属新种进行描述,分别命名为齿缘靴耳、异囊靴耳、假黏靴耳、网孢靴耳、条纹靴耳和毛缘靴耳,并编制中国靴耳属已知物种检索表。基于已知的靴耳属ITS序列,对靴耳属的系统发育分析表明球孢亚属是并系群,并确定了锁状联合的有无及菌盖表皮是否具有凝胶层是靴耳亚属的主要分类特征。     

海南大田保护区内赤麂的种群数量和特征

20 0 1年10月至2 0 0 2年9月在海南大田国家级自然保护区采用直接观察和在不同生境类型分层抽样进行网捕的方法研究了保护区内赤麂种群的数量、年龄结构、群体大小和组成等。结果显示,赤麂主要生活在落叶季雨林和有刺灌丛中,种群数量为716 13±4 7 6 2只,种群密度为5 4 5±3 6只/km2 。该种群的年龄结构呈倒三角形,成体最多,占6 2 5 0 % ,亚成体占2 8 85 % ,幼体最少,占9 6 2 %。成年个体的雌雄性比是1 32∶1 0 0 ,亚成体为1 5 0∶1 0 0 ,幼体是1 5 0∶1 0 0。群平均大小为1 32只,其中独居个体最多,占总观察次数的6 8 31% ;2只群次之,占31 15 % ;3只群最少,占0 5 5 % ;没有观察到3只以上的群     

黄斑苇■繁殖期种群分布型的研究

黄斑苇鹊是夏候鸟,每年5—8月在上海奉贤县沿海新海塘繁殖。本文对其繁殖期种群分布型等进行研究,并用Poisson法测定。研究表明该种鸟巢的空间分布属于集群型。集群分布之巢占64.04％;每群6.08±1.76只,结构较为松散。其巢的空间生态位是芦苇层次中的中层。文中还讨论了生态位层次之间的关系以及生态位分离、种群密度和种群数量变动等问题。     

Geographical variations of elytral color polymorphism in Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The geographical variation in elytral color polymorphism in Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) was analyzed based on data from specimen surveys. In all, 1549 individuals collected from different latitudes throughout Indonesia to Japan were categorized into 20 morph types of elytra. Results show that the morph types have a geographical cline: dark types increased with latitude, although the light types showed higher relative frequency in lower latitudes, which suggests that the geographic variation in elytral color polymorphism in C. sexmaculata is a product of selection by climate. The darker morph types might be advantageously able to make fuller use of insolation at higher latitudes, whereas the lighter morph types were likely to reduce heat stress at lower latitudes. In most areas across Southeast and South Asia, all specimens were of the lightest type, which may imply either: (i) the saturation of genes expressing light morph types, which have less solar absorption, due to tropical climate; or (ii) an enhanced warning function of bright red against predators. On Miyako Island of Japan, a unique frequency of morph types was found compared to the adjacent areas.     

Wing dimorphism in the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria: differentiation of wing morph and phase polyphenism

A short‐winged morph was recently discovered in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. It is different from the normal, long‐winged morph not only in forewing length but also in hind femur length, displaying a dimorphism. To understand the significance of this dimorphism, other morphological characters were compared between the two morphs, and the time of differentiation of wing‐pad length was investigated. Wing weights were heavier in the long‐winged morph than in the short‐winged morph. This result showed that the short‐winged morph is not formed by a failure of wing expansion. No obvious morph‐specific differences were observed in wing venation, but wing allometry studies indicated that the distal areas of the fore‐ and hindwings were disproportionally reduced in the short‐winged morph compared to the long‐winged morph. The morphological differentiation of the wing pad between the two morphs was observed at the penultimate nymphal stage. The flight muscle was well developed in the two morphs, and no sign of flight muscle histolysis was detected in either morph after adult emergence. An analysis of adult body dimensions suggested that the density‐dependent phase shifts known for the long‐winged morph of this locust were also exhibited by the short‐winged morph, demonstrating that these shifts are not specific to the migratory long‐winged morph.     

Morph‐specific differences in biochemical composition related to flight capability in the wing‐polyphenic Sitobion avenae

Flight performance at various times after emergence in the alate morph and age‐dependent changes in biochemical composition of winged and wingless morphs were evaluated in the wing‐polyphenic aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Alates exhibited the highest flight activity at 18–36 h after adult emergence. Throughout the nymphal and adult development, the whole‐body content of total lipid was significantly higher in the winged vs. wingless morph, whereas the content of water, soluble sugar, glycogen, phospholipid, and soluble protein showed significantly higher levels in the wingless vs. winged morph. There were no significant differences in the content of triglyceride and free fatty acid during nymphal and adult stages in both morphs. However, triglyceride content was significantly higher in the winged vs. wingless morph during adulthood. Differences in biochemical composition between morphs indicate that there is an energetic cost of flight capability. Our results from S. avenae adults showed that total lipid and triglyceride for the winged morph accumulated significantly to a maximum, and water content decreased significantly to a minimum, on days 1 and 2 after the final molt, exactly when the highest flight activity was reached. This study suggests that flight activity is associated with triglyceride and water content.     

麦长管蚜虫龄鉴别特征

【目的】为明确麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)虫龄鉴别特征, 达到快速鉴别的目的。【方法】在成像观察的基础上, 测定无翅型和有翅型个体不同虫龄的体长、 体宽、 头壳宽、 触角长、 腹管长和后足胫节长6项指标。【结果】麦长管蚜不同翅型个体的体长、 体宽、 头壳宽、 触角长、 腹管长和后足胫节长在虫龄间均存在显著差异, 其中体长、 体宽、 头壳宽和触角长在相邻虫龄之间重叠程度大, 后足胫节长的重叠百分比极小或无重叠; 除有翅型个体4龄若蚜和成蚜之间存在13.93%的重叠外, 腹管长在不同翅型的其他相邻虫龄之间重叠百分比均极小或无重叠, 说明后足胫节长和腹管长可作为虫龄鉴定的主要特征。翅、 触角和尾片的其他外部形态特征在虫龄间也存在一定差异： 3-4龄有翅型若蚜和成蚜虫个体前胸的膨大程度及其翅的长度明显大于同一龄期的无翅型个体, 可用于蚜虫翅型的分辨以及3-4龄有翅若蚜和成蚜的鉴别; 麦长管蚜1和2龄若蚜触角均为5节, 3-4龄若蚜和成蚜的触角均为6节; 同时, 除了成蚜具有完整的尾片外, 1-4龄若蚜尾片均不发达, 说明触角的节数和尾片的发达程度可作为麦长管蚜不同龄期形态鉴别的辅助特征。【结论】以腹管和后足胫节作为麦长管蚜虫龄鉴别的主要特征, 配合其他辅助特征, 如翅的大小、 触角的节数以及尾片的发达程度等, 可达到快速鉴别不同翅型不同龄期蚜虫的目的。     

Territory acquisition in a polymorphic lizard: An experimental approach

Males of the colour polymorphic Australian painted dragon lizard Ctenophorus pictus occur in red or yellow head colouration. In a previous experiment, we showed that red is associated with a higher probability of winning staged contests for resources (females or space) and that manipulation of male colouration by painting males in the opposing morph changed the dynamics of staged interactions by prolonging them 30‐fold. Thus, colour is linked to behavioural differences between males and is involved in information transfer between competing males. This inherent red dominance could result in yellow males being marginalized to poorer quality territories in terms of access to females, food, perch sites or shade. With an experiment in the wild, we test to what extent this prediction is upheld, and how colour manipulation affects morph‐specific success in territory acquisition when male body size, territory quality and emergence time from hibernation are controlled through manipulation or randomization. There was no significant effect of colour category per se, although on average red males remained closer to the release sites (our proxy for territory acquisition ability) than yellow males and artificially altered morphs moved the furthest away. There was a significant interaction effect between colour category and experimental release position, which may be linked to differences in how exposed (or not) these positions were and morph‐specific ability to cope with such exposure (e.g. ‘boldness’). Our data show that territory acquisition success is not merely a function of competitive ability but a composite outcome of a suite of factors, including signal perception.     

Association of aphid life stages using DNA sequences： A case study of tribe Eriosomatini （Hemiptera： Aphididae Pemphiginae）

Association of aphid life stages based on a portion of COI sequence was applied in Eriosomatini. Three aphid specimens, nos. 17496, 19265a, and 19265b collected on Gramineae roots all clustered with Tetraneura chinensis Mordvilko with strong support. The average pairwise p-distance among the four taxa was 0.001 （range, 0.000-0.002）, and that among all the ingroup taxa was 0.065 （range, 0.000-0.141）. This indicated that nos. 17496 and 19265 b were the secondary-host morphs of T. chinensis. In this paper the secondary host morph of T. chinensis is described for the first time. With the identification of more species＇ secondary-host morphs, aphids identification based on this morph will be made easily.     

Association of aphid life stages using DNA sequences: A case study of tribe Eriosomatini (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Pemphiginae)

Association of aphid life stages based on a portion of COI sequence was applied in Eriosomatini. Three aphid specimens, nos. 17496, 19265a, and 19265b collected on Gramineae roots all clustered with Tetraneura chinensis Mordvilko with strong support. The average pairwise p‐distance among the four taxa was 0.001 (range, 0.000–0.002), and that among all the ingroup taxa was 0.065 (range, 0.000–0.141). This indicated that nos. 17496 and 19265 b were the secondary‐host morphs of T. chinensis. In this paper the secondary host morph of T. chinensis is described for the first time. With the identification of more species' secondary‐host morphs, aphids identification based on this morph will be made easily.     

Hormonal control of seasonal-morph determination in the small copper butterfly, Lycaena phlaeas daimio Seitz.

Spring and summer morphs of Lycaena phlaeas daimio Seitz. are characterized by a wing colour of red and reddish brown, respectively.When newly ecdysed pupae destined to be summer or intermediate morphs (90 or 10%) by larval exposure to long days (long-day pupae) were decapitated or decerebrated, more than half of the operated pupae developed into intermediate and spring morphs (48 and 7%). But, in pupae destined to be spring, intermediate, or summer morphs (72, 22 or 4%) (short-day pupae) these operations did not produce any significant changes in the seasonal morph.Brains excised from newly ecdysed long-day pupae were transplanted into the abdomen of decapitated short-day pupae of the same age. The implants changed most recipients into summer and intermediate morphs (46 and 36%). However, when the brains of short-day pupae were used, no significant changes occurred in the seasonal morph.When long-day or short-day pupae were treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone just after pupation, they produced more reddish wings than those of the untreated or saline-treated controls. When the application was followed by chilling, already known to induce the reddish morph, the effects of both treatments are cumulative so that more reddish adults developed.The results indicate that the brain of long-day pupae secretes a factor causing the wing to be brownish. In the absence (or low titre) of the factor, most short-day pupae develop into spring or intermediate morphs. Furthermore, ecdysteroids make the wing more reddish, when applied to newly ecdysed pupae.     

An experimental investigation of the behaviour and mortality of artificial and natural morphs of Cepaea nemoralis (L.)

Two population cage experiments which examined the mortality and behaviour of artificial and natural morphs of the landsnail C. nemoralis ( L .) are described. In the first experiment artificial 'morphs' were manufactured from one genetically homogeneous founder group of snails by painting the shells black or white. Differences in behaviour and mortality between these two 'morphs' were observed during the course of the experiment. Daylight and weather conditions were important in determining the activity patterns of the two types of snail.
In the second experiment naturally occurring brown and yellow colour morphs were used. These exhibited very similar behaviour patterns to those of their artificial 'mimics' and it is concluded that phenotype must play an important role in determining the behavioural responses of the snails to their environment. Thermal relationships are suggested as causal factors for the differences between the experimental morphs.     

有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢和胚胎发育的差异

【目的】比较大豆蚜Aphis glycines有翅型和无翅型个体的卵巢发育,为从生理生化角度研究蚜虫翅型分化发生的繁殖适应性提供依据。【方法】在卵巢形态显微镜观察基础上,比较有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢小管数量、胚胎总数量、成熟胚胎数量以及卵巢小管中最大胚胎体积及其发育速率。【结果】有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜的3龄和4龄若蚜以及成蚜均有2个卵巢/雌,大多数蚜虫每个卵巢包含4条卵巢小管,可见一个卵巢包含5条卵巢小管的现象。有翅型和无翅型个体卵巢中胚胎总数量和成熟胚胎数量以及最大胚胎体积随发育时间增加均显著增大,但有翅型个体胚胎总数量和成熟胚胎数量以及最大胚胎体积均显著小于同一发育阶段无翅型个体。有翅型和无翅型的3龄和4龄若蚜以及成蚜卵巢中胚胎总数量与后足胫节长度均呈显著正相关关系。有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢小管中最大胚胎体积随发育时间均呈指数增长,但有翅型个体最大胚胎体积显著小于无翅型个体。【结论】有翅型大豆蚜相比于无翅型个体存在卵巢发育延迟现象,卵巢发育程度的差异可能与翅的发育相关。